Misplaced Pages

#712287

61-618: The name Kishon (Hebrew: קישון ) may refer to: Kishon River (Hebrew: נחל הקישון ), a river in northern Israel Kishon Port (Hebrew: נמל הקישון ), a port in the Haifa Bay area of Haifa, Israel near Haifa Airport ; located at the mouth of the Kishon River. Part of the Port of Haifa . Ephraim Kishon , (1924–2005) an Israeli satirist Sara Kishon (1931–2002), Israeli pianist, art collector, and

122-400: A half-life of 444 years, and Hg with a half-life of 46.612 days. Most of the remaining radioisotopes have half-lives that are less than a day. Hg occurs naturally in tiny traces as an intermediate decay product of U . Hg and Hg are the most often studied NMR -active nuclei, having spins of 1 ⁄ 2 and 3 ⁄ 2 respectively. Hg is

183-434: A mercury-aluminium amalgam when the two pure metals come into contact. Since the amalgam destroys the aluminium oxide layer which protects metallic aluminium from oxidizing in-depth (as in iron rusting ), even small amounts of mercury can seriously corrode aluminium. For this reason, mercury is not allowed aboard an aircraft under most circumstances because of the risk of it forming an amalgam with exposed aluminium parts in

244-640: A soft metal , mercury forms very stable derivatives with the heavier chalcogens . Preeminent is mercury(II) sulfide , HgS, which occurs in nature as the ore cinnabar and is the brilliant pigment vermilion . Like ZnS , HgS crystallizes in two forms , the reddish cubic form and the black zinc blende form. The latter sometimes occurs naturally as metacinnabar . Mercury(II) selenide (HgSe) and mercury(II) telluride (HgTe) are known, these as well as various derivatives, e.g. mercury cadmium telluride and mercury zinc telluride being semiconductors useful as infrared detector materials. Mercury(II) salts form

305-577: A chamber 60 feet below the 1800-year-old pyramid known as the Temple of the Feathered Serpent , the third-largest pyramid of Teotihuacan , Mexico, along with "jade statues, jaguar remains, a box filled with carved shells and rubber balls". In Lamanai , once a major city of the Maya civilization , a pool of mercury was found under a marker in a Mesoamerican ballcourt . Aristotle recounts that Daedalus made

366-459: A digital display. Some transit telescopes use a basin of mercury to form a flat and absolutely horizontal mirror, useful in determining an absolute vertical or perpendicular reference. Concave horizontal parabolic mirrors may be formed by rotating liquid mercury on a disk, the parabolic form of the liquid thus formed reflecting and focusing incident light. Such liquid-mirror telescopes are cheaper than conventional large mirror telescopes by up to

427-401: A factor of 100, but the mirror cannot be tilted and always points straight up. Liquid mercury is part of a popular secondary reference electrode (called the calomel electrode ) in electrochemistry as an alternative to the standard hydrogen electrode . The calomel electrode is used to work out the electrode potential of half cells . The triple point of mercury, −38.8344 °C, is

488-480: A laxative and dewormer, and it was used in teething powders for infants. The mercury-containing organohalide merbromin (sometimes sold as Mercurochrome) is still widely used but has been banned in some countries, such as the U.S. Mercury is an ingredient in dental amalgams . Thiomersal (called Thimerosal in the United States) is an organic compound used as a preservative in vaccines , although this use

549-445: A positive charge. One example is Hg 3 (AsF 6 ) 2 containing the Hg 3 cation. Mercury(II) is the most common oxidation state and is the main one in nature as well. All four mercuric halides are known and have been demonstrated to form linear coordination geometry , despite mercury's tendency to form tetrahedral molecular geometry with other ligands. This behavior

610-459: A variety of complex derivatives with ammonia . These include Millon's base (Hg 2 N ), the one-dimensional polymer (salts of HgNH 2 ) n ), and "fusible white precipitate" or [Hg(NH 3 ) 2 ]Cl 2 . Known as Nessler's reagent , potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) ( K 2 HgI 4 ) is still occasionally used to test for ammonia owing to its tendency to form the deeply colored iodide salt of Millon's base. Mercury fulminate

