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109-437: Rebecca West wrote that the district was originally named Kol I Shen , which is Albanian for 'St. Nicholas', which was inhabited by Catholic Albanians who converted to Islam and who were expelled in 1858 by local tribes Rebecca Wests visited the town of Kolasin in the 1930s where she learned that in the 18th century, Catholic Albanians and Orthodox Montenegrins lived in peace. In 1858, however, several Montenegrin tribes attacked

218-627: A Jesuit school in County Galway, from 1915 to 1921. His parents were devoted unionists and hostile to Irish republicanism , with his mother being a devout Protestant . There were tensions between her and her family because she married a Catholic. During the Irish War of Independence , Joyce was recruited while still in his mid-teens by Captain Patrick William Keating, an Intelligence Corps officer stationed in County Galway, to work as

327-718: A "prison". West had two older sisters. Letitia ("Lettie"), who was the best educated of the three, became one of the first fully qualified female doctors in Britain, as well as a barrister at the Inns of Court . Winifred ("Winnie"), the middle sister, married Norman Macleod, Principal Assistant Secretary in the Admiralty , and eventually director general of Greenwich Hospital. Winnie's two children, Alison and Norman, became closely involved in Rebecca's life as she got older; Alison Macleod would achieve

436-702: A 2006 play by Kenneth Jupp, retells West's experience covering the Nuremberg trials for The New Yorker . Robert D. Kaplan 's influential book Balkan Ghosts (1994) is an homage to West's Black Lamb and Grey Falcon (1941), which he calls "this century's greatest travel book." In February 2006, BBC broadcast a radio version of West's novel The Fountain Overflows , dramatized by Robin Brook, in six 55-minute installments. William Joyce William Brooke Joyce (24 April 1906 – 3 January 1946), nicknamed Lord Haw-Haw ,

545-733: A British passport when he lived in England, was convicted in the United Kingdom of high treason in 1945 and sentenced to death . The Court of Appeal and the House of Lords both upheld his conviction. He was hanged in Wandsworth Prison by Albert Pierrepoint on 3 January 1946, making him the last person to be executed for treason in the United Kingdom. William Brooke Joyce was born on Herkimer Street in Brooklyn , New York , United States. His father

654-685: A British subject, and it seemed that he would have to be acquitted based upon a lack of jurisdiction; he could not be convicted of betraying a country that was not his own. The trial judge, Mr. Justice Tucker , directed the jury to acquit Joyce of the first and second charges. However, the Attorney General , Sir Hartley Shawcross , successfully argued that Joyce's possession of a British passport, even though he had misstated his nationality to get it, entitled him until it expired to British diplomatic protection in Germany and therefore he owed allegiance to

763-605: A Roman Catholic priest who fought hard for William's soul". The scar on Joyce's face split wide open because of the pressure applied to his head upon his drop from the gallows . As was customary for executed criminals, Joyce's remains were buried in an unmarked grave within the walls of Wandsworth Prison. In 1976, following a campaign by his daughter, Heather Iandolo, his body was reinterred in New Cemetery, Galway , as he had lived in Galway with his family from 1909 until 1922. Despite

872-528: A contract as a newsreader. After the dismissal of Norman Baillie-Stewart in December, Joyce became the principal reader of news and the writer of six talks a week, thus becoming the station's best-known propaganda broadcaster. In a newspaper article of 14 September 1939, the radio critic Jonah Barrington of the Daily Express wrote of hearing a gent "moaning periodically from Zeesen " who "speaks English of

981-466: A core of values—even in contradiction of reality. Although she was a militant feminist and active suffragette, and published a perceptive and admiring profile of Emmeline Pankhurst , West also criticised the tactics of Pankhurst's daughter, Christabel , and the sometimes doctrinaire aspects of the Pankhursts' Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). The first major test of West's political outlook

1090-408: A country she came to love, seeing it as the nexus of European history since the late Middle Ages. Her non-fiction masterpiece, Black Lamb and Grey Falcon is an amalgamation of her impressions from these trips. New York Times reviewer Katherine Woods wrote: "In two almost incredibly full-packed volumes one of the most gifted and searching of modern English novelists and critics has produced not only

1199-680: A courier. He was also suspected by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) of working as an informant for the Black and Tans , "which could have had extremely serious consequences in 1920–21." The IRA eventually attempted to assassinate Joyce while he was on his way home from school, and Keating, fearing for Joyce's safety, arranged for him to be enlisted into the Worcestershire Regiment , moving him out of harm's way in Ireland by transferring him to

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1308-517: A critic, turning out essays and reviews for The New Republic , New York Herald Tribune , New York American , New Statesman , The Daily Telegraph , and many more newspapers and magazines. George Bernard Shaw said in 1916 that "Rebecca West could handle a pen as brilliantly as ever I could and much more savagely." During the 1920s, West began a lifelong habit of visits to the United States to give lectures, meet artists, and get involved in

1417-408: A critical review of Alistair Cooke 's sympathetic portrait of Alger Hiss during his postwar trials from a classical liberalism point of view. It is not surprising in this context that West reacted to US Senator Joseph McCarthy differently from her colleagues. They saw a demagogue terrorising liberals and leftists with baseless accusations of Communist conspiracy. West saw an oaf blundering into

