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117-627: David II (5 March 1324 – 22 February 1371) was King of Scotland from 1329 until his death in 1371. Upon the death of his father, Robert the Bruce , David succeeded to the throne at the age of five and was crowned at Scone in November 1331, becoming the first Scottish monarch to be anointed at his coronation. During his childhood, David was governed by a series of guardians , and Edward III of England sought to take advantage of David's minority by supporting an invasion of Scotland by Edward Balliol , beginning

234-782: A Messiah (Hebrew for the one who was anointed.) Christianity developed from the association of Jesus of Nazareth with the Jewish prophecies of an "Anointed One". His epithet " Christ " is a form of the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew title. He was not anointed by the High Priest in accordance with the ceremony described in Exodus, but he was considered to have been anointed by the Holy Spirit during his baptism . A literal anointing of Jesus also occurs when he

351-473: A civil war between himself and the nobility, led by his son. When James IV, who had governed sternly and suppressed the aristocrats, died in the Battle of Flodden, his wife Margaret Tudor, who had been nominated regent for their young son James V, was unseated by noble feuding, and James V's wife, Mary of Guise, succeeded in ruling Scotland during the regency for her young daughter Mary I only by dividing and conquering

468-507: A horn. Anointment by the chrism prepared according to the ceremony described in the Book of Exodus was considered to impart the "Spirit of the Lord". It was performed by Samuel in place of a coronation of both Saul and David . The practice was not always observed and seems to have been essential only at the consecration of a new line or dynasty. Because of its importance, the High Priest and

585-549: A human victim's caul fat to gain his powers. In religions like Christianity where animal sacrifice is no longer practiced, it is common to consecrate the oil in a special ceremony. According to scholars belonging to the early part of the twentieth century (Wilhelm Spiegelberg, Bonnet, Cothenet, Kutsch, Martin-Pardey ) officials of ancient Egypt were anointed as part of a ceremony that installed them into office. This assumption has been questioned by scholars like Stephen Thompson, who doubt such anointing ever existed: After

702-466: A middle-aged man, already 55, and unable to reign vigorously, a problem also faced by his son Robert III, who also ascended in middle age at 53 in 1390, and suffered lasting damage in a horse-riding accident. These two were followed by a series of regencies, caused by the youth of the succeeding five boy kings. Consequently, the Stewart era saw periods of royal inertia, during which the nobles usurped power from

819-443: A priesthood ordinance in preparation for the administration of a priesthood blessing , and 2) in conjunction with washing as part of the endowment . The Doctrine and Covenants contains numerous references to anointing and administration to the sick by those with authority to perform the laying on of hands. On 21 January 1836, Joseph Smith instituted anointing during the rites of sanctification and consecration preparatory to

936-403: A review of the evidence for the anointing of officials in ancient Egypt as a part of their induction into office, I must conclude that there is no evidence that such a ceremony was ever practiced in ancient Egypt. Attempts to trace the origin of the Hebrew practice of anointing kings to an Egyptian source are misdirected. The only definite case in which an Egyptian king anointed one of his officials

1053-523: A saint, or which has been taken from an oil lamp burning in front of a wonderworking icon or some other shrine . In the Armenian Church , crosses are traditionally not considered holy until they have been anointed and prayed over, thus introducing the Holy Spirit into them. The same ritual was formerly observed in the other Orthodox churches. Owing to their particular focus upon the action of

1170-410: A shield predates the anointing of other objects in that the "smearing" (Hebrew "mashiach") of the shield renewed the leather covering on a wooden shield. A victorious soldier was elevated on his shield by his comrades after a battle or upon his selection as a new king. The idea of protection and selection arose from this and was extended to the idea of a "chosen one" thus leading to the modern concept of

1287-581: A successful appeal to the Pope Urban V to reverse the sentence of divorce which had been pronounced against her in Scotland. She was still alive in January 1375, four years after David died. From 1364, David governed actively, dealing firmly with recalcitrant nobles, and a wider baronial revolt, led by his prospective successor, the future Robert II . David continued to pursue the goal of a final peace with England. At

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1404-403: A succession crisis. With her death, the descent of William I became extinct and there was no obvious heir. Thirteen candidates presented themselves; the most prominent were John Balliol , great-grandson of William I's younger brother David of Huntingdon, and Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale , grandson of David of Huntingdon. The Scottish magnates invited Edward I of England to arbitrate

1521-483: A young child, who inherited the throne in 1286. A set of guardians were appointed to rule Scotland in her absence since she was living in Norway where her father Eric II was king. She was finally sent to Scotland in 1290 but died before arriving in Scotland. The next king of Scots was not determined until completion of an arbitration in 1292. The death of Margaret of Norway began a two-year interregnum in Scotland caused by

1638-585: Is a necessary part of the baptismal process. The Gospel of Philip claims that chrism is superior to baptism, for it is from the word "chrism" that we have been called "Christians", certainly not from the word "baptism". And it is from the "chrism" that the "Christ" has his name. For the Father anointed the Son , and the Son anointed the apostles, and the apostles anointed us. He who has been anointed possesses everything. He possesses

1755-583: Is a powerful weapon against a spiritual attack of the enemy, which can translate into a disease designed to destroy the body. The Roman Catholic , Anglican and Lutheran Churches bless three types of holy oils for anointing: " Oil of the Catechumens " (abbreviated OS, from the Latin oleum sanctum , meaning holy oil), "Oil of the Infirm" (OI), and " Sacred Chrism " (SC). The first two are said to be blessed , while