671-502: A wooden statue of Aphrodite move by pouring quicksilver in its interior. In Greek mythology Daedalus gave the appearance of voice in his statues using quicksilver. The ancient Greeks used cinnabar (mercury sulfide) in ointments; the ancient Egyptians and the Romans used it in cosmetics . By 500 BC mercury was used to make amalgams (Medieval Latin amalgama , "alloy of mercury") with other metals. Alchemists thought of mercury as

SECTION 10

#1732855040713

732-460: Is a chemical element ; it has symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum ( / h aɪ ˈ d r ɑːr dʒ ər ə m / hy- DRAR -jər-əm ) from the Greek words hydor ' water ' and argyros ' silver ' , from which its chemical symbol is derived. A heavy , silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that

793-474: Is a detonator widely used in explosives . Organic mercury compounds are historically important but are of little industrial value in the western world. Mercury(II) salts are a rare example of simple metal complexes that react directly with aromatic rings. Organomercury compounds are always divalent and usually two-coordinate and linear geometry. Unlike organocadmium and organozinc compounds, organomercury compounds do not react with water. They usually have

854-427: Is a heavy, silvery-white metal that is liquid at room temperature. Compared to other metals, it is a poor conductor of heat, but a fair conductor of electricity. It has a melting point of −38.83 °C and a boiling point of 356.73 °C, both the lowest of any stable metal, although preliminary experiments on copernicium and flerovium have indicated that they have even lower boiling points. This effect

915-562: Is a topical antiseptic used for minor cuts and scrapes in some countries. Today, the use of mercury in medicine has greatly declined in all respects, especially in developed countries. Mercury is still used in some diuretics , although substitutes such as thiazides now exist for most therapeutic uses. In 2003, mercury compounds were found in some over-the-counter drugs , including topical antiseptics , stimulant laxatives, diaper-rash ointment , eye drops , and nasal sprays . The FDA has "inadequate data to establish general recognition of

976-568: Is added to the Kishon River and had decreased concentrations of salts, nitrates and phosphates, by over 50%. This flow will be replaced by the Jezreel Valley springs, as their flow is removed from irrigation. In 2012, the Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection launched a tender to clean up the Kishon river in a project costing NIS 220 million. Much of the funding for the project came from

1037-480: Is an exception, and iron flasks have traditionally been used to transport the material. Several other first row transition metals with the exception of manganese , copper and zinc are also resistant in forming amalgams. Other elements that do not readily form amalgams with mercury include platinum . Sodium amalgam is a common reducing agent in organic synthesis , and is also used in high-pressure sodium lamps. Mercury readily combines with aluminium to form

1098-709: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kishon River The Kishon River is a 70-kilometre-long (43 mi) perennial stream in Israel. Its furthest source is the Gilboa mountains , and it flows in a west-northwesterly direction through the Jezreel Valley , emptying into the Haifa Bay in the Mediterranean Sea . Its drainage basin , of 1,100 square kilometres (420 sq mi), includes much of Jezreel Valley and

1159-473: Is due to lanthanide contraction and relativistic contraction reducing the orbit radius of the outermost electrons, and thus weakening the metallic bonding in mercury. Upon freezing, the volume of mercury decreases by 3.59% and its density changes from 13.69 g/cm when liquid to 14.184 g/cm when solid. The coefficient of volume expansion is 181.59 × 10 at 0 °C, 181.71 × 10 at 20 °C and 182.50 × 10 at 100 °C (per °C). Solid mercury

1220-432: Is in decline. Although it was widely speculated that this mercury-based preservative could cause or trigger autism in children, no evidence supports any such link. Nevertheless, thiomersal has been removed from, or reduced to trace amounts in, all U.S. vaccines recommended for children 6 years of age and under, with the exception of the inactivated influenza vaccine. Merbromin (Mercurochrome), another mercury compound,

1281-503: Is known to be liquid at standard temperature and pressure ; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is the halogen bromine , though metals such as caesium , gallium , and rubidium melt just above room temperature . Mercury occurs in deposits throughout the world mostly as cinnabar ( mercuric sulfide ). The red pigment vermilion is obtained by grinding natural cinnabar or synthetic mercuric sulfide. Exposure to mercury and mercury-containing organic compounds

