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67-449: The Kids Online Safety Act ( KOSA ) ( S.1409 ) is a proposed legislation first introduced in Congress in 2022. The bill aims to establish guidelines to protect minors from harmful material on social media platforms through a "duty of care" system and requiring covered platforms to disable "addicting" design features to minors. The bill originates from the 2021 Facebook leak , which led to

134-892: A dialogic transmission system (many sources to many receivers) while traditional media operate under a monologic transmission model (one source to many receivers). For instance, a newspaper is delivered to many subscribers, and a radio station broadcasts the same programs to a city. Social media has been criticized for a range of negative impacts on children and teenagers, including exposure to inappropriate content, exploitation by adults, sleep problems, attention problems, feelings of exclusion, and various mental health maladies. Social media has also received criticism as worsening political polarization and undermining democracy . Major news outlets often have strong controls in place to avoid and fix false claims, but social media's unique qualities bring viral content with little to no oversight. "Algorithms that track user engagement to prioritize what

201-451: A " Pandora’s box of unintended consequences" due to vague and broad provisions that would allow "nearly limitless content regulation" because platforms would "censor users rather than risk liability". He has also claimed that KOSA would prevent minors from watching PGA golf or the Super Bowl on social media sites because of ads promoting beer and gambling when "those kids could just turn on

268-488: A Congressional investigation of Big Tech 's lack of protection for young users with Instagram CEO Adam Mosseri testifying to Congress in December 2021. Blumenthal, citing the leaked Facebook data, stated that the bill's intention was "not to burn the internet to the ground, not to destroy tech platforms or the internet or these sites; it is simply to enlist the social media platforms in this joint effort to achieve what should be

335-676: A January 2021 interview with the Columbia Journalism Review , co-founder Jake Sherman indicated that Punchbowl's objectives were to: Sherman indicated that the publication would be non-partisan, and refrain from value judgments and commentary, focusing instead on identifying newsworthy facts. Washington insiders, as subscribers, were the Punchbowl ' s initial target market . Sherman described his target market as "people who [must] exist in Washington, people who [must] exist in

402-799: A common goal—protecting children." The bill was advanced by the Senate Commerce Committee in July 2022, alongside an updated version of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), the Children and Teens' Online Privacy Protection Act (also known as COPPA 2.0). Both were poised to be passed in the Senate as part of larger legislation near the end of the term for the 117th Congress , but failed to pass. President Joe Biden pushed Congress to pass legislation to protect children online during his 2023 State of

469-751: A congressional investigation of Big Tech 's lack of protection for minors. Senators Richard Blumenthal ( D ‑ CT ) and Marsha Blackburn ( R ‑ TN ) co-sponsored the bill and introduced it to the Senate in 2022. It was revived for the 2023-2024 congressional term and passed the Senate in July 2024; by September 2024, the bill had advanced out of committee in the House of Representatives. Though KOSA has bipartisan support, it has been criticized by both liberals and conservatives for potentially enabling censorship, including material important to marginalized groups, as well as block material related to racism, abortion, and transgender issues . In 1998, Congress passed

536-644: A fraction of the cost of traditional marketing campaigns. Nonprofit organizations and activists may also attempt to spread content virally. Social media sites provide specific functionality to help users re-share content, such as X 's and Facebook 's "like" option. Bots are automated programs that operate on the internet . They automate many communication tasks. This has led to the creation of an industry of bot providers. Chatbots and social bots are programmed to mimic human interactions such as liking, commenting, and following. Bots have also been developed to facilitate social media marketing . Bots have led

603-556: A lack of specificity as to what constitutes "harm". Fight for the Future has set up a Stop KOSA website for people to sign a petition and contact lawmakers against the bill. In July 2024, the ACLU brought 300 high-school students to Washington, D.C. , in order to lobby against the bill. Critics, including the EFF , note that the bill's definition of harm toward minors leaves room for broad interpretation by

670-472: A media studio for business users, after YouTube's Creator Studio. The discussion platform Reddit added an integrated image hoster replacing the external image sharing platform Imgur , and then an internal video hosting service, followed by image galleries (multiple images in a single post), known from Imgur. Imgur implemented video sharing. YouTube rolled out a Community feature, for sharing text-only posts and polls . According to Statista , it