1872-554: Is abuse. Later French legend held that a vial of oil, the Holy Ampulla , descended from Heaven to anoint Clovis I as King of the Franks following his conversion to Christianity in 493. The Visigoth Wamba is the earliest Catholic king known to have been anointed, although the practice apparently preceded him in Spain. The ceremony, which closely followed the rite described by

1989-519: Is believed to empower him—through the grace of the Holy Spirit —with the ability to discharge his divinely appointed duties, particularly his ministry in defending the faith. The same myron used in Chrismation is used for the ceremony. In Russian Orthodox ceremonial, the anointing took place during the coronation of the tsar towards the end of the service, just before his receipt of Holy Communion . The sovereign and his consort were escorted to

2106-441: Is common, although the practice typically employs water or yoghurt, milk, or (particularly) butter from the holy cow , rather than oil. Many devotees are anointed as an act of consecration or blessing at every stage of life, with rituals accompanying birthing , educational enrollments, religious initiations , and death . New buildings, houses, and ritual instruments are anointed, and some idols are anointed daily. Particular care

2223-803: Is known about the life of the Scottish king in France, except that Château Gaillard was given to him for a residence, and that he was present at the bloodless meeting of the English and French armies in October 1339 at Vironfosse, now known as Buironfosse , in the Arrondissement of Vervins . By 1341, David's representatives had again obtained the upper hand in Scotland. David was able to return to his kingdom, landing at Inverbervie in Kincardineshire on 2 June 1341. He took

2340-454: Is known. Katherine was murdered in 1360 by men hired by the Earl of Angus and other nobles, according to some sources; some accounts say the earl was starved to death, however since his death was not until 1362, two years after the murder, death from the plague or other causes is more likely. She was replaced as mistress by Margaret Drummond . After six years, owing to the poverty of the kingdom, it

2457-514: Is normally kept on the Holy Table or on the Table of Oblation . During chrismation, the "newly illuminate" person is anointed by using the myron to make the sign of the cross on the forehead, eyes, nostrils, lips, both ears, breast, hands, and feet. The priest uses a special brush for this purpose. Prior to the 20th century, the myron was also used for the anointing of Orthodox monarchs. The oil that

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2574-510: Is performed immediately after the Mystery of Baptism as part of a single ceremony. The ritual employs the sacred myron ( μύρον , " chrism "), which is said to contain a remnant of oil blessed by the Twelve Apostles . In order to maintain the apostolic blessing unbroken, the container is never completely emptied but it is refilled as needed, usually at a ceremony held on Holy Thursday at

2691-639: Is taken in such rituals to the direction of the smearing. People are anointed from head to foot, downwards. The water may derive from one of the holy rivers or be scented with saffron , turmeric , or flower infusions ; the waste water produced when cleaning certain idols or when writing certain verses of scripture may also be used. Ointments may include ashes, clay, powdered sandalwood , or herbal pastes. Buddhist practices of anointing are largely derived from Indian practices but tend to be less elaborate and more ritualized. Buddhists may sprinkle assembled practitioners with water or mark idols of Buddha or

2808-571: Is that of EA 51. In this instance, it is probable that Thutmosis III was engaging in a custom common among Asiatics, rather than that he was introducing an Egyptian custom into Syria-Palestine Anointment of the corpse with scented oils was however a well attested practice as an important part of mummification . In Indian religion , late Vedic rituals developed involving the anointing of government officials, worshippers, and idols. These are now known as abhisheka . The practice spread to Indian Buddhists . In modern Hinduism and Jainism , anointment

2925-488: Is the Lord and Father of all Mercies; and out of all my lands and empire I shall be careful to root out all Heresy and Enemies to the true Worship of God, that shall be convicted by the true Kirk of God of the foresaid Crimes; and these Things above-written I faithfully affirm by my solemn Oath. The coronation oath sworn by William II , Mary II and Anne was approved by the Parliament of Scotland on 18 April 1689. The oath

3042-431: Is thus cognate with "unction". The oil used in a ceremonial anointment may be called " chrism ", from Greek χρῖσμα ( khrîsma ) ' anointing ' . Anointing served and serves three distinct purposes: it is regarded as a means of health and comfort, as a token of honor, and as a symbol of consecration . It seems probable that its sanative purposes were enjoyed before it became an object of ceremonial religion, but

3159-422: Is used to anoint the catechumens before baptism is simple olive oil which is blessed by the priest immediately before he pours it into the baptismal font . Then, using his fingers, he takes some of the blessed oil floating on the surface of the baptismal water and anoints the catechumen on the forehead, breast, shoulders, ears, hands, and feet. He then immediately baptizes the catechumen with threefold immersion in

3276-614: The Bodhisattvas with cow or yak butter . Flower-scented water is also used, as are ink-water and "saffron water" stained yellow using saffron or turmeric . In antiquity, use of a holy anointing oil was significant in the Hebrews ' consecration of priests, the Kohen Gadol (High Priest), and the sacred vessels. Prophets and the Israelite kings were anointed as well, the kings from

3393-511: The Gelasian sacramentary , the formula for doing so is: Send forth, O Lord, we beseech thee, thy Holy Spirit the Paraclete from heaven into this fatness of oil, which thou hast deigned to bring forth out of the green wood for the refreshing of mind and body; and through thy holy benediction may it be for all who anoint with it, taste it, touch it, a safeguard of mind and body, of soul and spirit, for