1526-409: A disposition to violence; women have not. If one says that men are on the side of death, women on the side of life, one seems to be making an accusation against men. One is not doing that." One reason why she does not want to make an accusation against men is that they are simply playing their assigned role in a flawed universe. Only love can alleviate destructive aspects of the sex-antagonism: "I loathe

1635-512: A fatal obsession with sacrifice throughout the Christian era and, specifically, as having prompted Neville Chamberlain to formulate his policy of appeasement , which she vehemently opposed. She wrote: All our Western thought is founded on this repulsive pretence that pain is the proper price of any good thing ... [Augustine] developed a theory of the Atonement which was pure nonsense, yet had

1744-552: A final defiant, " Heil Hitler and farewell". There are conflicting accounts as to whether this last programme was actually transmitted, although a recording was found in the Apen studios. The next day, Radio Hamburg was seized by British forces, and on 4 May Wynford Vaughan-Thomas used it to make a mock "Germany Calling" broadcast denouncing Joyce. Besides broadcasting, Joyce's duties included writing propaganda for distribution among British prisoners of war , whom he tried to recruit into

1853-591: A home full of intellectual stimulation, political debate, lively company, books and music. Her mother, Isabella, a Scotswoman, was an accomplished pianist but did not pursue a musical career after her marriage to Charles Fairfield. The Anglo-Irish Charles had been a Confederate stretcher-bearer at the siege of Richmond in the US Civil War , and had returned to the UK to become a journalist of considerable reputation but financial incompetence. He deserted his family when Cecily

1962-602: A literary career of her own. West trained as an actress in London, taking the name "Rebecca West" from the rebellious young heroine in Rosmersholm by Henrik Ibsen . She and Lettie became involved in the women's suffrage movement , participating in street protests. Meanwhile, West worked as a journalist for the feminist weekly Freewoman and the Clarion , drumming up support for the suffragette cause. In September 1912, West accused

2071-571: A long-time friend, in Cuernavaca . Her husband became both sleepy and inattentive as he got older. The sleepiness led to a car accident where no one was hurt but Henry was charged with dangerous driving. He became obsessed with the Norwegian ballerina Gerd Larsen ; he would refuse to travel with West, instead preferring to return to London to be with Larsen. West initially considered this to be purely her husband's infatuation, but came to think that Larsen

2180-488: A model for socialists in Britain or anywhere else. West paid a heavy price for her cool reaction to the Russian Revolution; her positions increasingly isolated her. When Emma Goldman visited Britain in 1924 after seeing Bolshevik violence firsthand, West was exasperated that British intellectuals ignored Goldman's testimony and her warning against Bolshevik tyranny. For all her censures of communism, however, West

2289-802: A network of German-controlled radio stations in Zeesen, Hamburg, Bremen , Luxembourg , Hilversum , Calais and Oslo . Joyce also broadcast on and wrote scripts for the German Büro Concordia organisation, which ran several black propaganda stations, many of which pretended to broadcast illegally from within Britain. His role in writing the scripts increased over time, and German radio capitalised on his public persona . Initially an anonymous broadcaster, Joyce eventually revealed his real name to his listeners and he would occasionally be announced as, "William Joyce, otherwise known as Lord Haw-Haw". Urban legends soon circulated about Lord Haw-Haw, alleging that

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2398-549: A report about the five kazas (districs) of the sanjak of the Novi Pazar in 1901-02. According to the Bulgarian report, the kaza of Kolašin was almost entirely populated by Albanians . According to it, the kaza of Kolašin had 27 Albanian villages with 732 households and 5 Serb villages with 75 households. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Dfb . (Warm Summer Continental Climate). The local football team

2507-456: A series of articles for The Sunday Times , particularly regarding a prominent trial for a seditious uprising aiming to establish Communist rule. She accidentally misidentified a South African judge for some questions put by another judge and was sued for libel along with the Sunday Times whose editor, Harry Hodson, failed to support West. She wrote "My problem is complicated by the fact that

2616-489: A son, Anthony West , born on 4 August 1914. Wells was behind her move to Marine Parade, Leigh-on-Sea in Essex, where she lived between 1917 and 1919. Their friendship lasted until Wells's death in 1946. West is also said to have had relationships with Charlie Chaplin , newspaper magnate Lord Beaverbrook , and journalist John Gunther . West established her reputation as a spokeswoman for feminist and socialist causes and as

2725-457: A state of alienation persisted between them, causing West grief until her dying hour. She fretted about her son's absence from her deathbed, but when asked whether he should be sent for, answered: "perhaps not, if he hates me so much." West suffered from failing eyesight and high blood pressure in the late 1970s, and became increasingly frail. Her last months were mostly spent in bed, at times delirious and other times lucid; she complained that she

2834-605: A traitor because of his wartime activities. Unlike Joyce, the Elams did not escape detention under Defence Regulation 18B ; both were arrested on the same day as Mosley in May 1940. In later life, Elam reported that, although she disliked Joyce, she believed that his execution by the British in 1946 was wrong, stating that he should not have been regarded as a traitor to England because he was not English, but Irish. In late August 1939, shortly before

2943-577: Is also a station on Belgrade–Bar railway . Podgorica Airport is 80 km (50 mi) away, and has regular flights to major European destinations. 118/5000 the process of expelling Albanians from their lands in Koloshin, Niksic Field, Zabjak and elsewhere. Montenegrin army violence and property theft forced them to flee from Kolasin, Niksic, Shpuza, ... Rebecca West Dame Cecily Isabel Fairfield DBE (21 December 1892 – 15 March 1983), known as Rebecca West , or Dame Rebecca West ,