737-544: A positive relationship with social media, while emotional stability has a negative sloping relationship with social media. A 2015 study reported that people with a higher social comparison orientation appear to use social media more heavily than people with low social comparison orientation. Common Sense Media reported that children under age 13 in the United States use social networking services although many social media sites require users to be 13 or older. In 2017,

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804-440: A specific time. A human writes a post content and the bot posts it a specific time. In other cases, cyborgs spread fake news . Cyborgs may work as sock puppets , where one human pretends to be someone else, or operates multiple accounts, each pretending to be a person. A multitude of United States patents are related to social media, growing rapidly. As of 2020 , over 5000 social media patent applications had been published in

871-409: Is estimated that, in 2022, around 3.96 billion people were using social media globally. This number is up from 3.6 billion in 2020. The following is a list of the most popular social networking services based on the number of active users as of January 2024 per Statista . A 2009 study suggested that individual differences may help explain who uses social media: extraversion and openness have

938-454: Is no definition of what "evidence-based medical information" can include. The Heritage Foundation would later express support for the bill, arguing that it could be used to censor trans-gender information. Senator Blackburn, co-author of the bill, made comments in March 2024 that the bill was needed for "protecting minor children from the transgender in this culture", which has led some to argue that

1005-604: Is shown tend to favor content that spurs negative emotions like anger and outrage. Overall, most online misinformation originates from a small minority of “superspreaders,” but social media amplifies their reach and influence." The PLATO system was launched in 1960 at the University of Illinois and subsequently commercially marketed by Control Data Corporation . It offered early forms of social media features with innovations such as Notes, PLATO's message-forum application; TERM-talk, its instant-messaging feature; Talkomatic , perhaps

1072-956: Is used to document memories, learn, and form friendships. They may be used to promote people, companies, products, and ideas. Social media can be used to consume, publish, or share news . Popular social media platforms with over 100 million registered users include Twitter , Facebook , WeChat , ShareChat , Instagram , Pinterest , QZone , Weibo , VK , Tumblr , Baidu Tieba , Threads and LinkedIn . Depending on interpretation, other popular platforms that are sometimes referred to as social media services include YouTube , Letterboxd , QQ , Quora , Telegram , WhatsApp , Signal , LINE , Snapchat , Viber , Reddit , Discord , and TikTok . Wikis are examples of collaborative content creation. Social media outlets differ from old media (e.g. newspapers , TV , and radio broadcasting ) in many ways, including quality, reach , frequency , usability, relevancy, and permanence. Social media outlets operate in

1139-637: The American Psychological Association ; parental rights groups, including Common Sense Media and ParentsSOS; anti-pornography advocacy and lobbying group NCOSE ; the National Education Association ; multinational corporation Unilever ; conservative think tank and Project 2025 organizer The Heritage Foundation ; fundamentalist Protestant organization Focus on the Family ; and rapper and singer Lizzo . Supporters of

1206-399: The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act , which came after concerns about data collection practices towards minors. The legislation set guides on child online safety, notably banning companies from knowingly collecting the data for anyone under 13 without parental consent. In the years following COPPA, as the popularity of the internet would rise drastically, concerns from parents about

1273-477: The Family Policy Alliance showed Blackburn saying that there should be a priority to "protecting minor children from the transgender [ sic ] in this culture", alongside her promotion for KOSA, saying "This would put a duty of care and responsibility on the social media platforms, and this is where children are being indoctrinated." This drew criticism from LGBTQ advocacy groups, fearing that

1340-773: The Punchbowl News company name, logo and trademark color unfairly resembled theirs. The suit was dismissed in Virginia for improper venue . Punchbowl, Inc., re-filed in California . Punchbowl News won on summary judgement and the case was dismissed. Punchbowl Inc. filed an appeal to the Ninth Circuit, and Punchbowl News won again. In January 2023, Voice of America reported that Punchbowl News received sponsorship funding from Alibaba Group . In December 2023, Punchbowl News announced its acquisition of Electo Analytics,

1407-483: The United States Department of Homeland Security use social media data as influencing factors during the visa process, and monitor individuals after they have entered the country. CPB officers have also been documented performing searches of electronics and social media behavior at the border, searching both citizens and non-citizens without first obtaining a warrant. As social media gained momentum among