3510-514: The Holy Doors ( Iconostasis ) of the cathedral and jointly anointed by the metropolitan . Afterwards, the tsar was taken alone through the Holy Doors—an action normally reserved only for priests—and received communion at a small table set next to the Holy Table . In the present day, royal unction is less common, being practiced only upon the monarchs of Britain and of Tonga . The utensils for

3627-604: The Holy Spirit , Pentecostal churches sometimes continue to employ anointing for consecration and ordination of pastors and elders, as well as for healing the sick. The Pentecostal expression "the anointing breaks the yoke" derives from a passage in Isaiah which discusses the power given the prophet Hezekiah by the Holy Spirit over the tyrant Sennacherib . Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints practice anointing with pure, consecrated olive oil in two ways: 1) as

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3744-667: The Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland to form a united Kingdom of Great Britain . Scotland and England had shared a common monarch since the Union of the Crowns in 1603 when the Scottish king James VI succeeded to the English throne. Although described as a Union of Crowns, before the Acts of Union of 1707, the crowns of the two separate kingdoms had rested on the same head. Three unsuccessful attempts (in 1606, 1667, and 1689) were made to unite

3861-720: The Old Testament ., was performed in 672 by Quiricus , the archbishop of Toledo ; It was apparently copied a year later when Flavius Paulus defected and joined the Septimanian rebels he had been tasked with quieting. The rite epitomized the Catholic Church 's sanctioning the monarch's rule; it was notably employed by usurpers such as Pepin , whose dynasty replaced the Merovingians in France in 751. While it might be argued that

3978-783: The Patriarchate of Constantinople or the patriarchal cathedrals of the autocephalous churches. At the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the process is under the care of the Archontes Myrepsoi , lay officials of the Patriarchate. Various members of the clergy may also participate in the preparation, but the Consecration itself is always performed by the Patriarch or a bishop deputed by him for that purpose. The new myron contains olive oil, myrrh , and numerous spices and perfumes. This myron

4095-649: The Resurrection , the Light, the Cross , the Holy Spirit . The Father gave him this in the bridal chamber; he merely accepted the gift. The Father was in the Son and the Son in the Father. This is the Kingdom of Heaven . In the Acts of Thomas , the anointing is the beginning of the baptismal ritual and essential to becoming a Christian, as it says God knows his own children by his seal and that

4212-609: The Scottish Restoration , the Stuarts became Kings of Scotland once more but Scotland's rights were not respected. During the reign of Charles II, the Scottish Parliament was dissolved and James was appointed Governor of Scotland. James II himself became James VII in 1685. His Catholicism was not tolerated, and he was driven out of England after three years. In his place came his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange,

4329-589: The Second War of Scottish Independence . Following the English victory at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333, King David, Queen Joan and the rump of his government were evacuated to France , where he remained in exile until it was safe for him to return to Scotland in 1341. In 1346, David invaded England in support of France during the Hundred Years' War . His army was defeated at the Battle of Neville's Cross and he

4446-572: The Song of Songs " and by Origen in his "Commentary on Romans ". Origen opines that "all of us may be baptized in those visible waters and in a visible anointing, in accordance with the form handed down to the churches". Anointing was particularly important among the Gnostics . Many early apocryphal and Gnostic texts state that John the Baptist 's baptism by water was incomplete and that anointment with oil

4563-518: The ancient Hebrews and continued among the Arabs into the 20th century. In the sympathetic magic common to prehistoric and primitive religions , the fat of sacrificial animals and persons is often reckoned as a powerful charm, second to blood as the vehicle and seat of life. East African Arabs traditionally anointed themselves with lion's fat to gain courage and provoke fear in other animals. Australian Aborigines would rub themselves with

4680-552: The anointing of the sick —may also be known as unction ; the anointing of the dying as part of last rites in the Catholic church is sometimes specified as " extreme unction ". The present verb derives from the now obsolete adjective anoint , equivalent to anointed . The adjective is first attested in 1303, derived from Old French enoint , the past participle of enoindre , from Latin inung ( u ) ere , an intensified form of ung ( u ) ere ' to anoint ' . It

4797-568: The coronation of European monarchs . This continues an earlier Hebrew practice most famously observed in the anointings of Aaron as high priest and both Saul and David by the prophet Samuel . The concept is important to the figure of the Messiah or the Christ ( Hebrew and Greek for "The Anointed One") who appear prominently in Jewish and Christian theology and eschatology . Anointing—particularly

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4914-537: The uncrowned king of Scotland, although this claim gained no international recognition. The Scottish coronation oath sworn by James VI , Charles I , and Charles II and approved by the Parliament of Scotland in 1567: I, N.N., promise faithfully, in the presence of the eternal, my God, that I, enduring the whole Course of my Life, shall serve the same Eternal, my God, to the utmost of my Power, accordingly as he required in his most Holy Word, revealed and contained in

5031-514: The 1968 revision of the rite of ordination the ordaining bishop anointed the hands of the new priest with the Oil of Catechumens, The older form is now used only in ordaining members of associations, such as the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter , dedicated to the preservation of the pre- Vatican II liturgy. In the later form, priests, like bishops, are anointed with chrism, the hands of a priest,

5148-469: The Civil War. The resultant conflict lasted eight years and ended in his execution. The English Parliament then decreed their monarchy to be at an end. The Scots Parliament, after some deliberation, broke their links with England and declared that Charles II , son, and heir of Charles I, would become King. He ruled until 1651 when the armies of Oliver Cromwell occupied Scotland and drove him into exile. With