3052-541: Is former third tier club FK Gorštak , who play their home games at the Stadion u Lugu . The town's basketball team is KK Gorštak . Kolašin is one of the centres of Montenegro's mountain tourism. Although Žabljak is considered more attractive destination, Kolašin has the advantage of being easily accessible by road and rail. Kolašin is located on the foot of Bjelasica and Sinjajevina mountains, which offer great conditions for skiing . Because of Kolašin's altitude (954 m),

3161-495: Is not possible that a just God should forgive people who are wicked because another person who was good endured agony by being nailed to a cross. World War II shocked her into a more conventional belief: "I believe if people are looking for the truth, the truth of the Christian religion will come out and meet them." In the early 1950s, she thought she had a mystical revelation in France and actively tried to convert to Catholicism. There

3270-493: The 1924 general election , Joyce was attacked by communists and received a deep razor slash across his right cheek. It left a permanent scar which ran from the earlobe to the corner of the mouth . While Joyce often said that his attackers were Jewish , historian Colin Holmes claims that Joyce's first wife told him that "it wasn't a Jewish Communist who disfigured him .... He was knifed by an Irish woman". In 1932, Joyce joined

3379-627: The British Free Corps of the Waffen-SS . He wrote a book Twilight Over England promoted by the German Ministry of Propaganda , which unfavourably compared the evils of Jewish-dominated capitalist Britain with the alleged wonders of Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler awarded Joyce the War Merit Cross (First and Second Class) for his broadcasts, although he never met Joyce. On 28 May 1945, Joyce

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3488-468: The British Union of Fascists (BUF) under Sir Oswald Mosley and swiftly became a leading speaker, praised for the power of his oratory . The journalist and novelist Cecil Roberts described a speech given by Joyce: Thin, pale, intense, he had not been speaking many minutes before we were electrified by this man ... so terrifying in its dynamic force, so vituperative, so vitriolic. In 1934, Joyce

3597-495: The House of Lords on 13 December 1945. In the appeal, Joyce argued that possession of a passport did not entitle him to the protection of the Crown, and therefore did not perpetuate his duty of allegiance once he left the country, but the House of Lords rejected this argument. Lord Porter's dissenting opinion assumed that the question as to whether Joyce's duty of allegiance had terminated

3706-579: The Labour landslide of 1945 but spoke out against domination of the Labour Party by British trade unions, and thought left-wing politicians such as Michael Foot unimpressive. She had mixed feelings about the Callaghan government . West admired Margaret Thatcher , not for Thatcher's policies, but for Thatcher's achievement in rising to the top of a male-dominated sphere. In the end, West's anti-communism remained

3815-626: The Norton Barracks in Worcestershire where the regiment was stationed. However, Joyce was discharged a few months later when it was discovered that he was underage. Joyce remained in England and briefly attended King's College School , Wimbledon . His family followed him to England two years later. Joyce had relatives in Birkenhead , Cheshire , whom he visited on a few occasions. He then applied to Birkbeck College , London , where he entered

3924-779: The Nuremberg trials , published originally in The New Yorker ; The Meaning of Treason (first published as a magazine article in 1945 and then expanded to the book in 1947), later The New Meaning of Treason (1964), a study of the trial of American-born fascist William Joyce and others; The Return of the Soldier (1918), a modernist World War I novel ; and the "Aubrey trilogy" of autobiographical novels, The Fountain Overflows (1956), This Real Night (published posthumously in 1984), and Cousin Rosamund (1985). Time called her "indisputably

4033-676: The Officer Training Corps . At Birkbeck, he obtained a first-class honours degree in English. After graduating he applied for a job in the Foreign Office , but was rejected and took a job as a teacher. Joyce developed an interest in fascism and worked with, but never joined, the British Fascists of Rotha Lintorn-Orman . On 22 October 1924, while stewarding a meeting in support of Conservative Party candidate Jack Lazarus ahead of

4142-471: The Russian Revolution . She also spent time with scholars such as Jane Marcus and Bonnie Kime Scott, who began to chronicle her feminist career and varied work. She wrote at an unabated pace, penning masterful reviews for The Sunday Telegraph , publishing her last novel The Birds Fall Down (1966), and overseeing the film version of the story by BBC in 1978. The last work published in her lifetime

4251-539: The Second World War broke out, Joyce and his wife Margaret fled to Germany. Joyce had been tipped off that the British authorities intended to detain him under Defence Regulation 18B. He became a naturalised German citizen in 1940. In Berlin , Joyce could not find employment until a chance meeting with fellow Mosleyite Dorothy Eckersley got him an audition at the Rundfunkhaus (" broadcasting house "). Eckersley

4360-636: The University of Berlin for SS members in the winter of 1941–42 on the topic of " British fascism and acute questions concerning the British world empire ". Joyce recorded his final broadcast on 30 April 1945, during the Battle of Berlin . Rambling and audibly drunk, he chided the UK for pursuing the war beyond mere containment of Germany and repeatedly warned of the "menace" of the Soviet Union . He signed off with

