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61-613: An enclosed skybridge connects the courthouse to the King County Jail; it is used to transfer prisoners between the courthouse and the jail. A pedestrian tunnel connects the courthouse to the King County Administration Building . In 1911, King County voters first turned down, then approved plans to build a new structure for county government. The site settled on had once been owned by Seattle founder Henry Yesler . Seattle-based architect A. Warren Gould proposed

122-446: A BTS station and utilize space underneath the rail line and BTS pillar supports. These skywalks have connector ramps which connect stations to malls seamlessly and are paid for by the malls themselves, otherwise the city and BTS fund walkway development. A 50km long extension project was shelved in 2011 due to funding issues, nevertheless the system is growing organically. In Hong Kong , there are numerous foot bridge networks across

183-515: A shopping mall . Non-commercial areas with closely associated buildings, such as university campuses, can often have skyways and/or tunnels connecting buildings. The world's largest discontinuous skyway network – Calgary, Alberta, Canada's " +15 Walkway " system – has a total length of 16 km (9.9 mi). The Minneapolis Skyway System is the world's largest continuous system and spans 9.5 miles (15.3 km) connecting 80 blocks in downtown Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . On

244-510: A large building with the attached ancillaries for planes (the central building was intended not for the passengers, but for a dirigible ). The predecessors of the modern terminals were the structures erected for the air shows of the Edwardian era (for example, the Reims Air Meet in 1909). These buildings usually were L-shaped , with one wing dedicated to the planes and flight personnel, and

305-493: A passenger building flanked by hangars into the corner of an airfield. This design influenced the Tempelhof, arguably the seminal design in the history or airports: the original Modernist terminal by Paul and Klaus Englers of 1926-1929 was placed into the center of the field, thus defied the need for expansion, and had to be replaced by the new building in the late 1930s (architect Ernst Sagebiel ). Hounslow (now Heathrow airport )

366-489: A satellite terminal was London Gatwick Airport . It used an underground pedestrian tunnel to connect the satellite to the main terminal. Passengers are sometimes ferried to the satellite terminals by people movers , trains, or overhead bridges. The layout has the potential to cut the walking distances and was successfully applied in the Orlando International Airport and Tampa International Airport . However,

427-487: A single large building, like the one at the Ford Dearborn Airport (1925–1926). Dedicated passenger building started to appear. In Europe, Le Bourget got new buildings in classical style arranged in very non-airport-like manner around a central garden in the early 1920s. The "air station" of Königsberg Devau (1922) was probably the first design resembling the modern ones: Hanns Hopp , a German architect, placed

488-413: A smaller scale, terminals of large airports are often connected by skywalk systems, as at Manchester Airport , United Kingdom; in many airports, retractable jet bridges provide a direct connection between airplanes and terminals. Some cities have the equivalent of a skyway underground, and there are also mixed subway–skyway systems; see underground city . Besides pedestrian safety and convenience,

549-613: A three-story "attic". The city government moved their offices from the County–City Building in 1962; the building was renamed the King County Courthouse in August of that year. Modernization efforts in 1967 added air conditioning and heavily modified the appearance of the building. In 1987, the King County Courthouse was registered as a King County landmark, which limits the style of future remodeling of public areas to restoring

610-469: A twenty-three story tower to handle anticipated growth in county functions, but the county commissioners preferred a more modest beginning so it was constructed in stages. Starting in 1914, a five-story steel frame and reinforced concrete structure was built, and dedicated May 4, 1916 as the City-County Building. In 1930, six floors were added by architects Henry Bittman and John L. McCauley, and later

671-463: Is a 1.3 km (0.8 mi) long skywalk connecting the suburban regions of Bandra and Kurla . Brussels , Belgium has a skyway between the two Belgacom Towers . London has skywalks on the Barbican Estate and London Wall . The City of London Pedway Scheme was devised as part of the post World War II reconstruction plans for London, it was put into effect mainly from the mid-1950s to

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732-569: Is a lack of any provision for transfer flights, with passengers only able to transit landside. Hybrid layouts also exist. San Francisco International Airport and Melbourne Airport use a hybrid pier-semicircular layout and a pier layout for the rest. Chris Blow lists the following standard options of using multiple levels in the airport terminals: A common-use facility or terminal design disallows airlines to have its own proprietary check-in counters, gates and IT systems. Rather, check-in counters and gates can be flexibly reassigned as needed. This

