Misplaced Pages

#906093

72-583: The name is sometimes anglicized Kinaidokolpites. The earliest attested Latinization is Cinaedocolpitae. The name is usually spelled Kinaidokolpitai (Κιναιδοκολπίται) with an initial kappa in Greek, but in one instance it is spelled Chinedakolpitai (Χινεδακολπιται) with an initial chi . This is relevant to any consideration of a Semitic rather than Greek origin, since it suggests that the Semitic etymon could begin with either kaph or qoph . If read literally in Greek,

144-540: A ostraca from Arad , seem to indicate the presence of Kenite groups in the Negev in monarchic Judah. Israeli historian Nadav Na'aman argues that the absence of anthropomorphic and other figurines at the site points to the Kenite settlers practicing aniconism . The upper and lower areas of Tel Arad were excavated during 18 seasons by Ruth Amiran and Yohanan Aharoni between 1962 and 1984. An additional 8 seasons were done on

216-707: A large portion of central Canaan. Upon Joshua's death, the Israelite tribes of Judah and Simeon took action to conquer southern Canaan, defeating the Canaanites and the Perizzites at the Battle of Bezek (now Ibziq ) in Judges 1:5 . After Judah's sieges of Jerusalem and Debir, Judges 1:16 says that Jethro's Kenite descendants "went up from the City of Palms, (which appears to be Zoar or Tamar in

288-469: A note on a musical instrument, by the later books of the Bible this word became the noun for a type of lament , dirge , or sad chant, later meaning to chant or wail at a funeral) Other scholars have linked the name to the term "smith". According to Archibald Henry Sayce , the name Kenite is identical to an Aramaic word meaning a smith , which in its turn is a cognate of Hebrew qayin "lance". However, by

360-660: A pejorative form. Carlo Conti Rossini interpreted it as "Kinda living on the shore of the gulf". Hermann von Wissmann saw it as combining the names of the Kināna and Kalb tribes. Mikhail Bukharin, taking the first element as Kinda, thinks the second part could be either the Kalb or more likely the Kilāb . Laurence Kirwan identifies them with the Kināna. In the Geography of Ptolemy from about 150,

432-500: A reference to "a chief of the Kenites" ( rb bn qn ). Genesis 15:18-21 mentions the Kenites as living in or around Canaan as early as the time of Abraham . Moses's father-in-law, Jethro, was a Kenite ( Judges 1:16 ) and a resident in the land of Midian . At the Exodus , Jethro and his clan inhabited the vicinity of Mount Sinai and Mount Horeb . ( Exodus 3:1 ) In Exodus 3:1 Jethro

504-411: A tribe in the ancient Levant . They settled in the towns and cities in the northeastern Negev in an area known as the "Negev of the Kenites" near Arad , and played an important role in the history of ancient Israel . One of the most recognized Kenites is Jethro , Moses's father-in-law, who was a shepherd and a priest in the land of Midian ( Judges 1:16 ). Certain groups of Kenites settled among

576-482: A variety of formats for rendering Greek and Greek shorthand using Latin letters. Examples include "8elo" and "thelw" for θέλω , "3ava" for ξανά , and "yuxi" for ψυχή . Owing to the difficulties encountered in transliterating and transcribing both ancient and modern Greek into the Latin alphabet, a number of regulatory bodies have been established. The Hellenic Organization for Standardization (ELOT), in cooperation with

648-590: A variety of romanizations for names and placenames in the 19th and 20th century. The Hellenic Organization for Standardization (ELOT) issued its system in cooperation with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1983. This system was adopted (with minor modifications) by the United Nations ' Fifth Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names at Montreal in 1987, by

720-410: Is common to mark the long vowels with macrons over the Latin letters and to leave the short vowels unmarked; such macrons should not be confused or conflated with those used by some systems to mark eta and omega as distinct from epsilon , iota , and omicron . Greece's early Attic numerals were based on a small sample of letters (including heta ) arranged in multiples of 5 and 10, likely forming

792-577: Is said to have been a "priest in the land of Midian " and a resident of Midian ( Numbers 10:29 ). This has led many scholars to believe that the terms "Kenite" and "Midianite" are intended (at least in parts of the Bible) to be used interchangeably, or that the Kenites formed a part of the Midianite tribal grouping. The Kenites journeyed with the Israelites to Canaan ( Judges 1:16 ); and their encampment, apart from