4469-521: The 1960s and early 1970s again betray a profound mistrust towards God: "The case against religion is the responsibility of God for the sufferings of mankind, which makes it impossible to believe the good things said about Him in the Bible, and consequently to believe anything it says about Him." Alongside her fluctuating Christianity, West was fascinated with Manichaeanism . She describes the Manichean idea that

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4578-562: The BUF West Sussex division. He was supported in the role by Norah Elam as Sussex Women's Organiser, with her partner Dudley Elam, the son of an Irish nationalist, taking on the role of Sub-Branch Officer for Worthing . Under this regime, West Sussex became a hub of fascist activity, ranging from hosting BUF summer camps to organising meetings and rallies, lunches, etc. Elam shared many speaking platforms with Joyce and worked on propaganda speeches for him. One particular sore point for Joyce

4687-610: The King at the time he began working for the Germans. The historian A. J. P. Taylor remarked in his book English History 1914–1945 that "Technically, Joyce was hanged for making a false statement when applying for a passport, the usual penalty for which is a small fine." Joyce's conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeal on 1 November 1945, and by Lords Jowitt L.C. , Macmillan , Wright , Simonds , and Porter – although Porter dissented – of

4796-549: The Soldier for the stage by Kelly Younger titled Once a Marine took West's theme of shell-shock-induced amnesia and applied it to a soldier returning from the war in Iraq with PTSD. There have been two plays about Rebecca West produced since 2004. That Woman: Rebecca West Remembers , by Carl Rollyson, Helen Macleod, and Anne Bobby, is a one-woman monologue in which an actress playing Rebecca West recounts her life through some of her most famous articles, letters, and books. Tosca's Kiss ,

4905-592: The Women's Press Club Award for Journalism, calling her "the world's best reporter." In 1930, at the age of 37, she married a banker, Henry Maxwell Andrews, and they remained nominally together, despite one public affair just before his death in 1968. West's writing brought her considerable wealth, and, by 1940, she owned a Rolls-Royce and a grand country estate, Ibstone House, in the Chiltern Hills of southern England. During World War II , West housed Yugoslav refugees in

5014-538: The ambiguity of his religious allegiances, he was given a Roman Catholic Tridentine Mass . Joyce had two daughters with his first wife, Hazel, who later married Oswald Mosley 's bodyguard, Eric Piercey. One daughter, Heather Iandolo (formerly Piercey), spoke publicly of her father. She died in 2022. The 1944 film Passport to Destiny features a character played by Gavin Muir as Herr Joyce/Lord Haw, based on William Joyce as Lord Haw-Haw. Lord Haw-Haw appears as one of

5123-409: The basis of documents made public for the first time between 2000 and 2005 that Joyce made a deal with his prosecutors not to reveal links he had to MI5 . In return, his wife Margaret, known to radio listeners as "Lady Haw-Haw", was spared prosecution for high treason. Of the 33 British renegades and broadcasters caught in Germany at the end of the war, only Margaret Joyce, who died in London in 1972,

5232-510: The broadcaster was well-informed about political and military events to the point of near- omniscience . In the summer of 1942 it was decided that he should no longer read the news and, from then on, he read only his own talks in Views on the News . Listening to Joyce's broadcasts was officially discouraged but was not illegal, and many Britons tuned in. There was a desire by civilian listeners to hear what

5341-532: The centrepiece of her politics because she so consistently challenged the communists as legitimate foes of the status quo in capitalist countries. In West's view, communism, like fascism, was merely a form of authoritarianism. Communists were under party discipline, and therefore could never speak for themselves; West was a supreme example of an intellectual who spoke for herself, no matter how her comments might injure her. Indeed, few writers explicitly acknowledged how much West's embrace of unpopular positions hurt her on

5450-477: The crucial event that moulded West's politics was the Dreyfus affair . The impressionable Rebecca learned early on just how powerful was the will to persecute minorities and to subject individuals to unreasonable suspicion based on flimsy evidence and mass frenzy. West had a keen understanding of the psychology of politics, how movements and causes could sustain themselves on the profound need to believe or disbelieve in

5559-609: The defence, the people who would naturally be against the Judge and for me, are mostly Communist and won't lift a finger for me. It worries me a lot. It's so hard to work with this hanging over me." She felt her only support was her friends, the anti-apartheid politician Bernard Friedman and his wife, with whom she stayed in Johannesburg. "I will get over this case. But it isn't easy to feel that some people are for no reason that you know of possessed by an intention to ruin you; and I also felt I

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5668-410: The drive for feminist emancipation with the woman's desire to become like a man. Her insistence on the fundamental difference between men and women reveals her essentialism, but it also bespeaks her innate Manichaean sensibility. She wanted respect and equal rights for women, but at the same time she required that women retain their specifically feminine qualities, notably an affinity with life: "Men have

5777-475: The dust, crowned with the words – "You have conquered nevertheless". I am proud to die for my ideals and I am sorry for the sons of Britain who have died without knowing why. "You have conquered nevertheless" was presumably a reference to "UND IHR HABT DOCH GESIEGT ", a phrase inscribed on the reverse side of the Blood Order medal. Other sources refer to his having said, "May the swastika be raised from