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1474-538: The Woodhull Freedom Foundation , libertarian magazine Reason , and anti-abortion group Students for Life . The DDA has encouraged people to signal their opposition through an online petition that labels KOSA as one of several "Bad Internet Bills". They have criticized the bill for being "too vague" in what it defines as "harmful content" and for potentially expanding the power of the FTC, many have argued that

1541-559: The marketing industry into an analytical crisis, as bots make it difficult to differentiate between human interactions and bot interactions. Some bots violate platforms' terms of use , which can result in bans and campaigns to eliminate bots categorically. Bots may even pose as real people to avoid prohibitions. ' Cyborgs '—either bot-assisted humans or human-assisted bots —are used for both legitimate and illegitimate purposes, from spreading fake news to creating marketing buzz . A common use claimed to be legitimate includes posting at

1608-449: The network etiquette (or " netiquette ") described in a 1982 handbook on computing at MIT 's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory . ARPANET evolved into the Internet in the 1990s. Usenet , conceived by Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis in 1979 at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University , was the first open social media app, established in 1980. A precursor of

1675-621: The state attorneys general who are charged with enforcing the bill, with EFF likening it to the FOSTA-SESTA bills. The bill was revised in February 2024 as to shift the enforcement of the "duty of care" aspects of the bill from state attorneys to the Federal Trade Commission, though states would still be able to enforce other parts of the bill. Republican Senator Rand Paul , who once called it "a Trojan horse ", argues that KOSA would be

1742-822: The "duty of care" portions of the legislation were added hastily before advancing, creating larger gaps with the Senate version causing some lawmakers to protest or withdraw their support for the bill. The Kids Online Safety Act, if signed into law, would require Internet service platforms to take measures to reduce online dangers for these users via a "duty of care" provision, requiring Internet service platforms to comply by reducing and preventing harmful practices towards minors, including bullying and violence, content "promoting" suicide, eating disorders, or substance abuse, sexual exploitation , and advertisements for illegal products such as drugs, tobacco, or alcohol. If signed into law, internet service platforms would be required to include features that would protect minors and their data,

1809-552: The EFF, have argued that the bill could potentially face challenges in the Supreme Court or in lower courts if passed due to 1st Amendment violations. Similar state bills in Indiana, Mississippi, Texas, and Utah were quickly struck down by their respective state courts as unconstitutional. The NetChoice court case is an indication that KOSA may face challenges in court. A similar law to KOSA

1876-725: The FAA reauthorization act in May 2024. Later, the Senate combined KOSA with COPPA 2.0 and the Filter Bubble Transparency Act into the Kids Online Safety and Privacy Act ( S. 2073 ). On July 30, 2024, the new bill passed by a vote of 91–3. The House of Representatives had yet to pass their version of the bill by July 2024. A planned markup session for KOSA and other bills by the House Energy and Commerce commission in late June 2024

1943-462: The TV and see those exact same ads.” The conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation wrote that the initial 2022 iteration of KOSA did not go far enough, as the bill did not explicitly list transgender health care as a harm. The inclusion of the phrase "consistent with evidence-informed medical information" could be used by attorneys general to cherry-pick anti-trans sources as justification since there

2010-536: The Union Address , leading Blackburn and Blumenthal to reintroduce KOSA in the Senate on May 2, 2023. KOSA and COPPA 2.0 were approved by the Senate Commerce Committee on July 27, 2023. In November 2023, whistleblower and former Meta engineering director Arturo Beja testified in congress before a Senate subcommittee hearing about social media and the teen mental health crisis, leading to a renewed push for

2077-429: The United States. Only slightly over 100 patents had been issued. As an instance of technological convergence , various social media platforms adapted functionality beyond their original scope, increasingly overlapping with each other. Examples are the social hub site Facebook launching an integrated video platform in May 2007, and Instagram , whose original scope was low-resolution photo sharing, introducing