793-803: Is an elevated type of pedway connecting two or more buildings in an urban area , or connecting elevated points within mountainous recreational zones. Urban skyways very often take the form of enclosed or covered footbridges that protect pedestrians from the weather. Open-top modern skyways in mountains now often have glass bottoms. Sometimes enclosed urban skywalks are made almost totally from glass, including ceilings, walls and floors. Also, some urban skyways function strictly as linear parks designed for walking. In North America skyways are usually owned by businesses, and are therefore not public spaces (compare with sidewalk ). However, in Asia, such as Bangkok's and Hong Kong's skywalks, they are built and owned separately by

854-534: Is connected to multiple concourses or multiple unit terminals . By the end of the 20th century airport terminals became symbols of progress and trade, showcasing the aspirations of nations constructing them. The buildings are also characterized by a very rapid pace of redevelopment, much higher that that for structures supporting other modes of transportation, eroding the boundary between the permanent and temporary construction. An airport might have multiple separate "unit terminals", in order, for example to separate

915-603: Is proximate to major homeless service agencies and had seen a rise in crimes committed against jurors and courthouse workers. In December 2019, the King County Superior Court announced that the courthouse entrance facing 3rd Avenue would be closed for security reasons to most people, with limited access for individuals needing accommodation. 47°36′10″N 122°19′50″W  /  47.60278°N 122.33056°W  / 47.60278; -122.33056 Skyway A skyway , skybridge , skywalk , or sky walkway

976-742: Is the Zhangjiajie Glass Bridge , which sits between mountain peaks in China. The highest cantilevered skybridge as construction element of building exist atop of Kingdom Centre in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . The world's highest 2-story skybridge, 170 m above the ground and 58 m long, between the two towers on 41st and 42nd floors in Petronas Twin Towers dual skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia, which also has an elevated, air-conditioned walkway from

1037-545: Is the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world according to Guinness World Records . Other large systems exist in Tsuen Wan and Mong Kok . The Mumbai Skywalk Project , India is a discontinuous network of over 50 km of skywalks in Mumbai Metropolitan Region , India. The skyways connect Mumbai Suburban Railway stations to important junctions, each 1 to 2 km in length. The first of these

1098-405: Is the main opportunity within the airport for architects to express themselves and a key element of the airport design. Brian Edwards compares the architectural role of the terminal in the airport to the one of a mall within a small town. Historically, airports were built in a variety of architectural styles , with the selection depending on the country: The concrete boxes of terminals built in

1159-581: Is used at Boston Logan International Airport 's Terminal E. This table below lists the top airport terminals throughout the world with the largest amount of floor area, with usable floor space across multiple stories of at least 400,000 m (4,300,000 sq ft). Many small and mid-size airports have a single, two, or three-lane one-way loop road which is used by local private vehicles and buses to drop off and pick up passengers. A large hub airport often has two grade-separated one-way loop roads , one for departures and one for arrivals. It may have

1220-606: The Highlight Towers in Munich, Germany are joined by two skyways made of glass and steel. The Promenade Plantée in the 12th arrondissement of Paris , France includes pedestrian bridges and a linear park on an aqueduct of a former railway. Airport terminal An airport terminal is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from an aircraft . The buildings that provide access to

1281-578: The Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre to Bukit Bintang shopping district. Malaysia also has the mountainarian tourist pedestrian glass-bottom Langkawi Sky Bridge in Kedah , Langkawi . One of the most famous similar cantilevered skybridges, that looks like uppered ship from the bird's-eye and submarine from the ground, known in Singapore's Marina Bay Sands resort complex of skyscrapers. One of

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1342-824: The US Midwest , such as Minneapolis , Saint Paul , Des Moines , Cedar Rapids , Rochester , and Duluth . Most networks in North America are privately owned. Notable exceptions are skyways in Saint Paul and in New York ( High Line ), which are publicly owned. map The highest cantilevered skybridge between separate buildings in the world is in the Raffles City Chongqing skyscrapers complex in Chongqing , China. The world's longest pedestrian hanging skywalk, at 430 meters,

1403-482: The interwar period in the major transportation nodes (London, Paris, Berlin) were converted military airfields ( London Terminal Aerodrome , Croydon Aerodrome , Great West Aerodrome , Le Bourget , Tempelhof ) and lacked the spaces for the actual passengers. US, on the other hand, lacked the war infrastructure and had to build the airports from scratch, mostly following the "hangar-depot" building type where, staff, passengers, and airplanes were all accommodated inside

1464-404: The 1960s and 1970s generally gave way to glass boxes in the 1990s and 2000s, with the best terminals making a vague stab at incorporating ideas of "light" and "air"'. However, some, such as Baghdad International Airport and Denver International Airport, are monumental in stature, while others are considered architectural masterpieces, such as Terminal 1 at Charles de Gaulle Airport , near Paris ,