5886-409: The dust." Joyce was executed on 3 January 1946 at Wandsworth Prison , aged 39. He was the penultimate person hanged for a crime other than murder in the UK. The last was Theodore Schurch , executed for treachery the following day at Pentonville Prison . In both cases, the hangman was Albert Pierrepoint . Joyce died "an Anglican, like his mother, despite a long and friendly correspondence with

5995-459: The fallenness of human life, implying a quietistic stance that could be confused with conservatism, while the Reclus brothers [famous French anarchists] urged her to revolt against such pessimistic determinism. West's characteristically heroic personal and historic vision is a result of these two contending forces." West's conviction that humanity will only fulfill its highest potentials if it adheres to

6104-558: The famously libertine writer H. G. Wells of being "the Old Maid among novelists." This was part of a provocative review of his novel Marriage published in Freewoman , an obscure and short-lived feminist weekly review. The review attracted Wells's interest and an invitation to lunch at his home. The two writers became lovers in late 1913, despite Wells being both married and twenty-six years older than West. Their 10-year relationship produced

6213-431: The greatest of living journalists." Virginia Woolf questioned Rebecca West being labelled as an "arrant feminist" because she offended men by saying they are snobs in chapter two of A Room of One's Own : "[W]hy was Miss West an arrant feminist for making a possibly true if uncomplimentary statement about the other sex?" Bill Moyers 's interview "A Visit With Dame Rebecca West," recorded in her London home when she

6322-675: The group's policy shift from campaigning for economic revival through corporatism to a focus on antisemitism . He was instrumental in changing the name of the BUF to "British Union of Fascists and National Socialists " in 1936 and stood as a party candidate in the 1937 elections to the London County Council . In 1936, Joyce lived for a year in Whitstable , where he owned a radio and electrical shop. Between April 1934 and 1937, when Mosley sacked him, Joyce served as Area Administrative Officer for

6431-469: The haw-haw, damit-get-out-of-my-way variety". Four days later he gave him the nickname " Lord Haw-Haw ". The voice Barrington heard is widely believed to be that of Wolf Mittler , a German journalist whose near-flawless English sounded like a caricature of an upper-crust Englishman. However, Mittler only made five or six broadcasts and was quickly replaced by other broadcasters, leading to uncertainty over whom Barrington had been referring to. When Joyce became

6540-464: The late phase of her life was published posthumously, including Family Memories (1987), This Real Night (1984), Cousin Rosamund (1985), The Only Poet (1992), and Survivors in Mexico (2003). Unfinished works from her early period, notably Sunflower (1986) and The Sentinel (2001) were also published after her death, so that her oeuvre was augmented by about one third by posthumous publications. West's relationship with her son, Anthony West ,

6649-499: The left for their pacifism . Neither side, in her view, understood the evil Nazism posed. Unlike many on the left, she also distrusted Joseph Stalin . To West, Stalin had a criminal mentality that communism facilitated. She was outraged when the Allies switched their loyalties as to Yugoslav resistance movements by deciding in 1943 to start backing the Communist-led Partisans led by Tito in Yugoslavia, thus abandoning their support of Draža Mihailović 's Chetniks , whom she considered

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6758-412: The left. A whole generation of writers abandoned West and refused to read her, as Doris Lessing suggested. West's parents had her baptised into the Church of England two months after birth and she considered herself a Christian, though an unconventional believer. At times, she found God to be wicked; at other times she considered him merely ineffectual and defeated. However, she revered Christ as

6867-414: The legitimate Yugoslav resistance. She expressed her feelings and opinions on the Allies' switch in Yugoslavia by writing the satirical short story titled "Madame Sara's Magic Crystal", but decided not to publish it upon discussion with Orme Sargent , Assistant Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign Office . Writing in her diary, West mentioned that Sargent had persuaded her that "the recognition of Tito

6976-417: The magnification and intensification of the travel book form, but, one may say, its apotheosis." West was assigned by Ross' magazine to cover the Nuremberg trials for The New Yorker , an experience she memorialized in the book A Train of Powder . In 1950, she was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . She also went to South Africa in 1960 to report on apartheid in

7085-451: The midst of the Great Depression, Letter to a Grandfather traces the progressive degeneration of the notion of Providence through the ages, concluding skeptically that "the redemptive power of divine grace no longer seemed credible, nor very respectable in the arbitrary performance that was claimed for it." As for the Atonement, Black Lamb and Grey Falcon is in part meant as a refutation of that very doctrine, which she saw as having sparked

7194-485: The minefield of Communist subversion. For her, McCarthy was right to pursue Communists with fervour, even if his methods were roughshod, though her mild reaction to McCarthy provoked powerful revulsion among those on the left and dismay even among anti-Communist liberals. She refused, however, to amend her views. Although West's anti-communism earned the high regard of conservatives, she never considered herself one of them. In postwar Britain, West voted Labour and welcomed

7303-476: The most prominent broadcaster of Nazi propaganda by the end of 1939, the name stuck to him. Joyce himself began to trade on the notoriety of the nickname more than a year later, on 3 April 1941, when he announced himself as "William Joyce, otherwise known as Lord Haw-Haw". Joyce's broadcasts initially came from studios in Berlin, later being transferred (because of heavy Allied bombing) to Luxembourg City and finally to Apen near Hamburg , and were relayed over