5265-496: The English and his Scots adherents. By December, however, Balliol was forced to flee to England after the Battle of Annan , although he returned the following year as part of an invasion force led by the English king. Following the English victory at the Battle of Halidon Hill in July 1333, David and his wife were sent for safety into France, reaching Boulogne on 14 May 1334. They were received very graciously by King Philip VI . Little

5382-482: The English invaded once again. Bruce returned a year later and gained support for his cause. His energy, and the corresponding replacement of the vigorous Edward I with his weaker son Edward II in 1307, allowed Scotland to free itself from English rule. At the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the Scots routed the English, and by 1328 the English had agreed by treaty to accept Scottish independence. Robert's son, David, acceded to

5499-535: The English queen Elizabeth I. Upon her abdication, her son, fathered by Henry, Lord Darnley , a junior member of the Stewart family, became King as James VI . James VI became King of England and Ireland as James I in 1603 when his cousin Elizabeth I died. Thereafter, although the two crowns of England and Scotland remained separate, the monarchy was based chiefly in England. Charles I , James's son, found himself faced with

5616-455: The English. Bruce and his supporters had murdered their rival to the throne of Scotland, John Comyn , Lord of Badenoch , on 10 February 1306 at Greyfriars Church in Dumfries . Shortly after in 1306, Robert was crowned King of Scots at Scone. Robert Bruce was then hunted down for his crime of murder, and subsequently, he escaped to the outskirt islands, leaving the country completely leaderless, and

5733-561: The House of Bruce came to an end. Edward Balliol was the son of King John Balliol , who had himself ruled for four years following his election in the Great Cause . Following his abdication, John Balliol lived out his life in obscurity in Picardy , France. During the minority of David II, Edward Balliol seized the opportunity to assert his claim to the throne, and backed by the English, he defeated

5850-680: The Kingdoms of England and Scotland were ended by their merging as the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1715, a year after the death of his half-sister, Queen Anne, and the accession of their cousin George of Hanover, James landed in Scotland and attempted to claim the throne. He failed and was forced to flee back to the Continent. A second attempt by his son Charles, on behalf of his father, in 1745–6, also failed. Both James's children died without legitimate issue, bringing

5967-483: The Lord and Father of all Mercies shall be merciful to us. And we shall be careful to root out all Heretics and Enemies to the true Worship of God, that shall be convicted by the true Kirk of God, of the aforesaid Crimes, out of our Lands and Empire of Scotland. And we faithfully affirm the Things above-written by our solemn Oath. Anointing In present usage, "anointing" is typically used for ceremonial blessings such as

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6084-1005: The Melchizedek priesthood may perform. In addition to its use for the Israelite kingship , anointing has been an important ritual in Christian rites of Coronation , especially in Europe. As reported by the jurisconsult Tancredus , initially only four monarchs were crowned and anointed, they were the Kings of Jerusalem , France , England and Sicily : Et sunt quidam coronando, et quidam non, tamen illi, qui coronatur, debent inungi: et tales habent privilegium ab antiquo, et de consuetudine. Alii modo non debent coronari, nec inungi sine istis: et si faciunt; ipsi abutuntur indebite. […] Rex Hierosolymorum coronatur et inungitur; Rex Francorum Christianissimus coronatur et inungitur; Rex Anglorum coronatur et inungitur; Rex Siciliae coronatur et inungitur. And [the kings] are both crowned and not, among them, those who are crowned must be anointed: they have this privilege by ancient custom. The others, instead, must not be crowned or anointed: and if they do so unduly it

6201-451: The New and Old Testament ; and according to the same Word shall maintain the true Religion of Jesus Christ, the preaching of his Holy Word, and due and right administration of his Sacraments , now received and practised within this Realm; and shall abolish and oppose all false Religion contrary to the same; and shall rule the People committed to my Charge, according to the Will and Command of God, revealed in his foresaid Word, and according to

6318-448: The Scots' regency council, a treaty was signed at Berwick-upon-Tweed under which Scotland's nobility agreed to pay 100,000 marks , at the rate of 10,000 marks per year, as a ransom for their king. This was ratified by the Scottish Parliament at Scone on 6 November 1357. David returned to Scotland accompanied by a large contingent of Scottish nobles and clergy. He also brought his mistress, Katherine (or Catherine) Mortimer, of whom little

6435-559: The Scottish parliament's assent, bribes, and payments. Thereafter, although monarchs continued to rule over the nation of Scotland, they did so first as monarchs of Great Britain , and from 1801 of the United Kingdom. The Acts of Union were twin Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland , putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union , agreed on 22 July 1706, following prolonged negotiation between Queen Anne's Commissioners representing both parliaments. The Acts joined

6552-432: The Stuart family to an end. After 1807, the Jacobite claims passed first to the House of Savoy (1807–1840), then to the Modenese branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (1840–1919), and finally to the House of Wittelsbach (since 1919). The current heir is Franz, Duke of Bavaria . Neither he nor any of his predecessors since 1807 have pursued their claim. In 1971, Ugandan President Idi Amin proclaimed himself to be

6669-473: The accession of Queen Anne , daughter of James VII. Anne had multiple children but none of these survived her, leaving as her heir her half-brother, James, then living in exile in France. The English favored the Protestant Sophia of Hanover (a granddaughter of James VI) as heir. Many Scots preferred Prince James, who as a Stuart was a Scot by ancestry, and threatened to break the Union of Crowns between England and Scotland by choosing him for themselves. To preserve

