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63-448: Kildall may refer to: Gary Arlen Kildall (1942–1994), American computer scientist and microcomputer entrepreneur, inventor of operating system CP/M, founder of Digital Research , KnowledgeSet and Prometheus Light and Sound Dorothy Kildall née McEwen (1943–2005), co-founder of Digital Research Scott Kildall (1969–), American conceptual artist and performer Topics referred to by

126-441: A UUCP -based store and forward system to exchange emails and files between the various nodes and was planned to include TCP/IP support at a later point in time. According to Brian Halla, Intel's technical liaison to Digital Research in the 1970s, Gary Kildall showed him a VAX 11/780 running in his house generating a Coke bottle spinning. According to Halla, Kildall sold it a few months later to Pixar . Kildall self-described as

189-433: A " greaser " during high school, and his colleagues recall him as creative, easygoing, and adventurous. In addition to flying, he loved sports cars , auto racing , and boating , and had a lifelong love of the sea. I think I’ll make a cassette tape of the ‘IBM Flying Story.’ I’ll carry a few copies in my jacket to give out on occasion. There’s only one problem. I [will] tell this story [to someone], and after I’m done,

252-407: A US$ 50,000 development contract in early 1970 (equivalent to $ 392,000 in 2023). Texas Instruments (TI) was also brought in as a second supplier. TI was able to make samples of the 1201 based on Intel drawings, but these proved to be buggy and were rejected. Intel's own versions were delayed. CTC decided to re-implement the new version of the terminal using discrete TTL instead of waiting for

315-798: A bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1967 and a master's degree in Computer Science in 1968, both from the University of Washington . At one point, he had hoped to become a mathematics teacher. During his studies, Kildall became increasingly interested in computer technology and enrolled to attain a Ph.D. in Computer Science. Kildall fulfilled his draft obligation by teaching at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California . Kildall briefly returned to UW and finished his doctorate in computer science in 1972. Intel lent him systems using

378-456: A dumb move. He said that if you have a computer chip, you can only sell one chip per computer, while with memory, you can sell hundreds of chips per computer." Another major concern was that Intel's existing customer base purchased their memory chips for use with their own processor designs; if Intel introduced their own processor, they might be seen as a competitor, and their customers might look elsewhere for memory. Nevertheless, Noyce agreed to

441-448: A minute that [Bill] Gates made it 'big time' because of his technical savvy. Gary Kildall, Computer Connections Writing about Bill Gates, Kildall described him as "more of an opportunist than a technical type, and severely opinionated, even when the opinion he holds is absurd." In an appendix, he called DOS "plain and simple theft" because its first 26 system calls worked the same as CP/M's. He accused IBM of contriving

504-463: A modular real-time multiuser multitasking operating system ( RTOS ). After seeing a demonstration of the Apple Lisa , Kildall oversaw the creation of DRI's own graphical user interface , called GEM , it was introduced on February 28, 1985. Novell acquired DRI in 1991 in a deal that netted millions for Kildall. Kildall resigned as CEO of Digital Research on 28 June 1985, but remained chairman of

567-465: A play A Mild Concussion . Later, with Stewart Cheifet , a second version of the play was written under the title The Forgotten Computer Genius . The play looks at the final days of a computer genius. Intel 8008 The Intel 8008 (" eight-thousand-eight " or " eighty-oh-eight ") is an early 8-bit microprocessor capable of addressing 16 KB of memory, introduced in April 1972. The 8008 architecture

630-624: A possible homicide," said police Sgt. Frank Sollecito. "I'm not going to flat-out say it's a homicide". Kildall's body was cremated . His remains were buried in Evergreen Washelli Memorial Park , in north Seattle. Following the announcement of Kildall's death, Bill Gates commented that he was "one of the original pioneers of the PC revolution" and "a very creative computer scientist who did excellent work. Although we were competitors, I always had tremendous respect for his contributions to

693-445: A problem. The 8008 has is no provision to save its architectural state . The 8008 can only write to memory via an address in the HL register pair. When interrupted, there is no mechanism to save HL so there is no way to save the other registers and flags via HL. Because of this, some sort of external memory device such as a hardware stack or a pair of read/write registers must be attached to