7412-491: The mother in unflattering terms. The depiction of West's alter ego in Heritage as a deceitful, unloving actress (West had trained as an actress in her youth) and poor caregiver so wounded West that she broke off relations with her son and threatened to sue any publisher who would bring out Heritage in England. She suppressed an English edition of the novel, which was only published there after her death, in 1984. Although there were temporary rapprochements between her and Anthony,

7521-544: The notion of the "weaker sex," without trying to do away altogether with the temperamental and metaphysical aspects of the gender dualism itself. Thus, the "sex war" described in West's early short story "Indissoluble Matrimony" (1914) elevates the female character, Evadne, in the end because she accepts the terms of the contest without superficially trying to "win" that war. The task of reconciling dualisms can also be seen in West's political propensities. As Bernard Schweizer has argued: "St. Augustine and Schopenhauer emphasized

7630-521: The other side was saying, as information during wartime was strictly censored . At the height of his influence, in 1940, Joyce had an estimated six million regular and 18 million occasional listeners in the UK. The broadcasts always began with the announcer's words, " Germany calling, Germany calling, Germany calling ". These broadcasts urged the British people to surrender and were well known for their jeering, sarcastic and menacing tone. The Reich Security Main Office commissioned Joyce to give lectures at

7739-448: The political scene. She was a great friend of the novelist G. B. Stern , and Stern and Clemence Dane stayed with her in America in 1924. There, she befriended CIA founder Allen Dulles , Charlie Chaplin , Harold Ross of The New Yorker , and historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. , among many other significant figures of the day. Her lifelong fascination with the United States culminated in 1948 when President Truman presented her with

7848-469: The popularity of this heresy in Western Europe: its inner sourness, its preference for hate over love and for war over peace, its courage about dying, its cowardice about living." Regarding the suppression of Manichaean heresies by the Christian authorities West says that whilst "it is our tendency to sympathise with the hunted hare... much that we read of Western European heretics makes us suspect that here

7957-441: The power to convince ... This monstrous theory supposes that God was angry with man for his sins and that He wanted to punish him for these, not in any way that might lead to his reformation, but simply by inflicting pain on him; and that He allowed Christ to suffer this pain instead of man and thereafter was willing on certain terms to treat man as if he had not committed these sins. This theory flouts reason at all points, for it

8066-405: The principle of process reflects the same preoccupation: "Process is her most encompassing doctrine," states Peter Wolfe. "Reconciling her dualism, it captures the best aspects of the male and female principles." Long time book reviewer and senior editor at Time , Whittaker Chambers , considered West "a novelist of note ... a distinguished literary critic ... above all ... one of

8175-501: The quarry was less of a hare than a priggish skunk." Nonetheless, Manichean influence persists in an unpublished draft of West's own memoirs where she writes: "I had almost no possibility of holding faith of any religious kind except a belief in a wholly and finally defeated God, a hypothesis which I now accept but tried for a long time to reject, I could not face it." West's interest in Manichaeanism reflects her lifelong struggle with

8284-498: The question of how to deal with dualisms. At times she appears to favour the merging of opposites, for which Byzantium served as a model: "church and state, love and violence, life and death, were to be fused again as in Byzantium." More dominant, however, was her tendency to view the tensions generated in the space between dualistic terms as life-sustaining and creative; hence, her aversion to homosexuality and her warning not to confuse

8393-425: The quintessentially good man, she had great respect for the literary, pictorial, and architectural manifestations of the Christian ethos, and she considered faith a valid tool to grapple with the conundrums of life and the mysteries of the cosmos. Although her writings are full of references to the Bible and ecclesiastical history, she was essentially anti-doctrinaire and occasionally blasphemous. In 1926 she expressed

8502-478: The spare rooms of her blacked-out manor, and she used the grounds as a small dairy farm and vegetable plot, agricultural pursuits that continued long after the war had ended. As West grew older, she turned to broader political and social issues, including mankind's propensity to inflict violent injustice on itself. Before and during World War II, West travelled widely, collecting material for books on travel and politics. In 1936–38, she made three trips to Yugoslavia ,

8611-507: The town and destroyed all the inhabitants who had kept their Albanian identity or who were Muslim. During this period, Kolašin was home to a significant Albanian community. They were largely expelled in different waves during the late 19th century expulsion of the Albanians fleeing to Turkey , Kosovo ( Pristina ) and Macedonia . The Montenegrin forces also robbed the Albanians before the expulsion. The Bulgarian foreign ministry compiled

8720-496: The town is considered an air spa. Biogradska Gora national park is in the town's vicinity, and is considered a premium tourist attraction. The development of Kolašin as a tourist destination is bolstered by opening of Bianca Resort & Spa , a luxury resort in town's center. Kolašin is connected with rest of Montenegro by two-laned motorways. It is situated on the main road connecting Montenegro's coast and Podgorica with northern Montenegro and Serbia ( E65 , E80 ). Kolašin

8829-503: The unorthodox belief that "Christianity must be regarded not as a final revelation but as a phase of revelation." Moreover, she rejected specific articles of belief such as the virgin birth , Original sin , the Atonement , and Providence . Her contribution to Virginia Woolf 's Hogarth Letters Series, Letter to a Grandfather (1933), is a declaration of "my faith, which seems to some unfaith" disguised as philosophical fiction . Written in