6786-417: The act "sweet and useful", punning on khristós ( Ancient Greek : χριστóς , "anointed") and khrēstós ( χρηστóς , "useful"). He seems to go on to say "wherefore we are called Christians on this account, because we are anointed with the oil of God", and "what person on entering into this life or being an athlete is not anointed with oil?" The practice is also defended by Hippolytus in his "Commentary on

6903-419: The bodies of the dead are sometimes anointed. In medieval and early modern Christianity, the practice was particularly associated with protection against vampires and ghouls who might otherwise take possession of the corpse. Anointing guests with oil as a mark of hospitality and token of honor is recorded in Egypt , Greece , and Rome , as well as in the Hebrew scriptures . It was a common custom among

7020-425: The chrism is consecrated . The Oil of Catechumens is used to people immediately before baptism , whether they are infants or adult catechumens . In the early church converts seeking baptism, known as "catechumens", underwent a period of formation known as catechumenate, and during that period of instruction received one or more anointings with the oil of cathecumens for the purpose of expelling evil spirits. Before

7137-438: The church like the myron , but consecrated anew for each individual service. When an Orthodox Christian dies, if he has received the Mystery of Unction and some of the consecrated oil remains, it is poured over his body just before burial. It is also common to bless using oils which have been blessed either with a simple blessing by a priest (or even a venerated monastic ), or by contact with some sacred object, such as relics of

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7254-527: The claims. He did so but forced the Scots to swear allegiance to him as overlord. Eventually, it was decided that John Balliol should become king. He proved weak and incapable and, in 1296, was forced to abdicate by Edward I who then attempted to annex Scotland into the Kingdom of England. c.  25 November 1314 Picardy , France John Balliol abdicated in March 1296. That same month Edward I invaded Scotland. The second set of guardians were appointed under Edward I who ruled from 1296 to 1306, until

7371-446: The crown would alternate between the two, the death of a king from one branch often hastened by war or assassination by a pretender from the other. Malcolm II was the last king of the House of Alpin; in his reign, he successfully crushed all opposition to him and, having no sons, was able to pass the crown to his daughter's son, Duncan I, who inaugurated the House of Dunkeld. *Eochiad was a son of Run, King of Strathclyde, but his mother

7488-407: The crown, followed by periods of personal rule by the monarch, during which he or she would attempt to address the issues created by their minority and the long-term effects of previous reigns. Governing Scotland became increasingly difficult, as the powerful nobility became increasingly intractable. James I's attempts to curb the disorder of the realm ended in his assassination. James III was killed in

7605-481: The custom appears to predate written history and the archaeological record, and its genesis is impossible to determine with certainty. Used in conjunction with bathing, anointment with oil closes pores . It was regarded as counteracting the influence of the sun , reducing sweating . Aromatic oils naturally masked body and other offensive odors. Applications of oils and fats are also used as traditional medicines . The Bible records olive oil being applied to

7722-420: The election of Robert the Bruce as the king of Scotland. For ten years, Scotland had no king. The Scots, however, refused to tolerate English rule. First William Wallace and Andrew Moray , then John Comyn, and finally Robert the Bruce (the grandson of the 1292 competitor, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale who in turn was the grandson of David of Huntingdon, younger brother of William I ) fought against

7839-413: The expulsion of all pains, of every infirmity, of every sickness of mind and body. For with the same thou hast anointed priests, kings, and prophets and martyrs with this thy chrism, perfected by thee, O Lord, blessed, abiding within our bowels in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, confirmation is known as chrismation . The Mystery of Chrismation

7956-484: The face and was captured and taken prisoner by Sir John de Coupland . The king was taken to Wark on Tweed , and then to Bamburgh Castle , where barber-surgeons from York were brought to treat his serious injuries. David II was transferred to London , where he was imprisoned in the Tower of London in January 1347. David was transferred to Windsor Castle in Berkshire upon the return of Edward III from France. The depiction of David being presented to King Edward III in

8073-436: The first of Great Britain, although the kingdoms had shared a monarch since 1603 (see Union of the Crowns ). Her uncle Charles II was the last monarch to be crowned in Scotland, at Scone in 1651. He had a second coronation in England ten years later. The reign of Kenneth MacAlpin begins what is often called the House of Alpin , an entirely modern concept. The descendants of Kenneth MacAlpin were divided into two branches;

8190-474: The forces of David's regency and was himself crowned king at Scone in 1332. He was quickly defeated by loyalist forces and sent back to England. With English support, he would mount two more attempts to seize the throne again, in 1333 and 1335, each time his actual control of the throne was brief before being sent back to England, for the last time in 1336. When David returned from exile in 1341 to rule in his own right, Edward lost most of his support. When David II

8307-401: The head of a bishop. (In the older form, a bishop's hands, as well as the head, are anointed with chrism. The traditional Roman Pontifical also has a rite of coronation of kings and queens including anointing with the Oil of Catechumens. In some countries, as in France, the oil used in that rite was chrism. Oil of the Infirm is used for administration of the sacrament of anointing of the sick ,

8424-463: The king were sometimes called "the Anointed One". The term— מָשִׁיחַ , Mashiaẖ —gave rise to the prophesied figure of the Messiah ( q.v. ) and a long history of claimants . The expression "anoint the shield" which occurs in Isaiah is a related or poetic usage, referring to the practice of rubbing oil on the leather of the shield to keep it supple and fit for war. The practice of anointing

8541-419: The king, thereby passing the throne back to the House of Dunkeld. Grandson of Malcolm II (son of second daughter) Cousin of Duncan I In a series of battles between 1057 and 1058, Duncan's son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth and Macbeth's stepson and heir Lulach, claiming the throne. The dynastic feuds did not end there: on Malcolm III's death in battle, his brother Donald III, known as "Bán", claimed