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756-452: A register and memory. Eight math/logic functions are supported between the accumulator (A) and any register, memory, or an immediate value. Results are always deposited in A. Increments and decrements are supported for most registers but, curiously, not A. Register A does, however, support four different rotate instructions. All instructions are executed in 3 to 11 states. Each state requires two clocks. The following 8008 assembly source code

819-543: A single-chip CPU. The new system was released as the Datapoint 2200 in the spring 1970, with their first sale to General Mills on 25 May 1970. CTC paused development of the 1201 after the 2200 was released, as it was no longer needed. Six months later, Seiko approached Intel, expressing an interest in using the 1201 in a scientific calculator, likely after seeing the success of the simpler Intel 4004 used by Busicom in their business calculators. A small re-design followed, under

882-627: A weekly informational program that covered the latest developments in personal computing. Gary Kildall was born and grew up in Seattle , Washington , where his family operated a seamanship school. His father, Joseph Kildall, was a captain of Norwegian heritage. His mother Emma was of half Swedish descent, as Kildall's grandmother was born in Långbäck, Sweden, in Skellefteå Municipality , but emigrated to Canada at 23 years of age. Kildall earned

945-630: Is a little slower in terms of instructions per second (36,000 to 80,000 at 0.8 MHz) than the 4-bit Intel 4004 and Intel 4040 . but since the 8008 processes data 8 bits at a time and can access significantly more RAM, in most applications it has a significant speed advantage over these processors. The 8008 has 3,500 transistors . The chip, limited by its 18-pin DIP , has a single 8-bit bus working triple duty to transfer 8 data bits, 14 address bits, and two status bits. The small package requires about 30 TTL support chips to interface to memory. For example,

1008-656: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gary Arlen Kildall Gary Arlen Kildall ( / ˈ k ɪ l d ˌ ɔː l / ; May 19, 1942 – July 11, 1994) was an American computer scientist and microcomputer entrepreneur. During the 1970s, Kildall created the CP/M operating system among other operating systems and programming tools , and subsequently founded Digital Research, Inc. to market and sell his software products. In 1974 in Pacific Grove , Kildall demonstrated

1071-404: Is for a subroutine named MEMCPY that copies a block of data bytes of a given size from one location to another. Intel's 8008 assembler supported only + and - operators. This example borrows the 8080's assembler AND and SHR (shift right) operators to select the low and high bytes of a 14-bit address for placement into the 8 bit registers. A contemporaneous 8008 programmer was expected to calculate

1134-631: Is only one mechanism to address data memory: indirect addressing pointed to by a concatenation of the H and L registers, referenced as M. The 8008 does, however, support 14-bit program addresses. It has automatic CAL and RET instructions for multi-level subroutine calls and returns which can be conditionally executed, like jumps. Eight one-byte call instructions (RST) for subroutines exist at the fixed addresses 00h, 08h, 10h, ..., 38h. These are intended to be supplied by external hardware in order to invoke interrupt service routines, but can employed as fast calls. Direct copying may be made between any two registers or

1197-457: The CNT parameter value and decremented at the end of the loop until it becomes zero. Note that most of the instructions used occupy a single 8-bit opcode. The following 8008 assembly source code is for a simplified subroutine named MEMCPY2 that copies a block of data bytes from one location to another. By reducing the byte counter to 8 bits, there is enough room to load all the subroutine parameters into

1260-572: The 8008 and 8080 processors, and in 1973, he developed the first high-level programming language for microprocessors, called PL/M . For Intel he also wrote 8008 and 8080 instruction set simulators named INTERP/8 and INTERP/80 . He created CP/M the same year to enable the 8080 to control a floppy drive, combining for the first time all the essential components of a computer at the microcomputer scale. He demonstrated CP/M to Intel, but Intel had little interest and chose to market PL/M instead. In 1973 Kildall and Kathryn Strutynski developed