SECTION 20

#1732855040713

1342-655: Is malleable and ductile, and can be cut with a knife. Table of thermal and physical properties of liquid mercury: Mercury does not react with most acids, such as dilute sulfuric acid , although oxidizing acids such as concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid or aqua regia dissolve it to give sulfate , nitrate , and chloride . Like silver, mercury reacts with atmospheric hydrogen sulfide . Mercury reacts with solid sulfur flakes, which are used in mercury spill kits to absorb mercury (spill kits also use activated carbon and powdered zinc). Mercury dissolves many metals such as gold and silver to form amalgams . Iron

1403-594: Is similar to the Ag ion. The best known mercury halide is mercury(II) chloride , an easily sublimating white solid. Mercury(II) oxide , the main oxide of mercury, arises when the metal is exposed to air for long periods at elevated temperatures. It reverts to the elements upon heating near 400 °C, as was demonstrated by Joseph Priestley in an early synthesis of pure oxygen . Hydroxides of mercury are poorly characterized, as attempted isolation studies of mercury(II) hydroxide have yielded mercury oxide instead. Being

1464-484: Is toxic to the nervous system , immune system and kidneys of humans and other animals; mercury poisoning can result from exposure to water-soluble forms of mercury (such as mercuric chloride or methylmercury ) either directly or through mechanisms of biomagnification . Mercury is used in thermometers , barometers , manometers , sphygmomanometers , float valves , mercury switches , mercury relays , fluorescent lamps and other devices, although concerns about

1525-573: Is used as the ligand). Mercury(I) chloride , a colorless solid also known as calomel , is really the compound with the formula Hg 2 Cl 2 , with the connectivity Cl-Hg-Hg-Cl. It reacts with chlorine to give mercury(II) chloride , which resists further oxidation. Mercury(I) hydride , a colorless gas, has the formula HgH, containing no Hg-Hg bond; however, the gas has only ever been observed as isolated molecules. Indicative of its tendency to bond to itself, mercury forms mercury polycations , which consist of linear chains of mercury centers, capped with

1586-518: Is used in some liquid-in-glass thermometers , especially those used to measure high temperatures. A still increasing amount is used as gaseous mercury in fluorescent lamps , while most of the other applications are slowly being phased out due to health and safety regulations. In some applications, mercury is replaced with less toxic but considerably more expensive Galinstan alloy . Mercury and its compounds have been used in medicine, although they are much less common today than they once were, now that

1647-580: The First Matter from which all metals were formed. They believed that different metals could be produced by varying the quality and quantity of sulfur contained within the mercury. The purest of these was gold, and mercury was called for in attempts at the transmutation of base (or impure) metals into gold, which was the goal of many alchemists. The mines in Almadén (Spain), Monte Amiata (Italy), and Idrija (now Slovenia) dominated mercury production from

1708-471: The Neolithic Age . In China and Tibet , mercury use was thought to prolong life, heal fractures, and maintain generally good health, although it is now known that exposure to mercury vapor leads to serious adverse health effects. The first emperor of a unified China, Qín Shǐ Huáng Dì —allegedly buried in a tomb that contained rivers of flowing mercury on a model of the land he ruled, representative of

1769-737: The Western Galilee , and parts of Mount Carmel . The Kishon is mentioned six times in the Hebrew Bible , among them the following verses: Following the end of the First World War there was an increase in the number of Jewish settlers arriving in Palestine, the Third Aliyah . Those who arrived at Haifa were kept in a tented Quarantine Camps set up on the Kishon estuary. Many of the immigrants, Halutzim , were infected with malaria for which

1830-546: The 1650s. Fahrenheit's mercury thermometer was based on an earlier design that used alcohol rather than mercury; the mercury thermometer was significantly more accurate than those using alcohol. From the early 21st century onwards, the use of mercury thermometers has been declining, and mercury-containing instruments have been banned in many jurisdictions following the 1998 Protocol on Heavy Metals . Modern alternatives to mercury thermometers include resistance thermometers , thermocouples , and thermistor sensors that output to

