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28-507: Polignac is named after an ultra-royalist French politician, Count Jules de Polignac , who incensed the local population in 1830 and was imprisoned following the July Revolution . The game, however, is far older. The aim of the game is to avoid capturing any Jacks in tricks, especially the J♠ , called Polignac. Polignac is played with a Piquet pack of 32 cards. However, unless four play, remove

56-625: A lieutenant-colonel in the French Army who participated in the colonization of Algeria ; Prince Camille Armand Jules Marie de Polignac (1832–1913), a major-general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War ; and Prince Edmond de Polignac (1834–1901), a composer, musical theorist and proponent of the octatonic scale . Jules died at St. Germain in 1847 from the effects of his imprisonment. About one month prior, he had assumed

84-477: A £15,765 payment at the time (worth £1.89 million in 2024 ). Although a French subject, de Polignac had connections in the British Empire due to his Scottish wife, Barbara Campbell (1788–1819), daughter of Duncan Campbell of Ardnave. From his second marriage to Maria-Charlotte Parkyns, daughter of Lord Rancliffe, Jules de Polignac had fathered seven children, including Prince Ludovic de Polignac (1827–1904),

112-680: Is an Austrian game played with a 32-card William Tell pack that is the German-suited equivalent of Slobberhannes (see below). The aim is to avoid taking the first and last tricks and the Eichelober - the Ober of Acorns. Grasobern is the Bavarian equivalent of Eichelobern, played with a 32-card Schafkopf pack. The aim is to avoid taking the first and last tricks and the Grasober - the Ober of Leaves. Knaves

140-509: Is played with 3 or more players. Points are won for taking tricks and lost for taking Jacks. Players are dealt 17 cards from a French pack and the last card is turned for trump. Players must follow suit if possible; if not, they may play any card. Score 1 point per trick and deduct 1 for J♠ , 2 for J♣ , 3 for J♦ and 4 for J♥ . Game is 20 points. Slobberhannes is a simple German variation similar to Polignac which may have preceded it. The name means "Slippery Jack", though it probably refers to

168-557: The Four Ordinances , which were the immediate cause of the revolution of July 1830 . Upon the outbreak of revolt, he fled, wandering for some time among the wilds of Normandy before he was arrested at Granville . At his trial before the Chamber of Peers, he was condemned and sentenced to 'perpetual' imprisonment at the château in Ham . But he benefited by the amnesty of 1836, when his sentence

196-478: The Honourable (Maria) Charlotte Parkyns (St. Marylebone, 6 Jan. 1792 – 1/2 Sep. 1864). She was the youngest child (of six children) of Thomas Parkyns, 1st Baron Rancliffe (created 1795) and his wife Elizabeth Anne James, and sister of George Augustus Anne Parkyns, Lord Rancliffe and Henrietta, Lady Rumbold (1789–1833), wife of Sir William Rumbold, 3rd Bt. He had met her while she was renewing her passport at

224-644: The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan (worth £1.8 billion in 2024 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore , paid from the public budget (formally ending in 2015). de Polignac was associated with three different claims, he owned 628 slaves in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and received

252-595: The Château de Versailles, on 11 July 1780, at the age of twelve, Aglaé married twenty-five-year-old Antoine-Louis , the duc de Gramont et Guiche . She then became the Duchess of Guiche and was nicknamed "Guichette" by her family. Her son Antoine-Geneviève-Héraclius-Agénor de Gramont became the 9th Duke of Gramont. Her daughter Corisande Armandine Léonie Sophie de Gramont married Charles Bennet, 5th Earl of Tankerville , and another daughter, Aglaé Angélique Gabrielle de Gramont ,

280-486: The Jacks score 5 penalty points in the usual way against the players who take them. The following are variants or similar games played in other countries. Bassadewitz, also called Passadewitz, Bassarowitz or Passarowitz, is a 4-player game first recorded in the early nineteenth century and still played as a family game in parts of German-speaking Europe. It is a member of the trick avoidance group of playing cards. Eichelobern

308-683: The London embassy, where he was the Ambassador (1823–1829). They had five children, two of whom were born while their father was in prison: The couple's marriage was annulled by the French Chamber of Peers, but Jules and Charlotte went to England after his release in 1836, and they renewed their vows before the French consul in 1837. Defunct Defunct Returning to France, which was then ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte , Jules continued in his zealous loyalty to

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336-556: The Revolution . He served as prime minister under Charles X , just before the July Revolution in 1830 that overthrew the senior line of the House of Bourbon . Born in Versailles , Jules was the younger son of Jules, 1st Duke of Polignac , and Gabrielle de Polastron , a confidante and favourite of Queen Marie-Antoinette . Due to his mother's privileged position, the young Jules was raised in

364-425: The black Sevens. The rank of the cards are: K Q J A T 9 8 7 in each suit. The turn to deal and play passes always to the left. The cards should be divided evenly among the players, with the dealer dealing the cards in 2s and 3s. Eldest leads first and the other players follow suit if possible, otherwise they may play any card. The trick is won by the highest card of the suit led, and the winner of each trick leads to