8658-844: The lovable Laws and Constitutions received in this Realm, in no way repugnant to the said Word of the Eternal, my God; and shall procure to my utmost to the Kirk of God and whole Christian people true and perfect Peace in all times coming; the Rights and Rents, with all just privileges of the Crown of Scotland, I shall preserve and keep inviolate, neither shall I transfer nor alienate the same; I shall forbid and repress in all Estates and all Degrees theft, Oppression and all kind of Wrong; in all Judgements, I shall command and procure that Justice and Equity be kept to all creatures without exception, as he be merciful to me and you that

8775-670: The money for his own purposes. By 1363 it was found impossible to raise the remaining ransom, and David sought its cancellation by offering to bequeath the succession to the Scottish throne to Edward III or one of his sons. In 1364, the parliament of Scotland rejected David's proposal to make Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence , the next king. Despising his nephew, David sought to prevent him succeeding to his throne by marrying his mistress Margaret Drummond and producing an alternative heir. When his second wife failed to do so, David unsuccessfully attempted to divorce her. Although David spent long periods in exile or captivity, he managed to ensure

8892-455: The name of the Trinity . Anointing of the sick is called the " Sacred Mystery of Unction ". The practice is used for spiritual ailments as well as physical ones, and the faithful may request unction any number of times at will. In some churches, it is normal for all of the faithful to receive unction during a service on Holy Wednesday of Holy Week . The holy oil used at unction is not stored in

9009-564: The next king. Over the next few years, David strung out secret negotiations with Edward III, which apparently appeased the matter. His wife, Queen Joan, died on 7 September 1362 (aged 41) at Hertford Castle , Hertfordshire , possibly a victim of the Black Death . He remarried, on about 20 February 1364, to Margaret Drummond , widow of Sir John Logie, and daughter of Sir Malcolm Drummond. He divorced her on about 20 March 1370. They had no children. Margaret, however, travelled to Avignon , and made

9126-462: The noble factions, distributing French bribes with a liberal hand. Finally, Mary I, the daughter of James V, found herself unable to govern Scotland faced with the surliness of the aristocracy and the intransigence of the population, who favored Calvinism and disapproved of her Catholicism. She was forced to abdicate, and fled to England, where she was imprisoned in various castles and manor houses for eighteen years and finally executed for treason against

9243-399: The oil said to have been originally blessed by the Twelve Apostles . The practice of " chrismation " ( baptism with oil) appears to have developed in the early church during the later 2nd century as a symbol of Christ, rebirth, and inspiration. The earliest surviving account of such an act seems to be the letter written "To Autolycus" by Theophilus , bishop of Antioch . In it, he calls

9360-549: The play The Raigne of King Edward the Third is fictitious. David and his household were later moved to Odiham Castle in Hampshire . His imprisonment was not reputed to be a rigorous one as was typical of most royal prisoners. However, the fact that from 1355 he was denied contact with any of his subjects may indicate otherwise. He remained captive in England for eleven years. On 3 October 1357, after several protracted negotiations with

9477-411: The practice subordinated the king to the church, in practice the sacral anointing of kings was seen as elevating the king to priestly or even saintly status. It provided a directly religious aspect to Europe's regimes apart from the church hierarchy and, for political and practical reasons, was seldom performed by the popes . Instead, the anointment was usually administered by a bishop from a major see of

9594-486: The realm, often the national primate . Lupoi argues that this set in motion the conflicting claims that developed into the Investiture Crisis . At the same time, royal unction recontextualized the elections and popular acclamations still legally responsible for the elevation of new rulers. They were no longer understood as autonomous authorities but merely agents in service of God's will. The divine right of kings

9711-525: The reins of government into his own hands, at the age of 17. In 1346, under the terms of the Auld Alliance , David invaded England to try to draw King Edward away from the French, who had been invaded by the English and badly defeated at the battle of Crécy . After initial success at Hexham, David's army was soundly defeated at the battle of Neville's Cross on 17 October 1346. David suffered two arrow wounds to

9828-536: The rites practiced in the Kirtland Temple . The anointing would prepare church members to receive the endowment of "power from on high" promised in an earlier 1831 revelation. At the present time, any holder of the Melchizedek priesthood may anoint the head of an individual by the laying on of hands. Olive oil must be used if available, and it must have been consecrated earlier in a short ordinance that any holder of

9945-533: The ritual treatment of the sick and infirm through what was usually called Extreme Unction in Western Christianity from the late 12th to the late 20th century. Sacred Chrism is used in the sacraments of baptism , confirmation , and holy orders. It is also used in the dedication of new churches, new altars, and in the consecration of new patens and chalices for use in Mass. In the case of the sacrament of baptism,

10062-454: The royal government of King Robert remained largely in place from 1329 to 1332. After Moray's death, on 20 July 1332, he was replaced by Donald, Earl of Mar , elected by an assembly of the magnates of Scotland at Perth , 2 August 1332. Ten days later, Mar fell at the Battle of Dupplin Moor . Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell, who was married to Christian (or Christina) , the sister of King Robert I ,

10179-515: The ruler of the Dutch Republic. The two were accepted as monarchs of Scotland after a period of deliberation by the Scottish Parliament and ruled together as William II and Mary II. An attempt to establish a Scottish colonial empire through the Darien Scheme , in rivalry to that of England, failed, leaving the Scottish nobles who financed the venture for their profit bankrupt. This coincided with