1323-541: The IMSAI 8080 , a popular clone of the Altair 8800 . As more manufacturers licensed CP/M, it became a de facto standard and had to support an increasing number of hardware variations. In response, Kildall pioneered the concept of a BIOS , a set of simple programs stored in the computer hardware (ROM or EPROM chip) that enabled CP/M to run on different systems without modification. CP/M's quick success took Kildall by surprise, and he

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1386-609: The PL/I programming language for Data General . Also possible, the IBM representatives might have been annoyed that DRI had spent hours on what they considered a routine formality. According to Kildall, the IBM representatives took the same flight to Florida that night that he and Dorothy took for their vacation, and they negotiated further on the flight, reaching a handshake agreement. IBM lead negotiator Jack Sams insisted that he never met Gary, and one IBM colleague has confirmed that Sams said so at

1449-539: The Red Book developed by Sony and Phillips in 1980. In 1985 the CD-ROM was presented by Philips and Sony , the same year Activenture was renamed KnowledgeSet . In June 1985 Digital Research released The Electronic Encyclopedia , it was a CD-ROM version of Grolier 's Academic American Encyclopedia . It was the first computer encyclopedia , it included pictures in 1990 and audio and videos in 1992. The encyclopedia

1512-467: The 14-bit address, which can access "16 K × 8 bits of memory", needs to be latched by some of this logic into an external memory address register (MAR). The 8008 can access 8 input ports and 24 output ports. For controller and CRT terminal use, this is an acceptable design, but it is rather cumbersome to use for most other tasks, at least compared to the next generations of microprocessors. A few early computer designs were based on it, but most would use

1575-446: The 8008's register file. Interrupts on the 8008 are only partially implemented. After the INT line is asserted, the 8008 acknowledges the interrupt by outputting a state code of S0,S1,S2 = 011 at T1I time. At the subsequent instruction fetch cycle, an instruction is "jammed" (Intel's word) by external hardware on the bus. Typically this is a one-byte RST instruction. At this point, there is

1638-457: The CPU is incapable of reading or writing more than a single byte into memory at a time. Since there is no instruction to load a register directly from a given memory address, the HL register pair must first be loaded with the address, and the target register can then be loaded from the M operand, which is an indirect load from the memory location in the HL register pair. The BC register pair is loaded with

1701-643: The Datapoint 2200 itself): the US SCELBI kit and the pre-built French Micral N and Canadian MCM/70 . It was also the controlling microprocessor for the first several models in Hewlett-Packard's 2640 family of computer terminals. In 1973, Intel offered an instruction set simulator for the 8008 named INTERP/8. It was written in FORTRAN IV by Gary Kildall while he worked as a consultant for Intel. The 8008

1764-652: The IBM PC on bootable floppy diskettes bundled with SpeedStart CP/M, a reduced version of CP/M-86 as a bootable runtime environment . IBM approached Digital Research in 1980, at Bill Gates ' suggestion, to negotiate the purchase of a forthcoming version of CP/M called CP/M-86 for the IBM PC . Gary had left initial negotiations to his wife, Dorothy, as he usually did, while he and colleague and developer of MP/M operating system Tom Rolander used Gary's private aeroplane to deliver software to manufacturer Bill Godbout . Before

1827-424: The IBM representatives would explain the purpose of their visit, they insisted that Dorothy sign a non-disclosure agreement . On the advice of DRI attorney Gerry Davis, Dorothy refused to sign the agreement without Gary's approval. Gary returned in the afternoon and tried to move the discussion with IBM forward, and accounts disagree on whether he signed the non-disclosure agreement, as well as whether he ever met with

1890-429: The IBM representatives. Various reasons have been given for the two companies failing to reach an agreement. DRI, which had only a few products, might have been unwilling to sell its main product to IBM for a one-time payment rather than its usual royalty -based plan. Dorothy might have believed that the company could not deliver CP/M-86 on IBM's proposed schedule, as the company was busy developing an implementation of

1953-514: The PC industry. His untimely death was very unfortunate and his work will be missed." In March 1995, Kildall was posthumously honored by the Software Publishers Association (SPA) for his contributions to the microcomputer industry: In April 2014, the city of Pacific Grove installed a commemorative plaque outside Kildall's former residence, which also served as the early headquarters of Digital Research. Steve Hauk wrote