SECTION 10

#1732848836907

864-673: Is shaped like the Latinate semicolon . Greek punctuation which has been given formal romanizations include: There are many archaic forms and local variants of the Greek alphabet . Beta , for example, might appear as round Β or pointed [REDACTED] throughout Greece but is also found in the forms [REDACTED] (at Gortyn ), [REDACTED] and [REDACTED] ( Thera ), [REDACTED] ( Argos ), [REDACTED] ( Melos ), [REDACTED] ( Corinth ), [REDACTED] ( Megara and Byzantium ), and even [REDACTED] ( Cyclades ). Well into

936-400: Is that a confederation of regional tribes were connected to monotheistic ritual at Sinai. Some biblical scholars postulated that the Kenites were descendants of the mythical Cain . The German orientalist Wilhelm Gesenius asserted that the name is kabbalistically (mystically) derived from the name Cain (קַיִן Qayin ). The German orientalist Walter Beltz alternatively proposed that

1008-901: The English letter B ( /b/ ) was written as β in ancient Greek but is now written as the digraph μπ , while the modern β sounds like the English letter V ( /v/ ) instead. The Greek name Ἰωάννης became Johannes in Latin and then John in English, but in modern Greek has become Γιάννης ; this might be written as Yannis , Jani, Ioannis, Yiannis, or Giannis, but not Giannes or Giannēs as it would be for ancient Greek. The word Άγιος might variously appear as Hagiοs, Agios, Aghios, or Ayios, or simply be translated as " Holy " or " Saint " in English forms of Greek placenames . Traditional English renderings of Greek names originated from Roman systems established in antiquity. The Roman alphabet itself

1080-532: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), released a system in 1983 which has since been formally adopted by the United Nations , the United Kingdom and United States. The following tables list several romanization schemes from the Greek alphabet to modern English. Note, however, that the ELOT, UN, and ISO formats for Modern Greek intend themselves as translingual and may be applied in any language using

1152-553: The Israelite population, including the descendants of Moses's brother-in-law, although the Kenites descended from Rechab maintained a distinct, nomadic lifestyle for some time. Other well-known Kenites were Heber, husband of Jael , the Biblical heroine who killed General Sisera and Rechab , the ancestor of the Rechabites . The word qēni ( קֵינִי ) was a patronymic derived from

1224-654: The Kenites of the Bible ( Septuagint Kinaioi ), an identification he may have found strengthened by the spellings in Josephus ( Kenetidai and Keneaidai ). Nevertheless, the lands of the Kinaidokolpitai may at some point have extended northwest into former Nabataean lands. The earliest reference to the Kinaidokolpitai is an ostrakon found at Maximianon in Egypt and dated to 118 or perhaps closer 150. It records that two soldiers of

1296-478: The Latin alphabet . The American Library Association and Library of Congress romanization scheme employs its "Ancient or Medieval Greek" system for all works and authors up to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, although Byzantine Greek was pronounced distinctly and some have considered "Modern" Greek to have begun as early as the 12th century. For treatment of polytonic Greek letters —for example, ᾤ —see also

1368-589: The Roman Empire . The main Aksumite port of Adulis , where the throne inscription was found, was located on the incense route. The Kinaidokolpitai are listed in Stephanus of Byzantium 's Ethnika (5th century). All his information is derived from other written sources, such as Ptolemy and Marcian of Heracleia (who wrote at an unknown date). He gives the capital of the Kinaidokolpitai as Zadrame and quotes Marcian placing

1440-622: The first letter of the pair indicates vowels which should be taken (and romanized) separately. Although the second vowel is not marked with a superfluous diaeresis in Greek, the first-edition ELOT 743 and the UN systems place a diaeresis on the Latin vowel for the sake of clarity. Apart from the diacritical marks native to Greek itself or used to romanize its characters, linguists also regularly mark vowel length with macrons (  ¯  ) marking long vowels and rounded breves (  ˘  ) marking short vowels . Where these are romanized, it

1512-512: The section on romanizing Greek diacritical marks below. ELOT approved in 1982 the ELOT 743 standard, revised in 2001, whose Type 2 (Greek: Τύπος 2 , romanized:  Typos 2 ) transcription scheme has been adopted by the Greek and Cypriot governments as standard for romanization of names on Greek and Cypriot passports . It also comprised a Type 1 (Greek: Τύπος 1 , romanized:  Typos 1 ) transliteration table, which