1891-541: The 1960s onward, the majority of industrial plants moved away from mercury cell processes towards diaphragm cell technologies to produce chlorine, though 11% of the chlorine made in the United States was still produced with the mercury cell method as of 2005. Thermometers containing mercury were invented in the early 18th century by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit , though earlier attempts at making temperature-measuring instruments filled with quicksilver had been described in

Kishon - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-691: The Kishon caused the cancers. However, despite the commission findings, the Defense Ministry decided to compensate select litigants. A new probe initiated in December 2021 concluded in February 2022 that the veterans had been exposed to a high amount of toxic chemicals, and it was subsequently decided to provide compensation to anyone who had trained in the Kishon River and fallen ill. 32°49′N 35°02′E  /  32.817°N 35.033°E  / 32.817; 35.033 Mercury (element) Mercury

2013-399: The United States and Mexico, which once produced a large proportion of the world supply, have now been completely mined out or, in the case of Slovenia ( Idrija ) and Spain ( Almadén ), shut down due to the fall of the price of mercury. Nevada 's McDermitt Mine, the last mercury mine in the United States, closed in 1992. The price of mercury has been highly volatile over the years and in 2006

2074-405: The aircraft. Mercury embrittlement is the most common type of liquid metal embrittlement, as mercury is a natural component of some hydrocarbon reservoirs and will come into contact with petroleum processing equipment under normal conditions. There are seven stable isotopes of mercury, with Hg being the most abundant (29.86%). The longest-lived radioisotopes are Hg with

2135-657: The area was notorious. Under the British Mandate the area became Haifa 's industrial zone with a power station, railway workshops and the Iraq Petroleum Company refinery . Considered the most polluted river in Israel by several government authorities on the matter, it has been the subject of controversy regarding the struggle to improve the water quality. The pollution stems in part from daily contamination for over 40 years with mercury , other heavy metals , and organic chemicals by nearby chemical plants. It

2196-431: The companies responsible for the pollution. The Canadian company EnGlobe Corp. began work in 2012 to clean up the river. The cleanup project is to be concluded in 2015. Since 2001, it was discovered that Shayetet 13 veterans had high occurrence of cancer , probably due to training in the polluted Kishon River and Haifa Bay . A commission for investigating the matter did not find statistical evidence that diving in

2257-464: The crustal mass, mercury ores can be extraordinarily concentrated considering the element's abundance in ordinary rock. The richest mercury ores contain up to 2.5% mercury by mass, and even the leanest concentrated deposits are at least 0.1% mercury (12,000 times average crustal abundance). It is found either as a native metal (rare) or in cinnabar , metacinnabar , sphalerite , corderoite , livingstonite and other minerals , with cinnabar (HgS) being

2318-531: The dimeric cation, Hg 2 . Stable derivatives include the chloride and nitrate . In aqueous solution of a mercury(I) salt, slight disproportion of Hg 2 into Hg and Hg results in >0.5% of dissolved mercury existing as Hg . In these solutions, complexation of the Hg with addition of ligands such as cyanide causes disproportionation to go to completion, with all Hg 2 precipitating as elemental mercury and insoluble mercury(II) compounds (e.g. mercury(II) cyanide if cyanide

2379-444: The element's toxicity have led to the phasing out of such mercury-containing instruments. It remains in use in scientific research applications and in amalgam for dental restoration in some locales. It is also used in fluorescent lighting . Electricity passed through mercury vapor in a fluorescent lamp produces short-wave ultraviolet light , which then causes the phosphor in the tube to fluoresce , making visible light. Mercury

2440-539: The form of one of its common ores, cinnabar, is used in various traditional medicines, especially in traditional Chinese medicine . Review of its safety has found that cinnabar can lead to significant mercury intoxication when heated, consumed in overdose , or taken long term, and can have adverse effects at therapeutic doses, though effects from therapeutic doses are typically reversible. Although this form of mercury appears to be less toxic than other forms, its use in traditional Chinese medicine has not yet been justified, as