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2016-537: The PC project disputed the book's description of events, and Microsoft described it as "one-sided and inaccurate." In August 2016, Kildall's family made the first seven chapters of Computer Connections available as a free public download. On July 8, 1994, at the age of 52, Kildall sustained a head injury at the Franklin Street Bar & Grill, a biker bar in Monterey, California. The exact circumstances of

2079-465: The architecture of the 3300's planned successor with a CPU as part of the internal circuitry re-implemented on a single chip. Looking for a company able to produce their chip design, CTC co-founder Austin O. "Gus" Roche turned to Intel, then primarily a vendor of memory chips. Roche met with Bob Noyce , who expressed concern with the concept; John Frassanito recalls that: "Noyce said it was an intriguing idea, and that Intel could do it, but it would be

2142-488: The board. Kildall co-hosted a public television program produced by PBS called Computer Chronicles . It followed trends in personal computing. Gary co-hosted the program for seven years during the first eight seasons from 1983 to 1990. After this time the program continued through its 19th season, with the last episode aired on June 25, 2002. In 1984 Gary started another company, Activenture , which adapted optical disc technology for computer use, using as reference

2205-472: The company waned. He worked in various experimental and research projects, such as a version of CP/M with multitasking ( MP/M ), created by Digital Research developer Tom Rolander in 1979. Kildall also worked on an implementation of the Logo programming language . He hoped that Logo, an educational dialect of LISP , would supplant BASIC in education, but it did not. In 1985 Digital Research developed FlexOS ,

2268-480: The connection between the two is unclear. "Medical evidence of chronic alcoholism was found during the autopsy" Initial news reports and police investigation viewed Kildall's death as a possible homicide. According to the coroner's report, Kildall's fatal injury may have taken place "as a result of foul play," and the case was referred to the Monterey Police Department. "We're going to investigate it as

2331-536: The day off for a recreational flight. In later years, Kildall privately expressed bitter feelings about being overshadowed by Microsoft, and began suffering from alcoholism . Selling DRI to Novell had made Kildall a wealthy man, and he moved to the West Lake Hills suburb of Austin. His Austin house was a lakeside property, with stalls for several sports cars, and a video studio in the basement. Kildall owned and flew his own Learjet and had at least one boat on

2394-562: The decision to give the keynote speech to Bill Gates, a Harvard dropout who had donated to UW, but had never attended. In response, Kildall began writing a memoir, entitled Computer Connections: People, Places, and Events in the Evolution of the Personal Computer Industry . The memoir, which Kildall sought to publish, expressed his frustration that people did not seem to value elegance in computer software. Don't think for

2457-414: The design's intellectual property to Intel instead of paying the $ 50,000 contract. Intel renamed it the 8008 and put it in their catalog in April 1972 priced at US$ 120 (equivalent to $ 874 in 2023). This renaming tried to ride off the success of the 4004 chip, by presenting the 8008 as simply a 4 to 8 port, but the 8008 is not based on the 4004. The 8008 went on to be a commercially successful design. This

2520-534: The first working prototype of CP/M. Together with his invention of the BIOS (Basic Input Output System), his operating system allowed a microprocessor-based computer to communicate with a disk storage . Kildall was among the earliest individuals to recognize microprocessors as fully capable computers. He is considered a pioneer of the personal computer revolution . During the 1980s, Kildall appeared on PBS as co-host (with Stewart Cheifet ) of Computer Chronicles ,

2583-460: The injury are unclear. Various sources have claimed he fell from a chair, fell down steps, or was assaulted because he had entered the establishment wearing Harley-Davidson leathers. Harold Evans, in They Made America , states that Kildall "stumbled and hit his head" inside the premises, and "was found on the floor." Following the injury, Kildall was discharged from the hospital twice. He