SECTION 20

#1732848836907

1584-410: The transcriptions of Modern Greek into Latin letters used by ELOT, UN and ISO are essentially equivalent, while there remain minor differences in how they approach reversible transliteration . The American Library Association and Library of Congress romanization scheme employs its "Modern Greek" system for all works and authors following the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. In the table below,

1656-502: The Calebites and Kenizzites , and probably from his Kenite neighbors as well, this likely gave him a large support base for the tribe of Judah to unite around. Later, King Eglon of Moab allied with the Kingdom of Ammon and nation of Amalek , in order to invade the territory of Israel. ( Judges 3:12–15 ) After defeating the Israelites, Moab and Amalek took the City of Palms (believed to be

1728-764: The Hebrews adopted the cult of Yahweh from the Midianites via the Kenites. This view, first proposed by Friedrich Wilhelm Ghillany in 1862, afterward independently by the Dutch scholar of religion Cornelis Tiele in 1872, and more fully by the German critical scholar Bernhard Stade , has been more completely worked out by the German theologian Karl Budde ; it is accepted by the German Semitic scholar Hermann Guthe , Gerrit Wildeboer , H. P. Smith , and George Aaron Barton . Another theory

1800-597: The Iron Age water system. According to the Kenite hypothesis proposed by the German writer Friedrich Wilhelm Ghillany , Yahweh was historically a Midian deity, and the association of Moses's father-in-law with Midian reflects the historical adoption of the Midianite cult by the Hebrews . Moses apparently identified Jethro 's concept of a god, Yahweh, with the Israelites' god El Shaddai . The Kenite hypothesis supposes that

1872-676: The Kassanitai of Ptolemy. Von Wissman thought the Kinaidokolpitai were the coast-dwellers and the Arabitai the Bedouin of the interior. Cosmas Indicopleustes , who copied the now lost inscription in 548 or 549, glosses Arabitai and Kinaidokolpitai as "the inhabitants of Arabia Felix ", which is uninformative. In the Collection of Chronologies , written in 235, presents the Kinaidokolpitai as colonists from Midian. The author has probably identified them with

1944-481: The Kenite territory in the Negev had earlier been seen as a separate territory from the parts of the Negev held by Judah and the Simeonites, as the Israelites grew in power, the Negev would be mentioned in the later histories as single region, and an integral part of the Kingdom of Judah. In the northern Negev, the city of Arad served as a key administrative and military stronghold for the Kingdom of Judah. It protected

2016-422: The Kenites were a tribe of smiths . However, by the end of his life, Sayce was considered an amateur rather than a specialist and was criticized for his lack of intellectual penetration and outdated opposition to the work of continental orientalists. Based on the biblical references, proposed etymological linkage of the name 'Kenite' to blacksmithing and other evidence, various scholars have sought to associate

2088-575: The Kenites were wandering smiths was first made by B. D. Stade in Beiträge zur Pentateuchkritik: dasKainszeichen in 1894 and has since become widespread. This view of the Kenites originated in Germany in the mid-1800s, and it is not reflected in any ancient Hebrew, Greek, Latin, or Arabic sources. In 1988, Meindert Dijkstra argued that an ancient inscription in a metal mine in the Sinai Peninsula contained

2160-521: The Kinaidokolpitai alongside the Zadramites. His testimony cannot be taken as evidence for the continued existence of the Kinaidokolpitai in his time. Romanization of Greek Romanization of Greek is the transliteration ( letter -mapping) or transcription ( sound -mapping) of text from the Greek alphabet into the Latin alphabet . The conventions for writing and romanizing Ancient Greek and Modern Greek differ markedly. The sound of

2232-624: The Kinaidokolpitai are described as inhabiting the Arabian coast of the Red Sea . Their territory began after Iambia (probably Yanbu ) and the tribe of Arsai (probably the Irasha, a clan of the Bali ). It encompassed, from north to south: the villages of Kopar and Arga (Agar); the city of Zambram, their capital ( basileion ); the village of Kentos (Kentosi, Kantosi); and the city of Thebai. The southern limit of their land