2501-471: The formula HgR 2 , which are often volatile, or HgRX, which are often solids, where R is aryl or alkyl and X is usually halide or acetate. Methylmercury , a generic term for compounds with the formula CH 3 HgX, is a dangerous family of compounds that are often found in polluted water. They arise by a process known as biomethylation . Mercury is used primarily for the manufacture of industrial chemicals or for electrical and electronic applications. It

Kishon - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-700: The historic Almaden Quicksilver Mine and created a county park on the site, after conducting extensive safety and environmental analysis of the property. All known mercury compounds exhibit one of two positive oxidation states: I and II. Experiments have failed to unequivocally demonstrate any higher oxidation states: both the claimed 1976 electrosynthesis of an unstable Hg(III) species and 2007 cryogenic isolation of HgF 4 have disputed interpretations and remain difficult (if not impossible) to reproduce. Unlike its lighter neighbors, cadmium and zinc, mercury usually forms simple stable compounds with metal-metal bonds. Most mercury(I) compounds are diamagnetic and feature

2623-483: The largest use of mercury in the late 20th century was in the mercury cell process (also called the Castner-Kellner process ) where metallic sodium is formed as an amalgam at a cathode made from mercury; this sodium is then reacted with water to produce sodium hydroxide. Many of the industrial mercury releases of the 20th century came from this process, although modern plants claim to be safe in this regard. From

2684-533: The mercury for the colonies. Mercury deposits were discovered in the New World, and more than 100,000 tons of mercury were mined from the region of Huancavelica , Peru, over the course of three centuries following the discovery of deposits there in 1563. The patio process and later pan amalgamation process continued to create great demand for mercury to treat silver ores until the late 19th century. Former mines in Italy,

2745-564: The mercury required for CFL bulb manufacture. Environmental dangers have been a concern, particularly in the southern cities of Foshan and Guangzhou , and in Guizhou province in the southwest. Abandoned mercury mine processing sites often contain very hazardous waste piles of roasted cinnabar calcines . Water run-off from such sites is a recognized source of ecological damage. Former mercury mines may be suited for constructive re-use; for example, in 1976 Santa Clara County, California purchased

2806-602: The mining of cinnabar and refining for mercury are hazardous and historic causes of mercury poisoning. In China, prison labor was used by a private mining company as recently as the 1950s to develop new cinnabar mines. Thousands of prisoners were used by the Luo Xi mining company to establish new tunnels. Worker health in functioning mines is at high risk. A newspaper claimed that an unidentified European Union directive calling for energy-efficient lightbulbs to be made mandatory by 2012 encouraged China to re-open cinnabar mines to obtain

2867-496: The modern chemical symbol for mercury. It is an abbreviation of hydrargyrum , a romanized form of the ancient Greek name for mercury, ὑδράργυρος ( hydrargyros ). Hydrargyros is a Greek compound word meaning ' water-silver ' , from ὑδρ - ( hydr -), the root of ὕδωρ ( hydor ) ' water ' , and ἄργυρος ( argyros ) ' silver ' . Like the English name quicksilver ( ' living-silver ' ), this name

2928-667: The most common ore. Mercury ores often occur in hot springs or other volcanic regions. Beginning in 1558, with the invention of the patio process to extract silver from ore using mercury, mercury became an essential resource in the economy of Spain and its American colonies. Mercury was used to extract silver from the lucrative mines in New Spain and Peru . Initially, the Spanish Crown's mines in Almadén in Southern Spain supplied all

2989-457: The opening of the mine in Almadén 2500 years ago, until new deposits were found at the end of the 19th century. Mercury is an extremely rare element in Earth's crust ; it has an average crustal abundance by mass of only 0.08 parts per million (ppm) and is the 66th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Because it does not blend geochemically with those elements that constitute the majority of

3050-463: The planet became one of the alchemical symbols for the metal, and Mercury became an alternative name for the metal. Mercury is the only metal for which the alchemical planetary name survives, as it was decided it was preferable to quicksilver as a chemical name. Mercury was found in Egyptian tombs that date from 1500 BC; cinnabar , the most common natural source of mercury, has been in use since