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2646-475: The instruction set of the 8080, 8085, and Z80 , but also in the instruction set of modern x86 processors (although the instruction encodings are different). The 8008 architecture includes the following features: Instructions are all one to three bytes long, consisting of an initial opcode byte, followed by up to two bytes of operands which can be an immediate operand or a program address. Instructions operate on 8-bits only; there are no 16-bit operations. There

2709-632: The lake. While in Austin he also participated in volunteer efforts to assist children with HIV/AIDS . He also owned a mansion with a panoramic ocean view in Pebble Beach, California , near the headquarters of DRI. In 1992, Kildall was invited to the University of Washington computer science program's 25th anniversary event. As a distinguished graduate of the program, Kildall was disappointed when asked to attend simply as an audience member. He also took offense at

2772-522: The language PL/M to produce CP/M , one of the first operating systems for personal computers , they used as reference their experience with the IBM mainframe computers and the operating system VM . Kildall and his wife Dorothy established a company, originally called "Intergalactic Digital Research" (later renamed as Digital Research, Inc. ), to market the operating system CP/M through advertisements in hobbyist magazines. Digital Research licensed CP/M for

2835-499: The later and greatly improved Intel 8080 instead. The subsequent 40-pin NMOS Intel 8080 expanded upon the 8008 registers and instruction set and implements a more efficient external bus interface (using the 22 additional pins). Despite a close architectural relationship, the 8080 was not made binary compatible with the 8008, so an 8008 program would not run on an 8080. However, as two different assembly syntaxes were used by Intel at

2898-407: The leadership of Federico Faggin , the designer of the 4004, now project leader of the 1201, expanding from a 16-pin to 18-pin design, and the new 1201 was delivered to CTC in late 1971. By that point, CTC had once again moved on, this time to the Datapoint 2200 II , which was faster. The 1201 was no longer powerful enough for the new model. CTC voted to end their involvement with the 1201, leaving

2961-400: The numbers and type them in for the assembler. In the code above, all values are given in octal. Locations SRC , DST , and CNT are 16-bit parameters for the subroutine named MEMCPY . In actuality, only 14 bits of the values are used, since the CPU has only a 14-bit addressable memory space. The values are stored in little-endian format, although this is an arbitrary choice, since

3024-567: The operating system options was PC DOS, priced at US$ 40. PC DOS was seen as a practically necessary option; most software titles required it and without it the IBM PC was limited to its built-in Cassette BASIC . CP/M-86 shipped a few months later six times more expensive at US$ 240, and sold poorly against DOS and enjoyed far less software support. With the loss of the IBM deal, Gary and Dorothy found themselves under pressure to bring in more experienced management, and Gary's influence over

3087-411: The price difference between PC DOS and CP/M-86 in order to marginalize CP/M. Kildall had completed a rough draft of the manuscript by the end of 1993, but the full text remains unpublished. Journalist Harold Evans used the memoir as a primary source for a chapter about Kildall in the 2004 book They Made America , concluding that Microsoft had robbed Kildall of his inventions. IBM veterans from

3150-498: The same person [will say], ‘Yeah, but did you go flying and blow IBM off?’ Gary Kildall, Computer Connections Although Kildall preferred to leave the IBM affair in the past and to be known for his work before and afterward, he continually faced comparisons between himself and Bill Gates, as well as fading memories of his contributions. A legend grew around the fateful IBM-DRI meeting, encouraged by Gates and various journalists, suggesting that Kildall had irresponsibly taken

3213-410: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kildall . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kildall&oldid=750141806 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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3276-479: The spring of 1972, and with key help from Tektronix , the system was fully functional a year later. In the UK, a team at S. E. Laboratories Engineering (EMI) led by Tom Spink in 1972 built a microcomputer based on a pre-release sample of the 8008. Joe Hardman extended the chip with an external stack. This, among other things, gave it power-fail save and recovery. Joe also developed a direct screen printer. The operating system

3339-592: The task of finding a usable operating system, and a few weeks later he proposed using the operating system 86-DOS —an independently developed operating system that implemented Kildall's CP/M API —from Seattle Computer Products (SCP). Paul Allen negotiated a licensing deal with SCP. Allen had 86-DOS adapted for IBM's hardware, and IBM shipped it as IBM PC DOS . Kildall obtained a copy of PC DOS, examined it, and concluded that it infringed on CP/M. When he asked Gerry Davis what legal options were available, Davis told him that intellectual property law for software