Kinaidokolpitai - Misplaced Pages Continue

2304-463: The North Mesopotamians (from Aram-Naharaim ) under King Cushan-Rishathaim . The Israelites rose up under the leadership of Othniel the son of Kenaz , (thus the nephew of Caleb, Judah's previous war-leader) who was a neighbor of the Kenites and lived in the same area ( Judges 3:9–11 ). Although the text is brief, it is likely Othniel had reliable political support at-the-ready from his relatives

2376-629: The Rechabites are described as tent-dwellers with an absolute prohibition against practicing agriculture; however, other Kenites are described elsewhere as city-dwellers ( 1 Samuel 30:29 , 1 Chronicles 2:55 ). Hippolytus of Rome in his Chronicon of 234 appears to identify the Kinaidokolpitai of central Arabia with the biblical Kenites. In modern sources the Kenites are often depicted as technologically advanced nomadic blacksmiths who spread their culture and religion to Canaan. The suggestion that

2448-623: The Red Sea, and I brought their kings under my rule. I commanded them to pay tax on their land and to travel in peace by land and sea. I made war from Leuke Kome to the lands of the Sabaeans. And I sent a fleet and land forces against the Arabitae and Cinaedocolpitae who dwelt on the other side of the Red Sea, and having reduced the sovereigns of both, I imposed on them a land tribute and charged them to make travelling safe both by sea and by land. I thus subdued

2520-662: The United Kingdom's Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use (PCGN) and by the United States' Board on Geographic Names (BGN) in 1996, and by the ISO itself in 1997. Romanization of names for official purposes (as with passports and identity cards) were required to use the ELOT system within Greece until 2011, when a legal decision permitted Greeks to use irregular forms (such as " Demetrios " for Δημήτριος ) provided that official identification and documents also list

2592-436: The classical Greek alphabet such as heta ( Ͱ & ͱ ), meanwhile, usually take their nearest English equivalent (in this case, h ) but are too uncommon to be listed in formal transliteration schemes. Uncommon Greek letters which have been given formal romanizations include: The sounds of Modern Greek have diverged from both those of Ancient Greek and their descendant letters in English and other languages. This led to

2664-408: The commotion and bloodshed, Moses's grandnephew Phinehas killed a Midianite princess, Cozbi, the daughter of King Zur, one of the five Kings of Midian ( Numbers 25:14–18 ). Following this, Moses sent a strikeforce of 12,000 men (1000 from each Israelite tribe, the Kenites were not included) that succeed in killing the five kings Evi (אֱוִי), Rekem (רֶקֶם), Hur (חוּר), Reba (רֶבַע), and Zur (צַוָּר)

2736-438: The conquest. When the Israelites and Kenites were camped at the foot of Mount Peor, King Balak of Moab allied himself with the five Kings of Midian, but seeing that they did not have the strength to defeat the Israelites, the leaders of Moab and Midian gathered together and paid a large fee to Balaam to put a curse on the Israelite camp from the high place (a type of religious shrine) on Mount Peor ( Numbers 22:1–21 ). Balaam

2808-483: The end of his life, Sayce was considered an amateur rather than a specialist and was criticized for his lack of intellectual penetration and outdated opposition to the work of continental orientalists. The Kenites are a clan mentioned in the Bible as having settled on the southern border of the Kingdom of Judah . In I Samuel 30 :29, in the time of David, the Kenites settled among the tribe of Judah . In Jeremiah 35:7-8

2880-421: The father of Cozbi, ( Numbers 31:8 , Joshua 13:21 ) and burned each of the Midianite cities and all of their encampments, taking their livestock ( Numbers 31:1–12 ). The Kenites were not included in the invasion of Midian, it is unclear how the Kenites reacted to the fall of the Midianite kings that they had formerly been subject to. After the death of Moses, Joshua led the Israelite invasion of Canaan; conquering

2952-404: The first rather than the second vowel letter, or by having a diaeresis ( ¨ ) over the second letter. For treatment of accents and diaereses —for example, ϊ —also see the section on romanizing Greek diacritical marks below. The traditional polytonic orthography of Greek uses several distinct diacritical marks to render what was originally the pitch accent of Ancient Greek and

Kinaidokolpitai - Misplaced Pages Continue

3024-567: The garrison, probably cavalrymen, were sent out on the 20th of the month Tobi "with a diploma (official missive) concerning the Chinedakolpitai". The implication of the Adulis throne inscription is that in the middle of the 2nd century or early in the 3rd, the Kinaidokolpitai were raiding the incense route , both its sea-lanes and overland roads, that connected South Arabia and the Horn of Africa with