1525-464: The airfield. For example, Air France checked in passengers at the Invalides Air Terminal ( Aérogare des Invalides ) from 1946 to 1961, when all passengers started checking in at the airport. The Air Terminal continued in service as the boarding point for airline buses until 2016. Chicago's O'Hare International Airport 's innovative design pioneered concepts such as direct highway access to

1586-450: The airplanes (via gates ) are typically called concourses . However, the terms "terminal" and "concourse" are sometimes used interchangeably, depending on the configuration of the airport. Smaller airports have one terminal while larger airports have several terminals and/or concourses. At small airports, a single terminal building typically serves all of the functions of a terminal and a concourse. Larger airports might have one terminal that

1647-426: The airport terminal." The first airfields, built in the early 20th century, did not have passengers and thus did not need the terminals. Large facilities were built, however, to house the fragile and inventive airships of the time protecting them from elements and industrial spies . Still, some of the concept architectural designs resembled the modern terminal buildings: Erich Mendelsohn ’s sketch (1914) contained

1708-467: The airport, concourses, and jetbridges ; these designs are now seen at most airports worldwide. When London Stansted Airport's new terminal opened in 1991, it marked a shift in airport terminal design since Norman Foster placed the baggage handling system in the basement in order to create a vast open interior space. Airport architects have followed this model since unobstructed sightlines aid with passenger orientation. In some cases, architects design

1769-458: The arrangement is prone to slowing down the embarkation and disembarkation as well as accidental damage to the planes. A particularly unusual design was employed at Berlin Tegel Airport 's Terminal A. Consisting of an hexagonal-shaped ring around a courtyard, five of the outer walls were airside and fitted with jet bridges, while the sixth (forming the entrance), along with the inner courtyard,

1830-558: The bridges stopped the project being fully imagined and by the end of the year 2000 nearly all of bridges had been removed, though evidence of the scheme still exists in some places. Sheffield , South Yorkshire has a famous skyway between two blocks of flats in the Park Hill Estate housing block with the phrase "I Love You Will U Marry Me" graffitied onto it. It has since become the subject of songs by local singers and bands such as Arctic Monkeys and Yungblud . The twin towers of

1891-402: The building beyond the scope of the original needs. The original Le Bourget design was corrected by Georges Labro  [ fr ] in 1936–1937, with the new Modernist single-terminal layout following ideas of not-yet-unfinished Tempelhof (but without covered access to the planes) and Croydon. New York's LaGuardia Airport ( Delano and Aldrich , 1939) contained many features common in

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1952-586: The check-in counter to the gate (up to half a mile in the cases of Kansai International Airport or Lisbon Portela Airport 's Terminal 1). Most large international airports have piers, O'Hare Airport in Chicago and Hartsfield Airport in Atlanta were able to process 45 million passengers per year using this layout in the 1970s. Remote pier layout consist of multiple concourses that are connected by automatic people movers located underground or overhead. Once arrived on

2013-448: The chief reasons assigned by urban planners for skywalk development are decrease of traffic congestion , reduction in vehicular air pollution and separation of people from vehicular noise . A number of cities (for example, Spokane, Washington) have given intricate analysis to skywalk systems employing computer models to optimize skywalk layout. There is debate about the negative impact on urban areas of skyways. Robertson (1988) noted

2074-465: The city government, connecting between privately run rail stations or other transport with their own footbridges, and run many kilometers. Skyways usually connect on the first few floors above the ground-level floor, though they are sometimes much higher, as in Petronas Towers . The space in the buildings connected by skyways is often devoted to retail business, so areas around the skyway may operate as

2135-525: The city. Particularly large networks exists around elevated or at grade MTR stations and connections between malls and housing estates in new town centers. The largest network spans Admiralty , Central and parts of Sheung Wan districts in the CBD and consists of the Central Elevated and Central–Mid-Levels Walkway systems which link up over 40 major office buildings. The Central–Mid-Levels walkway system

2196-520: The concourse, passengers get on the planes as usual. This layout, after its first appearance at Hartsfield, was used at Stansted Airport in UK and, with an adequate people-moving system, is considered to be very efficient for the airport hubs with high percentage of transfer passengers. A satellite terminal is a round- or star-shaped building detached from other airport buildings, so that aircraft can park around its entire circumference. The first airport to use