3111-784: The refineries, the municipal sewage treatment plant and from the Haifa Chemicals fertilizer production plant. Heavy metals were present in the discharges from the Carmel Olefins and Haifa Chemicals plants. The upper river system may also be mixed with genotoxic materials from domestic waste and agricultural runoff that contain pesticides and fertilizers. Potent genotoxins usually found in domestic wastes also include N-nitroso compounds and aromatic amines , which are known to be present in human sanitary outflows as well as genotoxic PAHs found in municipal discharges. As of January 4, 2016; 1,000,000 cubic meters per year of potable water

SECTION 50

#1732855040713

3172-483: The rivers of China—was reportedly killed by drinking a mercury and powdered jade mixture formulated by Qin alchemists intended as an elixir of immortality. Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun , the second Tulunid ruler of Egypt (r. 884–896), known for his extravagance and profligacy , reportedly built a basin filled with mercury, on which he would lie on top of air-filled cushions and be rocked to sleep. In November 2014 "large quantities" of mercury were discovered in

3233-423: The safety and effectiveness" of the mercury ingredients in these products. Chlorine is produced from sodium chloride (common salt, NaCl) using electrolysis to separate metallic sodium from chlorine gas. Usually salt is dissolved in water to produce a brine. By-products of any such chloralkali process are hydrogen (H 2 ) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is commonly called caustic soda or lye . By far

3294-409: The symptoms of its toxicity were confused with those of the syphilis it was believed to treat. It is also used as a disinfectant. Blue mass , a pill or syrup in which mercury is the main ingredient, was prescribed throughout the 19th century for numerous conditions including constipation, depression, child-bearing and toothaches. In the early 20th century, mercury was administered to children yearly as

3355-418: The therapeutic basis for the use of cinnabar is not clear. Mercury(I) chloride (also known as calomel or mercurous chloride) has been used in traditional medicine as a diuretic , topical disinfectant , and laxative . Mercury(II) chloride (also known as mercuric chloride or corrosive sublimate) was once used to treat syphilis (along with other mercury compounds), although it is so toxic that sometimes

3416-402: The time in 2001. A 2002 study found the ability of 3 hours' exposure to Kishon River water to induce DNA damage in rainbow-trout liver-cells to be on average threefold that of unpolluted water. Notably the lower Kishon, below the petrochemical industry zone, had a markedly elevated genotoxic potential. A 2000 analysis of the river water revealed chlorinated compounds in discharges from

3477-415: The toxic effects of mercury and its compounds are more widely understood. An example of the early therapeutic application of mercury was published in 1787 by James Lind . The first edition of The Merck Manuals (1899) featured many then-medically relevant mercuric compounds, such as mercury-ammonium chloride , yellow mercury proto-iodide , calomel , and mercuric chloride , among others. Mercury in

3538-765: The wife of Ephraim Kishon Kishon Khan (born 1970), Bangladeshi-born British jazz pianist 21010 Kishon (1988 PL2), a main-belt asteroid discovered on 1988 Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kishon . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kishon&oldid=1254671733 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hebrew-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles containing Hebrew-language text Short description

3599-400: Was $ 650 per 76-pound (34.46 kg) flask . Mercury is extracted by heating cinnabar in a current of air and condensing the vapor. The equation for this extraction is: In 2020, China was the top producer of mercury, providing 88% of the world output (2200 out of 2500 tonnes), followed by Tajikistan (178 t), Russia (50 t) and Mexico (32 t). Because of the high toxicity of mercury, both

3660-406: Was claimed in 2000, that there are more chemicals than water in the river, and that washing one's hands in this river can cause severe chemical burns. On several occasions this river (or rather, patches of petrochemical waste on it) has caught fire from the chemical contaminants. Below Histadrut Bridge ( Highway 4 ), after passing the petrochemical industries zone, the pH was 3 or below for most of

3721-496: Was due to mercury's liquid and shiny properties. The modern English name mercury comes from the planet Mercury . In medieval alchemy , the seven known metals—quicksilver, gold , silver , copper , iron , lead , and tin —were associated with the seven planets. Quicksilver was associated with the fastest planet, which had been named after the Roman god Mercury , who was associated with speed and mobility. The astrological symbol for

SECTION 60

#1732855040713
#712287