3096-590: The inspiration for the later Etruscan and Roman numerals . This early system was replaced by Greek numerals which employed the entire alphabet, including the nonstandard letters digamma , stigma , or sigma-tau (placed between epsilon and zeta), koppa (placed between pi and rho), and sampi (placed after omega). As revised in 2001, ELOT 743 provides for the uncommon characters to be given (in Greek) as $ for stigma, + for koppa, and / for sampi. These symbols are not given lower-case equivalents. When used as numbers,

3168-491: The kindness which the Kenites had shown to Israel in the wilderness was gratefully remembered. "Ye showed kindness to all the children of Israel, when they came up out of Egypt," said Saul to them ( 1 Samuel 15:6 ); and so not only were they spared by King Saul, but later in the war David also sent a share of the spoil that he took from the Amalekites to the civic elders of the cities of the Kenites. ( 1 Samuel 30:26–31 ) While

3240-470: The later city of Zoar or Tamar ), from the Kenites. At this point, around 180 or 190 years after Joshua's invasion, the Canaanites in northern Canaan under King Jabin ruling from Hazor re-asserted their dominance over Canaan ( Judges 4:1–3 ). The Israelite leader Shamgar appears to have been battling with the Philistines in south Canaan at the time, and was either caught off-guard, or unable to prevent

3312-475: The latter's, was noticed by Balaam . The Kenites were closely allied with Moses, and are not mentioned to have participated in the first invasion of Canaan ( Numbers 14:39–45 , Deuteronomy 1:41–46 ) that was conducted against Moses's orders. During the second invasion of Canaan ( Numbers 21:1–4 ), the Kenites would have seen the area around the town of Arad, the region of Canaan that the next generation of Kenites would later choose as their place to settle after

3384-763: The letters are used in combination with the upper keraia numeral sign ⟨ ʹ ⟩ to denote numbers from 1 to 900 and in combination with the lower keraia ⟨ ͵ ⟩ to denote multiples of 1000. ( For a full table of the signs and their values, see Greek numerals .) These values are traditionally romanized as Roman numerals , so that Αλέξανδρος Γ' ο Μακεδών would be translated as Alexander III of Macedon and transliterated as Aléxandros III o Makedṓn rather than Aléxandros G' or Aléxandros 3 . Greek laws and other official documents of Greece which employ these numerals, however, are to be formally romanized using "decimal" Arabic numerals . Ancient Greek text did not mark word division with spaces or interpuncts , instead running

3456-528: The modern period, classical and medieval Greek was also set using a wide array of ligatures , symbols combining or abbreviating various sets of letters, such as those included in Claude Garamond 's 16th-century grecs du roi . For the most part, such variants—as ϖ and [REDACTED] for π , ϛ for σ τ , and ϗ for και —are just silently emended to their standard forms and transliterated accordingly. Letters with no equivalent in

3528-472: The murderer of his son, to the cruelest punishment imaginable among humans: banishment. Beltz believed this to be the foundational myth of the Kenites, a clan settled on the southern border of Judah that eventually resettled among the tribes of Judah. It seemed clear to him that the purpose of this myth was to explain the difference between the nomadic and sedentary populations of Judah, with those living from their livestock (pastoralists, not raising crops) under

3600-422: The name is composed of κίναιδος (homosexual, pervert) and κολπίτης (those living on a gulf). Glen Bowersock interprets this as an obscenity (if Greek), but Hélène Cuvigny and Christian Robin consider it to have a more positive connotation associated with erotic dancers (to which κίναιδος could also refer). The first part of the name may relate to the later Arab tribe of Kinda , deliberately rendered in Greek in

3672-515: The peoples subdued by the king of Aksum according to the Adulis throne inscription , which dates from some time between the mid-2nd and early 3rd century. It is possibly contemporary with or even a little earlier than Ptolemy. There are two slightly different ways of translating this inscription: I sent both a fleet and an army of infantry against the Arabitai and the Kinaidocolpitai who dwell across