2257-413: The convex side and cars on the other. This design still requires long walks for connecting passengers, but greatly reduces travel times between check-in and the aircraft. A pier design uses a small, narrow building with aircraft parked on both sides. One end connects to a ticketing and baggage claim area. Piers offer high aircraft capacity and simplicity of design, but often result in a long distance from

2318-475: The courtyard on the same level, where short-stay parking and taxi-pickup were located. Vehicles could enter and exit via a road underpass underneath the terminal building entrance. For flights using jet-bridges and passengers arriving or leaving by private transport, this resulted in extremely short walking distances of just a few tens of metres between vehicles and the plane, with only a slightly longer walk for public transport connections. A downside of this design

2379-472: The entrance/exit of each jet bridge lied at the boundary of the two areas. Two or three passport control booths were located close to the end of the jet bridge for arriving passengers (causing passengers to queue into the bridge and plane itself) and passengers left the arrivals area unsegregated from departing passengers into the same landside ring-concourse, emerging next to the check-in desks. This allowed both arriving and departing passengers immediate access to

2440-417: The excessive area of airport apron required and difficult remodeling for new aircraft designs had reduced its popularity. Los Angeles International Airport , in particular, switched from satellite terminals to pier layout in the 1980s. Idea of a large airport using specially build vehicles to connect the passengers to the planes was driven by the desire to reduce time spent by the planes getting to and from

2501-512: The first plane hijacking occurred in the 1931 (in Peru ). The 1960s brought the waves of terrorism and the tight security based on the ICAO recommendations. By the 1990s both passengers and luggage were routinely screened for weapons and explosive devices. The old floorplans of terminals were frequently inadequate (and structures not strong enough to carry the weight of the new equipment), so extensive redesign

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2562-467: The gate of the flight they serve. Checked-in passengers then entered airside via a short passage situated immediately to the side of the check-in desk, passed (for non-Schengen flights) a single passport control booth (with officers sat in the same area as check-in staff), followed by a single security lane which terminated at the gate's waiting area behind. Pairs of gates shared the same seating area, with small kiosks for duty-free and refreshments making up

2623-432: The international travel from the domestic one, or provide the separate airlines with the ability to offer their own terminals. The unit terminals might use similar design ( Dallas-Fort Worth Airport ) or be completely different ( Pearson International Airport ). Use of multiple terminals typically requires an extensive network of automatic people movers . Terminals perform three main functions: Just like entire airports,

2684-580: The lack of separation between the boarding and deplaning passengers). The movable covered ways (precursors of the modern jet bridges ) were experimented with in the 1930s. The Boeing 's United Airport in Burbank, California featured retractable canopies already in the 1930. The tubes first appeared in the 1936 terminal at the London South Airport . The circular terminal design included six telescopic rectangular in section tubes for passengers, moving over

2745-786: The main terminal at Washington Dulles in Virginia , or the TWA Flight Center at New York's JFK Airport. A few are designed to reflect the culture of a particular area, some examples being the terminal at Albuquerque International Sunport in New Mexico , which is designed in the Pueblo Revival style popularized by architect John Gaw Meem , as well as the terminal at Bahías de Huatulco International Airport in Huatulco , Oaxaca , Mexico, which features some palapas that are interconnected to form

2806-440: The mid-1960s and eventually abandoned by the 1980s. Shad Thames has picturesque skyways between former warehouses, used in part to roll barrels between them. Liverpool conceived a project of building skyways around the city centre during the 1960s. The project saw bridges linking key buildings around the city centre, such as James Street railway station , Moorfields railway station and New Hall Place . Crime and low usage of

2867-432: The modern designs: two-level layout for separation between departing and arriving passengers, "spine" concourse extending to the both sides of the building, "dispatcher booths" as precursors to the airport gates . Tempelhof faced a contemporary critique for its cantilevered roofs intended to protect the planes and passengers − but wasteful in terms of construction and limiting the future aircraft designs (in addition to

2928-776: The most impressionable hanging pedestrian skybridges, supported by two giant hands, Golden Bridge now attracts tourists in Ba Na Hills near Da Nang , Vietnam. In Bangkok , Thailand there are more than 5.4 km of covered wide dedicated elevated skywalks with lighting. These were developed due to lack of proper sidewalks as well as street hawkers and local merchants taking advantage of any sidewalk space as makeshift commercial real estate . Common reasons skywalks were built include to avoid street pollution, dust, wetness from food vendors and/or rain, potholes, long queues, crowds, and uneven pavement, supporting urbanism but probably most importantly, tourism receipts. Most skywalks connect to