10296-658: The said Word of the Eternal God; and shall procure, to the utmost of our power, to the Kirk of God, and whole Christian People, true and perfect Peace in all time coming. That we shall preserve and keep inviolated the Rights and Rents, with all just Privileges of the Crown of Scotland, neither shall we transfer nor alienate the same; that we shall forbid and repress in all Estates and Degrees, Reif, Oppression and all kind of Wrong. And we shall command and procure, that Justice and Equity in all Judgments be kept to all Persons without exception, us

10413-488: The seal is received through the oil. Many such chrismations are described in detail through the work. In medieval and early modern Christianity, the oil from the lamps burnt before the altar of a church was felt to have particular sanctity. New churches and altars were anointed at their four corners during their dedication , as were tombs, gongs , and some other ritual instruments and utensils. In particular, James 5:14-15 illustrates that anointing oil, applied in faith,

10530-555: The sick and poured into wounds. Known sources date from times when anointment already served a religious function ; therefore, anointing was also used to combat the malicious influence of demons in Persia , Armenia , and Greece . Anointing was also understood to "seal in" goodness and resist corruption, probably via analogy with the use of a top layer of oil to preserve wine in ancient amphoras , its spoiling usually being credited to demonic influence. For sanitary and religious reasons,

10647-416: The subject receives two distinct unctions: one with the oil of catechumens, prior to being baptized, and then, after baptism with water is performed, the subject receives an unction with chrism. In the case of the sacrament of confirmation, anointing with chrism is the essential part of the rite. Any bishop may consecrate the holy oils. They normally do so every Holy Thursday at a special "Chrism Mass". In

10764-516: The survival of his kingdom, reformed the machinery of government, and left the Scottish monarchy in a strong position. The last male of the House of Bruce , he died childless in 1371 after a reign of 41 years and was succeeded by his nephew Robert II. David II was born on 5 March 1324 at Dunfermline Abbey in Fife , one of twin sons born to King Robert the Bruce , and Elizabeth de Burgh . Soon after his birth he

10881-467: The terms are retained in both languages to this day. By the late 11th century at the very latest, Scottish kings were using the term rex Scottorum , or King of Scots, to refer to themselves in Latin. The Kingdom of Scotland was merged with the Kingdom of England to form a single Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Thus, Queen Anne became the last monarch of the ancient kingdoms of Scotland and England and

10998-418: The throne and ultimately, John Balliol succeeded. The status of Margaret, as a Scottish monarch is debated by historians. She was never crowned, and her contemporaries in Scotland described her as "queen" very rarely, referring to her instead as Scotland's "lady", "heir", or "lady and heir". On the other hand, documents issued from late 1286 no longer refer to the "king whosoever he may be", indicating that

11115-476: The throne as a child. The English renewed their war with Scotland, and David was forced to flee the kingdom by Edward Balliol , son of King John, who managed to get himself crowned (1332–1356) and to give away Scotland's southern counties to England before being driven out again. David spent much of his life in exile, first in freedom with his ally, France, and then in prison in England. He was only able to return to Scotland in 1357. Upon his death, childless, in 1371,

11232-407: The throne may have been regarded as already occupied by Margaret. In modern historiography she is nearly unanimously called "queen", and reference books give 19 March 1286, the date of Alexander III's death, as the start of her reign. The First Interregnum began upon the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286. Alexander's only surviving descendant was his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway ,

11349-467: The throne, expelling Malcolm III's sons from Scotland. A civil war in the family ensued, with Donald III and Malcolm III's son Edmund opposed by Malcolm III's English-backed sons, led first by Duncan II and then by Edgar. Edgar triumphed, sending his uncle and brother to monasteries. After the reign of David I, the Scottish throne was passed according to rules of primogeniture , moving from father to son, or where not possible, brother to brother. Alexander III

11466-446: The time of his death, the Scottish monarchy was stronger and the country was "a free and independent kingdom" according to a reliable source. The royal finances were more prosperous than might have seemed possible. King David II of Scotland married twice and had several mistresses, but none of his relationships produced children: David II died unexpectedly of natural causes at Edinburgh Castle on 22 February 1371, aged forty-six. David

11583-669: The true Religion of Christ Jesus, the preaching of his Holy Word, and the due and right Ministration of the Sacraments, now received and preached within the Realm of Scotland; and shall abolish and gainstand all false Religion contrary to the same, and shall rule the People committed to our Charge, according to the Will and Command of God, revealed in his aforesaid Word, and according to the laudable Laws and Constitutions received in this Realm, no ways repugnant to

11700-530: The two kingdoms by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early 18th century that the idea had the will of both political establishments to succeed, thereby bringing the two separate states together under a single parliament as well as a single monarch. James VII continued to claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. When he died in 1701, his son James inherited his father's claims and called himself James VIII of Scotland and III of England and Ireland. He would continue to do so all his life, even after

11817-533: The uncertainty of the Anglo-Scottish peace meant he was not moved from Turnberry to Scone for his coronation for two-and-a-half years. The seven-year-old king and his wife were crowned at Scone Abbey on 24 November 1331, with David becoming the first Scottish monarch to be anointed at their coronation. Upon David's accession, Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray was appointed as Guardian under Robert I's orders, to govern Scotland until David reached adulthood, and

11934-409: The union, the English elaborated a plan whereby the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England would merge into a single Kingdom, the Kingdom of Great Britain , ruled by a common monarch, and with a single Parliament. Both national parliaments agreed to this (the Scots albeit reluctantly, motivated primarily by the national finances), and some subterfuge as a total majority of signatories were needed to ratify