392-580: The daughter of Gabrielle de Polastron , the favourite and confidante of Marie Antoinette , and her husband, the 1st duc de Polignac . Aglaé was born in Paris in 1768 , her parents were Comte and Comtesse Jules de Polignac . Her paternal grandparents were Marquis Louis Héracle Melchior de Polignac (1717–1792) and his wife, Diane Marie Adelaide Zephirine Mazzarini-Mancini (1726–1755). Her maternal grandparents were Jean François Gabriel, comte de Polastron , and his wife, Jeanne Charlotte Hérault. Aglaé Louise

420-557: The environment of the court of Versailles, where his family occupied a luxurious suite of thirteen rooms. His sister, Aglaé , was married to the duc de Guîche at a young age, helping to cement the Polignac family's position as one of the leaders of high society at Versailles. With the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, Jules's mother and her circle were forced to flee abroad due to threats against their lives. She had been one of

448-581: The exiled Royal Family. In 1804, a year after his sister's death, Jules was implicated in the conspiracy of Cadoudal and Pichegru to assassinate Bonaparte, and was imprisoned until 1813. After the restoration of the Bourbons , he was rewarded with various honours and positions. He held various offices, received from the Pope his title of "Prince," in 1820, and in 1823, King Louis XVIII made him ambassador to Great Britain. A year later, his mother's former friend ascended

476-451: The infamous thief, Johannes Bückler , also known as Schinderhannes , and not to the card; which is in fact a Queen. Count Jules de Polignac Jules Auguste Armand Marie de Polignac, Count of Polignac ( French pronunciation: [ʒyl də pɔliɲak] ; 14 May 1780 – 30 March 1847), then Prince of Polignac , and briefly 3rd Duke of Polignac in 1847, was a French statesman and ultra-royalist politician after

504-495: The least." On 30 March 1803, Aglaé de Polignac died in an accidental house fire at her home in Edinburgh , Scotland. In Riyoko Ikeda 's shōjo manga The Rose of Versailles and its anime adaptation, Aglaé is renamed Charlotte and is depicted killing herself rather than marry the Duc de Guiche (who is depicted as much older than in reality) at her mother's behest. Rosalie Lamorlière

532-505: The memoirs of the Restoration court. On 8 August 1829, Charles X appointed him to the ministry of foreign affairs and in the following November, Polignac became president of the council, effectively the most powerful politician in France. His appointment was considered a step towards overthrowing the constitution and Polignac, with other ministers, was held responsible for the decision to issue

560-532: The most consistent supporters of absolutism, and she bequeathed these political sympathies to her son following her death in 1793. Jules married twice. He was first married in London, in 1816, to Barbara Campbell (Ardneaves House, Islay 22 Aug. 1788 – Saint-Mandé 23 May 1819), a young Scotswoman. Barbara later returned with him to France, where they had two children: After his first wife's death in 1819, he married in London, on 3 June 1824, Charlotte, comtesse de Choiseul, widow of comte Cesar de Choiseul (d. 1821), née

588-481: The next. There are no trumps. The players lose 2 points for capturing the Polignac , the J♠ , and 1 for each other Jack captured. The first player to reach an agreed total of penalties, which may be 10 or 20 points, then loses the game. Any player may bid capot before the opening lead is made. This is an undertaking to win every trick. If succeeded, each opponent loses 5 points; if not the bidder loses 5. Eventually,

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616-457: The position of the Ace, common to old French card games, may be changed. If players prefer to make Ace high, penalties should attach to Queens instead of the Jacks. The players may decide to try and take all the tricks in a hand. This is known as general and the player must announce his intention before he leads to the first trick. If he succeeds, all the other players score 5 penalty points. If he fails,

644-504: The throne as King Charles X . Polignac's political sympathies did not alter, and he was one of the most conspicuous ultra-royalists during the Restoration era. At the time, it was rumoured that Polignac supported ultra-royalist policies because he thought he was receiving inspiration from the Virgin Mary . There is little historical evidence for this story, however. There is no mention of such motivation in Polignac's personal memoirs or in

672-425: The title of duc de Polignac upon the death of his older brother, Armand, who had died without children. Comte Pierre de Polignac , later Prince Pierre, Duke of Valentinois (father of Rainier III of Monaco and therefore an ancestor of the entire current princely family) is descended from a different and cadet branch of the Polignac family, which has the comital rank only. Pierre was the youngest son, descended from

700-402: The youngest son of the first Duke of Polignac. [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Polignac ". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Agla%C3%A9 de Polignac Aglaé Louise Françoise Gabrielle de Polignac (7 May 1768 – 30 March 1803) was

728-496: Was born at the Château de Versailles in Paris, France, the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Polignac. She had three brothers: Armand Jules Marie Héracle, duc de Polignac (11 January 1771 – 1 March 1847); Jules Auguste Armand Marie, prince de Polignac (14 May 1780 – 30 March 1847); and Camille Henri Melchior, comte de Polignac (27 December 1781 – 2 February 1855). At

756-581: Was commuted to exile. During his captivity, he wrote Considerations politiques (1832). Afterwards, he spent several years in exile in England before being permitted to re-enter France, on condition that he never again take up his abode in Paris. According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , de Polignac was awarded a payment as a slave trader in the aftermath of

784-503: Was married in turn to Russian general Alexander Lvovich Davydov and French diplomat Horace Sébastiani . In 1794, according to The Memoirs of Madame Vigée Lebrun , Marie-Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun painted a half-length portrait of the Duchess de Guiche wearing a blue turban, in Directoire style . She wrote: "...I encountered the Duchesse de Guiche, whose lovely face had not changed in

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