2989-465: The negative impacts to street activities, and reductions to the property value at ground level. Woo (2012) found that skywalk systems could be negatively associated with promoting consumerism. Cui (2015) called for more research into the impact of skyways in developing countries. The Cincinnati Skywalk in Ohio was dismantled because of these concerns. There are significant skyway networks in many cities in

3050-405: The only airside commercial offerings. Thus, other than the adjacent gate, passengers could not move around the terminal airside and there was no central waiting lounge and retail area for departures. Individual rooms for arrivals, likewise serving a pair of gates, each contained a single baggage carousel and were alternately situated in between each pair of departure gates on the same level, such that

3111-452: The original appearance. After the 2001 Nisqually earthquake , the courthouse was seismically retrofitted . The extensive damage done to older buildings in the area by the 6.8 quake pushed the county to move forward with this project. Upon completion, murals and a treatment of the marble floor on the first floor of the Courthouse were noted decorative touches. The area around the courthouse

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3172-506: The other intended for the spectators, with a grandstand and restaurants in an arrangement similar to the one used for the racetracks . The shows also featured occasional passenger flights. The other template of a terminal was provided by the first airline, the German DELAG that featured sheds for Zeppelins combined with passenger spaces close to the centers of cities, like the railroad stations. The first European passenger airports of

3233-732: The rails. The terminal at London South (now known as Gatwick Airport ) also featured the first direct rail link connection (to the London Victoria Station ). The rail ticket was included with the airfare . The system for early separation of departing passengers from their luggage (check-in desk) was introduced in the Speke Airport in Liverpool (1937–1938). It remains a key element of design of most passenger terminals ever since. Some airlines checked in their passengers at downtown terminals, and had their own transportation facilities to

3294-433: The terminal architecture. The functions that are performed on the landside, like ticketing and check-in, are relatively stable, while the airside is subject to rapid technological and operational changes. Victor Marquez suggests that the boundary is not really an integral part of the airport functions, but a "socio-technical construct" that has gradually shaped the thinking of architects and planners. The passenger terminal

3355-551: The terminal dates to 1960s. The bodies of the so-called mobile lounges can be raised to match the height of the terminal and airplane exit doors (much earlier designs used regular apron buses , for example, in the Milan's Linate Airport , but the passengers in this case had to climb up and down the airstairs ). While used in the Washington Dulles International Airport and King Abdulaziz International Airport ,

3416-404: The terminal's ceiling and flooring with cues that suggest the required directional flow. For instance, at Toronto Pearson's Terminal 1 Moshe Safdie included skylights for wayfinding purposes. Originally, the airport terminals were secured the same way as the rail stations, with local police guarding against the common crimes, like pickpocketing. The industry-specific crimes were rare, although

3477-410: The terminals are divided into landside and airside zones. Typically passengers and staff must be checked by airport security , and/or customs / border control before being permitted to enter the airside zone. Conversely, passengers arriving from an international flight must pass through border control and customs to access the landside area. The landside-airside boundary became the defining element of

3538-442: The terminals switch to the "linear" layout, where the planes are located next to an elongated building and passengers use jet bridges to walk on board. The design places limit on the number of gates, as the walkability requirement dictates the total length of the building (including the "spine" concourses) to be less than 1 ⁄ 2 mile. Some airports use a linear structure bent into a semicircular shape, with aircraft parked on

3599-518: Was landside. Although superficially resembling a satellite design insofar as aircraft could park around most of the structure, it was in fact a self-contained terminal which unlike a satellite did not depend on remote buildings for facilities such as check-in, security controls, arrivals etc. Especially unique were its exceptionally short walking distances and lack of any central area for security, passport control, arrivals or transfer. Instead, individual check-in counters are located immediately in front of

3660-590: Was processing the passengers through a reused aircraft hangar, and a new classical terminal was built in Croydon in 1928. In the US, by 1931 the first airport in Chicago (now Midway Airport ) had its own Art Deco terminal building. Sagebiel's Tempelhof had an appearance of a major railway terminus and housed, like many other European airports, great restaurants. The design survived for more than 60 years, highly unusual for an airport due to Sagebiel being prescient and oversizing

3721-618: Was required. Passenger garages integrated into the terminals were moved out to reduce the potential effects of the car bombs . Time spent by passengers at the airports greatly increased, causing the need for additional space. Early airport terminals opened directly onto the tarmac : passengers would simply walk to their aircraft, a so-called " open apron " layout. This simple design is still common among smaller airports. For larger airports, like Kansas City International Airport , Munich Airport and Charles de Gaulle Airport , allowing many passenger to walk across tarmac becomes unfeasible, so

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