12051-459: Was wet nursed at the Bishop of St Andrews ' manor at Inchmurdoch in Fife . David was created Earl of Carrick by his father in 1326, and an official household was established for the prince at Turnberry Castle . Very little is known of his youth, though it is recorded that King Robert paid for Dominican friars to educate David, and also purchased books for him. David's mother died in 1327, when he

12168-442: Was a daughter of Kenneth I. Evidence of his reign is unclear. He may have never actually been king and if he was, he was co-king with Giric. ¤Amlaíb is known only by a reference to his death in 977, which reports him as King of Alba; since Kenneth II is known to have still been King in 972–973, Amlaíb must have taken power between 973 and 977. Duncan succeeded to the throne as the maternal grandson of Malcolm II. The House of Dunkeld

12285-458: Was as follows: WE William and Mary, King and Queen of Scotland, faithfully promise and swear, by this our solemn Oath, in presence of the Eternal God, that during the whole Course of our Life we will serve the same Eternal God, to the uttermost of our Power, according as he has required in his most Holy Word, revealed and contained in the New and Old Testament; and according to the same Word shall maintain

12402-519: Was captured and held as a prisoner in England for eleven years, while his nephew Robert Stewart governed Scotland. In 1357 the Treaty of Berwick brought the Second War of Independence to an end, the Scots agreed to pay a ransom of 100,000 merks , and David was allowed to return home. Heavy taxation was needed to pay for the ransom, which was to be paid in instalments, and David alienated his subjects by using

12519-406: Was captured in battle in 1346, Edward made one last attempt to seize the throne for himself but had little support and the campaign fizzled before it gained much traction. In 1356 he renounced all claims to the throne. Robert the Stewart was a grandson of Robert I by the latter's daughter, Marjorie. Having been born in 1316, he was older than his uncle, David II. Consequently, he was at his accession

12636-509: Was chosen as the new Guardian. The English took him prisoner at Roxburgh in April 1333 and was accordingly replaced as Guardian by Archibald Douglas (the Tyneman) , who fell at the Battle of Halidon Hill that July. Meanwhile, on 24 September 1332, following the Scots' defeat at Dupplin, Edward Balliol , a protégé of Edward III of England , and a pretender to the throne of Scotland, was crowned by

12753-446: Was found impossible to raise the ransom instalment of 1363. David then made for London and sought to get rid of the liability by offering to bequeath Scotland to Edward III, or one of his sons, in return for a cancellation of the ransom. David did this with the full awareness that the Scots would never accept such an arrangement. In 1364, the Scottish parliament indignantly rejected a proposal to make Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence ,

12870-534: Was lavishly oiled by Mary of Bethany . Performed out of affection, the anointment is said by Jesus to have been preparation for his burial . In the New Testament , John describes "anointing from the Holy One" and "from Him abides in you". Both this spiritual anointment and literal anointment with oil are usually associated with the Holy Spirit . Eastern Orthodox churches in particular attach great importance to

12987-418: Was not buried – as he had previously planned – beside his parents at Dunfermline Abbey , but before the high altar of Holyrood Abbey . This choice may have been made because Holyrood was the closest church to hand, only a mile away from Edinburgh Castle, and because David's successor wished to quickly draw a line under the previous reign. The funeral was overseen by Abbot Thomas. As David II left no children, he

13104-573: Was the head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland . According to tradition, Kenneth I MacAlpin ( Cináed mac Ailpín ) was the founder and first King of the Kingdom of Scotland (although he never held the title historically, being King of the Picts instead). The Kingdom of the Picts just became known as the Kingdom of Alba in Scottish Gaelic , which later became known in Scots and English as Scotland ;

13221-489: Was the last male of the House of Bruce and was succeeded by his nephew, Robert II , the son of David's half-sister Marjorie . David II has been depicted in historical novels. They include: David II also appears as a character in the Elizabethan play Edward III and also in the 2012 grand strategy game Crusader Kings II as the monarch of Scotland in 1336. List of Scottish monarchs The monarch of Scotland

13338-454: Was the last ruler from the house of Dunkeld, and having no sons, the throne was inherited by his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway . Margaret, Maid of Norway inherited the throne in 1286, but died in 1290 in Orkney on her way to be crowned. During her absence, Scotland was ruled by a set of guardians . After her death, Scotland entered a period of interregnum, where 13 contenders fought for

13455-468: Was therefore closely related to the House of Alpin. Duncan was killed in battle by Macbeth, another maternal grandson of Malcolm II. Macbeth came to power in 1040 after killing Duncan I in battle and had a long and relatively successful reign. Macbeth was a cousin of Duncan and was a maternal grandson of Malcolm II. In a series of battles between 1057 and 1058, Duncan's son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth and Macbeth's stepson and heir Lulach and became

13572-495: Was three years old. In accordance with the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton 's terms, on 17 July 1328, when he was four years old, David was married to seven-year-old Joan , the daughter of Edward II of England and Isabella of France , at Berwick Castle . The young earl of Carrick received a visit from his ailing father at Turnberry in February 1329. David became king upon the death of his father on 7 June 1329. David II's youth and

13689-470: Was thus gradually recreated in a Christian context, continuing even when monarchs might choose to forgo the anointment ceremony altogether. The supposedly indelible nature of anointment was alluded to in Shakespeare 's Richard II : Not all the water in the rough rude sea Can wash the balm off an anointed king. In Eastern Orthodoxy , the anointing of a new king is considered a Sacred Mystery . The act

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