8938-454: The way the two cancers of sadism and masochism eat into the sexual life of humanity, so that the one lifts the lash and the other offers blood to the blow, and both are drunken with the beastly pleasure of misery and do not proceed with love's business of building a shelter from the cruelty of the universe." In addition to the operations of love, female emancipation is crucial to removing the moral, professional, and social stigma associated with

9047-555: The ways of the world more intelligently. She is honoured with a blue plaque at Hope Park Square, Edinburgh, her childhood home which also provided the setting for her novel The Judge . West grew up in a home filled with discussions of world affairs. Her father was a journalist who often involved himself in controversial issues. He brought home Russian revolutionaries and other political activists, and their debates helped to form West's sensibility, which took shape in novels such as The Birds Fall Down , set in pre-revolution Russia. But

9156-488: The world is a mixture of two primeval kingdoms, one of light the other of darkness, as an "extremely useful conception of life" affirming that a "fusion of light and darkness" is "the essential human character." On the other hand, West criticised "the strictly literal mind of the founder [of Manichaeanism] and his followers" and what she perceived as the meanness of Christian heretics who adopted Manichaean ideas. West states that "the whole of modern history could be deduced from

9265-455: The world's number one woman writer" in 1947. She was made CBE in 1949, and DBE in 1959; in each case, the citation reads: "writer and literary critic". She took the pseudonym "Rebecca West" from the rebellious young heroine in Rosmersholm by Henrik Ibsen . She was a recipient of the Benson Medal . Rebecca West was born Cecily Isabel Fairfield in 1892 in London, England, and grew up in

9374-573: Was 1900 (1982). 1900 explored the last year of Queen Victoria 's long reign, which was a watershed in many cultural and political respects. At the same time, West worked on sequels to her autobiographically inspired novel The Fountain Overflows (1957); although she had written the equivalent of two more novels for the planned trilogy, she was never satisfied with the sequels and did not publish them. She also tinkered at great length with an autobiography, without coming to closure, and started scores of stories without finishing them. Much of her work from

9483-528: Was 89, was aired by PBS in July 1981. In a review of the interview, John O'Connor wrote that "Dame Rebecca emerges as a formidable presence. When she finds something or somebody disagreeable, the adjective suddenly becomes withering." West's first novel, The Return of the Soldier , was turned into a major motion picture in 1982, directed by Alan Bridges, starring Alan Bates , Glenda Jackson , and Julie Christie . More recently, an adaptation of The Return of

9592-658: Was Joyce, he reached into his pocket (actually reaching for a false passport ); believing he was armed, Perry shot him through the buttocks, resulting in four wounds. Two intelligence officers then drove Joyce to a border post and handed him over to British military police . He was then taken to London and tried at the Old Bailey on three counts of high treason : "Not guilty" were the first words from Joyce's mouth in his trial, as noted by Rebecca West in her book The Meaning of Treason . The only evidence offered that he had begun broadcasting from Germany while his British passport

9701-573: Was Michael Francis Joyce, an Irish Catholic from a family of tenant farmers in Ballinrobe , County Mayo , who had acquired U.S. citizenship in 1894. His mother was Gertrude Emily Brooke, who although born in Shaw and Crompton , Lancashire , was from a well-off Anglican Anglo-Irish family of physicians associated with County Roscommon . A few years after William's birth, the family returned to Salthill , County Galway . Joyce attended Coláiste Iognáid ,

9810-498: Was a British author, journalist, literary critic and travel writer . An author who wrote in many genres, West reviewed books for The Times , the New York Herald Tribune , The Sunday Telegraph and The New Republic , and she was a correspondent for The Bookman . Her major works include Black Lamb and Grey Falcon (1941), on the history and culture of Yugoslavia ; A Train of Powder (1955), her coverage of

9919-424: Was a precedent in her family for this action, as her sister, Letitia, had earlier converted to Catholicism, thereby causing quite a stir, but West's attempt was short-lived, and she confessed to a friend: "I could not go on with being a Catholic ... I don't want, I can't bear to, become a Graham Greene and Evelyn Waugh , and I cannot believe that I am required to pay such a price for salvation." Her writings of

10028-424: Was a question of fact for the jury to decide, rather than a purely legal question for the judge. Joyce also argued that jurisdiction had been wrongly assumed by the court in electing to try an alien for offences committed in a foreign country. This argument was also rejected, on the basis that a state may exercise such jurisdiction in the interests of its own security. Joyce's biographer, Nigel Farndale , suggests on

10137-401: Was an American-born fascist and Nazi propaganda broadcaster during the Second World War . After moving from New York to Ireland and subsequently to England, Joyce became a member of Oswald Mosley 's British Union of Fascists (BUF) from 1932, before finally moving to Germany at the outset of the war where he took German citizenship in 1940. After his capture, Joyce, who had been issued

10246-603: Was captured by British forces at Flensburg , near the German border with Denmark, which was the last capital of the Third Reich. Spotting a dishevelled figure while they were resting from gathering firewood, intelligence soldiers – including a Jewish German, Geoffrey Perry (born Horst Pinschewer), who had left Germany before the war – engaged him in conversation in French and English, eventually recognising his voice. After they asked whether he

10355-435: Was driven by money. At her husband's funeral West had the upsetting problem of Larsen's request to be among the mourners, even though she had only known him for 18 months. Henry's will left £5,000 for Larsen. After her husband's death in 1968, West discovered that he had been unfaithful with other women. After she was widowed, she moved to London, where she bought a spacious apartment overlooking Hyde Park . Unfortunately, it