SECTION 50

#1732848836907

3744-451: The plain and rivers. Sisera left his chariot behind and escaped the battle on foot, while Barak pursued the chariots that were fleeing back to the Canaanite base at Harosheth Haggoyim ( Judges 4:15–16 ) As Sisera fled on foot near Kedesh-Naphtali, he was passing by the tent of Heber the Kenite , and Jael offered to shelter him. Accepting her offer, he asked her to stand in the doorway of

3816-418: The presence or absence of word-initial /h/ . In 1982, monotonic orthography was officially introduced for modern Greek. The only diacritics that remain are the acute accent (indicating stress) and the diaeresis (indicating that two consecutive vowels should not be combined). When a Greek diphthong is accented, the accent mark is placed over the second letter of the pair. This means that an accent over

3888-497: The region, the prophetess Deborah, who was now leading Israel, commissioned Barak the son of Abinoam as her commander to lead the Israelites against the Canaanites. ( Judges 4:4–10 ) King Jabin 's general Sisera learned that Barak was massing troops on Mount Tabor , situated between Sisera's base at Harosheth Haggoyim (believed to now be Ahwat ) and the Canaanite capital at Hazor, and set out northward to meet him with 900 chariots. The weather became unfavorable to Sisera's army,

3960-572: The rising Canaanite military, economic, and political power. (Non-biblical sources depict the King of Hazor affirming loyalty to the Egyptian pharaoh, and joining the cities of Qatna and Mari to create a trade route that linked Egypt to Ekallatum ) During this period, Heber the Kenite and his wife Jael separated from their Kenite brethren in the south, and went to live in northern Canaan ( Judges 4:11 ). After two decades of North Canaanite dominance in

4032-629: The route from the Judaean Mountains to the Arabah and on to Moab and Edom . It underwent numerous renovations and extensions. The Kenites have been proposed as a reason for the appearance of Midianite pottery imported into the Negev of the Kenites during the 1200s and 1100s BC. Petrographic studies carried out on some of the Timna wares led to the conclusion that they originated in the Hejaz , most probably in

4104-561: The site of Qurayya in Saudi Arabia. J. Gunneweg analyzed pottery samples with the help of The Hebrew University and the University of Bonn in 1991. The Midianite pottery found in the Negev was linked to a kiln discovered at Qurayya, Saudi Arabia, through Neutron Activation Analysis. Excavations at the site of Horvat Uza , the probable site of the city of Qinah mentioned in Joshua 15:22 and in

4176-401: The sky became clouded ( Judges 5:4–5 ), and the river that his chariots needed to cross was flooded. While Sisera attempted to ford his chariots through the torrential Kishon River at a river crossing close to the then-Canaanite city of Taanach (Now known as Ti'inik ) near Megiddo ( Judges 5:19–21 ), Barak's 10,000 men went down southwestward from Mount Tabor ( Judges 4:14 ) to give battle on

4248-543: The sound: ⟨th⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨rh⟩, and ⟨ch⟩. Because English orthography has changed so much from the original Greek , modern scholarly transliteration now usually renders ⟨κ⟩ as ⟨k⟩ and the diphthongs ⟨αι, οι, ει, ου⟩ as ⟨ai, oi, ei, ou⟩. " Greeklish " has also spread within Greece itself, owing to the rapid spread of digital telephony from cultures using the Latin alphabet . Since Greek typefaces and fonts are not always supported or robust, Greek email and chatting has adopted

4320-488: The special protection of Yahweh. Ronald Hendel believes the Israelites linked the Kenites to Cain to give them a "shameful, violent ancestral origin". According to the critical interpretation of the Biblical data , the Kenites were a clan settled on the southern border of Judah, originally characterized by a semi-nomadic lifestyle and involved in the copper industry in the Aravah region. Archibald Sayce has implied that

4392-427: The special rules for vowel combinations ( αι, αυ, ει, ευ, ηυ, οι, ου, ωυ ) only apply when these letters function as digraphs . There are also words where the same letters stand side by side incidentally but represent separate vowels. In these cases each of the two letters is transcribed separately according to the normal rules for single letters. Such cases are marked in Greek orthography by either having an accent on

SECTION 60

#1732848836907

4464-693: The standard forms (as, for example, "Demetrios OR Dimitrios"). Other romanization systems still encountered are the BGN/PCGN's earlier 1962 system and the system employed by the American Library Association and the United States' Library of Congress . Kenites According to the Hebrew Bible , the Kenites/Qenites ( / ˈ k iː n aɪ t / or / ˈ k ɛ n aɪ t / ; Hebrew : קֵינִי ‎ , romanized :  Qēni ) were