3402-469: The time, the 8080 could be used in an 8008 assembly-language backward-compatible fashion. The Intel 8085 is an electrically modernized version of the 8080 that uses depletion-mode transistors and also added two new instructions. The Intel 8086 , the original x86 processor, is a non-strict extension of the 8080, so it loosely resembles the original Datapoint 2200 design as well. Almost every Datapoint 2200 and 8008 instruction has an equivalent not only in

3465-419: The time. He accepted that someone else in his group might have been on the same flight, and noted that he flew back to Seattle to talk with Microsoft again. Sams related the story to Gates, who had already agreed to provide a BASIC interpreter and several other programs for the PC. Gates' impression of the story was that Gary capriciously "went flying", as he would later tell reporters. Sams left Gates with

3528-506: Was acquired by Banta Corporation , its last CD-ROM version was published in 2003. . Kildall's final business venture, known as Prometheus Light and Sound (PLS) and based in Austin, Texas , developed a modular PBX communication system that integrated land-line telephones with mobile phones (called "Intelliphone") to reduce the then-high online costs and to remotely connect with home appliances. Prometheus Light and Sound system included

3591-549: Was designed by Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC) and was implemented and manufactured by Intel . While the 8008 was originally designed for use in CTC's Datapoint 2200 programmable terminal, an agreement between CTC and Intel permitted Intel to market the chip to other customers after Seiko expressed an interest in using it for a calculator . In order to address several issues with the Datapoint 3300 , including excessive heat radiation, Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC) designed

3654-580: Was followed by the Intel 8080 , and then the hugely successful Intel x86 family. One of the first teams to build a complete system around the 8008 was Bill Pentz's team at California State University, Sacramento . The Sac State 8008 was possibly the first true microcomputer, with a disk operating system built with IBM Basic assembly language in PROM, all driving a color display, hard drive, keyboard, modem, audio/paper tape reader, and printer. The project started in

3717-497: Was implemented in 10  μm silicon-gate enhancement-mode PMOS logic . Initial versions could work at clock frequencies up to 0.5 MHz. This was later increased in the 8008-1 to a specified maximum of 0.8 MHz. Instructions take between 3 and 11 T-states, where each T-state is 2 clock cycles. Register–register loads and ALU operations take 5T (20 μs at 0.5 MHz), register–memory 8T (32 μs), while calls and jumps (when taken) take 11 T-states (44 μs). The 8008

3780-428: Was not clear enough to sue. Instead Kildall only threatened IBM with legal action, and IBM responded with a proposal to offer CP/M-86 as an option for the PC in return for a release of liability. Kildall accepted, believing that IBM's new system (like its previous personal computers) would not be a significant commercial success. When the IBM PC was introduced, IBM sold its operating system as an unbundled option. One of

3843-534: Was pronounced dead at the Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula , on July 11, 1994. An autopsy, conducted on July 12, did not conclusively determine the cause of death. Evans states that Kildall's head injury triggered a cerebral hemorrhage , causing a blood clot to form inside the skull. A CP/M Usenet FAQ states that Kildall was concussed due to his injury, and died of a heart attack ;

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3906-458: Was slow to update it for high density floppy disks and hard disk drives . After hardware manufacturers talked about creating a rival operating system, Kildall started a rush project to develop CP/M 2 . By 1981, at the peak of its popularity, CP/M ran on 3000 different computer models and DRI had US$ 5.4 million in yearly revenues. Between 1983 and 1984, Digital Research offered several of their business and educational applications for

3969-455: Was written using a meta-assembler developed by L. Crawford and J. Parnell for a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 . The operating system was burnt into a PROM. It was interrupt-driven, queued, and based on a fixed page size for programs and data. An operational prototype was prepared for management, who decided not to continue with the project. The 8008 was the CPU for the very first commercial non-calculator personal computers (excluding

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