10464-402: Was dying too slowly. She died on 15 March 1983, and is buried at Brookwood Cemetery , Woking . Upon hearing of her death, William Shawn , then editor in chief of The New Yorker , said: Rebecca West was one of the giants and will have a lasting place in English literature. No one in this century wrote more dazzling prose, or had more wit, or looked at the intricacies of human character and

10573-489: Was eight years old. He never rejoined them, and died impoverished and alone in a boarding house in Liverpool in 1906, when Cicily was 14. The rest of the family moved to Edinburgh , Scotland, where Cecily was educated at George Watson's Ladies College . She had to leave school in 1907 due to a bout of tuberculosis . She chose not to return after recovering from the illness, later describing her schooling at Watson's as akin to

10682-615: Was hardly an uncritical supporter of Western democracies. Thus in 1919–1920, she excoriated the US government for deporting Goldman and for the infamous Palmer Raids . She was also appalled at the failure of Western democracies to come to the aid of Republican Spain , and she gave money to the Republican cause. A staunch anti-fascist , West attacked both the Conservative governments of her own country for appeasing Adolf Hitler and her colleagues on

10791-578: Was letting you down in South Africa. I have been deeply grateful for all the kindness and sympathy you have shown me and I thought of Tall Trees as a warm place in a chilly world." She travelled extensively well into old age. In 1966 and 1969, she undertook two long journeys to Mexico , becoming fascinated by the indigenous culture of the country and its mestizo population . She stayed with actor Romney Brent in Mexico City and with Katherine (Kit) Wright,

10900-443: Was made by reason of British military necessities, and for no other reason." Following Sargent's claim, she described her decision not to publish the story as an expression of "personal willingness to sacrifice myself to the needs of my country." After the war, West's anti-Communism hardened as she saw Poland , Czechoslovakia , Hungary , and other Eastern and Central European states succumb to Soviet domination. In 1951 she provided

11009-528: Was next door to the Iranian embassy. During the May 1980 incident , West, then 87, had to be evacuated. In the last two decades of her life, West kept up a very active social life, making friends with Martha Gellhorn , Doris Lessing , Bernard Levin , comedian Frankie Howerd , and film star and director Warren Beatty , who filmed her for the production Reds , a biography of journalist John Reed and his connection with

11118-456: Was not a happy one. The rancour between them came to a head when Anthony, himself a gifted writer, his father's biographer ( H. G. Wells: Aspects of a Life [1984]), and a novelist, published Heritage (1955), a fictionalised autobiography. West never forgave her son for depicting in Heritage the relationship between an illegitimate son and his two world-famous, unmarried parents, and for portraying

11227-555: Was not charged with treason. Joyce went to his death unrepentant. He allegedly said: In death as in life, I defy the Jews who caused this last war, and I defy the power of darkness which they represent. I warn the British people against the crushing imperialism of the Soviet Union. May Britain be great once again and in the hour of the greatest danger in the West may the standard be raised from

11336-488: Was promoted to be the BUF's Director of Propaganda, replacing Wilfred Risdon , and later appointed deputy leader. As well as being a gifted speaker, Joyce gained the reputation of a savage brawler. His violent rhetoric and willingness to physically confront anti-fascist elements head-on played no small part in further politically marginalising the BUF. After a bloody incident at a BUF rally in Olympia in 1934, Joyce spearheaded

11445-555: Was sacked from his paid position when Mosley drastically reduced the BUF staff shortly after the 1937 elections, after which Joyce promptly formed a breakaway organisation, the National Socialist League . After Joyce's departure, the BUF turned its focus from antisemitism to activism, opposing a war with Nazi Germany . Although Joyce had been deputy leader of the party from 1933 and an effective fighter and orator, Mosley snubbed him in his autobiography and later denounced him as

11554-702: Was the Bolshevik Revolution . Many on the left saw it as the beginning of a new, better world, and the end of the crimes of capitalism. West regarded herself as a member of the left, having attended Fabian socialist summer schools as a girl. Yet to West, both the Revolution and the revolutionaries were suspect. Even before the Bolsheviks took power in October 1917, West expressed her doubts that events in Russia could serve as

11663-486: Was the Government of India Bill , passed in 1935, designed to give a measure of autonomy to India , allowing freedom and the development of limited self-government. Joyce harboured a desire to become Viceroy of India should Mosley ever head a BUF government, and is recorded as describing the backers of the bill as "feeble" and "one loathsome, foetid, purulent, tumid mass of hypocrisy, hiding behind Jewish Dictators". Joyce

11772-483: Was the former wife or second wife of the chief engineer of the BBC , Peter Eckersley . Despite having a heavy cold and having almost lost his voice, Joyce was recruited immediately for radio announcements and scriptwriting at German radio's English service. His first broadcast was reading the news in English on 6 September 1939, just three days after the declaration of war between Britain and Germany. On 18 September, he received

11881-483: Was valid was the testimony of a London police inspector who had questioned him before the war while he was an active member of the British Union of Fascists and claimed to have recognised his voice on a propaganda broadcast in the early weeks of the war – Joyce had previous convictions for assault and riotous assembly in the 1930s. Inquiries in the US, adduced in evidence at his trial, found that Joyce had never been

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