4536-432: The story of Cain and Abel was not originally about the murder of a brother, but a myth about the murder of a god's child. In his reading of Genesis 4:1, Eve conceived Cain by Adam, and her second son Abel by another man, this being Yahweh. Eve is thus compared to the Sacred Queen of antiquity, the Mother goddess. Consequently, Yahweh pays heed to Abel's offerings, but not to Cain's. After Cain kills Abel, Yahweh condemns Cain,

4608-453: The tent, and to deny his presence to anyone who was chasing him. However, once he was asleep, Jael hammered a tent peg into Sisera's head, and he died. ( Judges 4:17–22 , Judges 5:24–30 ) From that point onwards, Israel grew stronger and continued to press Hazor harder, until King Jabin 's defeat. ( Judges 4:23–24 ) In the time of King Saul there were Kenites living in Amalek territory. When King Saul of Israel went to war against Amalek,

4680-399: The upper Arabah ), with the men of Judah to live among the people of the Desert of Judah in the Negev near Arad ." Following the conquest, the Israelites began to assimilate into the larger Canaanite culture and started converting to the Canaanite religion ( Judges 2:11–13 , Judges 3:1–7 ), only returning to their national religion when confronted by an 8-year invasion and occupation by

4752-412: The whole coast from Leuce Come to the country of the Sabaeans. Regarding the location of the Kinaidokolpitai, the inscriptions says only that it lay between former Nabataean port of Leuke Kome and the land of Saba , as did that of Arabitai. These latter people are not otherwise attested and their name seems to be a doublet of Arabes ( Arabs ), although some scholars have identified them with

4824-563: The word qayin ( Hebrew : קַיִן ). There are several competing etymologies. According to the German Orientalist Wilhelm Gesenius , the name is derived from the name Cain, the same name as Cain , the son of Adam and Eve . However this may simply be the ancient Hebrew transliteration or phonetization of the Kenites' name in their own language. The word qayin could also mean a spear or lance, derived from Hebrew : קוֹנֵן , romanized :  qonēn , lit.   'to strike'. Qonēn would also be used to mean striking

4896-409: The words together ( scripta continua ). In the Hellenistic period, a variety of symbols arose for punctuation or editorial marking ; such punctuation (or the lack thereof) are variously romanized, inserted, or ignored in different modern editions. Modern Greek punctuation generally follows French with the notable exception of Greek's use of a separate question mark , the erotimatiko , which

4968-503: Was a form of the Cumaean alphabet derived from the Euboean script that valued Χ as / k s / and Η as / h / and used variant forms of Λ and Σ that became L and S . When this script was used to write the classical Greek alphabet, ⟨κ⟩ was replaced with ⟨c⟩, ⟨αι⟩ and ⟨οι⟩ became ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ and ⟨ου⟩ were simplified to ⟨i⟩ (more rarely—corresponding to an earlier pronunciation—⟨e⟩) and ⟨u⟩. Aspirated consonants like ⟨θ⟩, ⟨φ⟩, initial-⟨ρ⟩, and ⟨χ⟩ simply wrote out

5040-420: Was extensively modified in the second edition of the standard. International versions of ELOT 743, with an English language standard document, were approved by the UN (V/19, 1987) and the British and American governments. The ISO approved in 1997 its version, ISO 843 , with a different Type 1 transliteration system, which was adopted four years later by ELOT itself, while the U.N. did not update its version. So

5112-455: Was the river Baitios, probably the wādī Bayḑ or Baysh , beyond which lived the Kassanitai. These are probably the Ghassānids before they migrated north. This places their southern limit in the northern ʿAsīr roughly opposite the Farasan Islands . Ptolemy also places an unnamed mountain in the territory of the Kinaidokolpitai. It has been identified with the Jabal Shār in Midian (north of Yanbu). The Kinaidokolpitai next appear as one of

5184-447: Was unable to curse Israel, but prophesied about the Kenites, saying that they would endure, but foretold that someday they would be led away captive as slaves to Assur , ( Numbers 24:21–22 ), with the question of how long their future slavery would last being unanswered. While the camp was still encamped on the west side of Mount Peor, the local Moabites attempted to include the Israelites in their worship of their god Baal of Peor. During

#906093