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2144-712: The ability to opt-out of algorithmic recommendations and delete their account as well as any associated data, restricting communications from non-minors, and disabling addictive product features like such as autoplay for videos or platform rewards. The bill would also require internet service platforms to default to the highest possible privacy settings for accounts that belong to minors. Internet service platforms would be required to introduce tools for parents to better protect their children and make it easier for both parents and minors are able to report harmful content and to undergo independent, third-party audits and issue public transparency reports detailing possible harms to minors and

2211-435: The ability to share quarter-minute 640×640 pixel videos (later extended to a minute with increased resolution). Instagram later implemented stories (short videos self-destructing after 24 hours), a concept popularized by Snapchat , as well as IGTV , for seekable videos. Stories were then adopted by YouTube . X , whose original scope was text-based microblogging, later adopted photo sharing, then video sharing, then

2278-503: The advent of Web 2.0 . Social media started in the mid-1990s with the invention of platforms like GeoCities , Classmates.com , and SixDegrees.com . While instant messaging and chat clients existed at the time, SixDegrees was unique as it was the first online service designed for people to connect using their actual names instead of anonymously. It boasted features like profiles, friends lists, and school affiliations, making it "the very first social networking site". The platform's name

2345-433: The authorities, or to criticize the city, politics or religion. The content of these foreign influencers is controlled to make sure that nothing portrays Dubai in a negative light. Punchbowl News The initial products from Punchbowl included a free weekday-morning newsletter. Premium subscribers (annual subscription: $ 300 ) also received afternoon and evening editions, and access to question-and-answer sessions with

2412-414: The authors, online via Zoom , and a Sunday conversation. The team launched a podcast with Cadence13 in early February 2021, and by early April 2021, it was available as The Daily Punch on Apple Podcasts Preview. Conference calls and virtual events are also to be provided to subscribers. The publication gets its name from the codename used by the U.S. Secret Service for the U.S. Capitol. In

2479-632: The availability of smartphones. As of 2023 as many as 4.76 billion people used social media some 59% of the global population. A 2015 review identified four features unique to social media services: In 2019, Merriam-Webster defined social media as "forms of electronic communication (such as websites for social networking and microblogging) through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (such as videos)." Social media encompasses an expanding suite of services: Some services offer more than one type of service. Mobile social media refers to

2546-572: The bill argue that the bill will protect kids from harmful content, hold Big Tech accountable for "failing to protect kids", and enable parents access to tools to make minors safer. KOSA has been heavily criticized by members of the "Don't Delete Art" (DDA) movement, including American Civil Liberties Union , the National Coalition Against Censorship , Fight for the Future , the Electronic Frontier Foundation ,

2613-665: The bill could be used to target marginalized communities (mainly the LGBTQ community), censor free speech protected by the 1st Amendment , make it harder for minors to search up information on controversial topics like racism, climate change, and LGBTQ issues, and implement ID-based age verification systems. A letter sent to the United States Congress by Evan Greer , director of Fight for the Future, and signed by multiple civil society groups , warns that KOSA could backfire and cause more harm to minors by overly censoring content due to

2680-454: The bill would allow LGBTQ information for minors to be censored. A group of 100 parents of trans kids signed an open letter shortly after the comments telling members of congress to oppose KOSA. A spokesperson for Blackburn stated that KOSA was not intended to censor LGBT information. To address these concerns, the bill's language was altered so that the "duty of care" only focused on the product design features that influenced minors' behavior with

2747-405: The bill would be part of Project 2025 , though co-sponsor Blumenthal stated that the bill "does not target or censor anyone, including members of the LGBTQ community". EFF columnist Jason Kelly states that in the framework provided by the bill, that KOSA could be used to censor education about racism in schools since it could be claimed that it impacts mental health. In September 2023, a video from

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2814-459: The bill. In January 2024, the Senate held a meeting with the CEOs of Meta , TikTok , Snap Inc. , Discord , and Twitter regarding child safety. This hearing led to a renewed push for the bill. By February 2024, the bill gained enough backers in the Senate to assure its passage, though there had yet to be a companion bill introduced in the House of Representatives. An attempt was made to append it into

2881-602: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and pediatric critical care." However others in the medical community were concerned about social media addiction, as it became an increasingly important context and therefore "source of social validation and reinforcement" and were unsure whether increased social media use was harmful. Governments may use social media to (for example): Social media has been used extensively in civil and criminal investigations . It has also been used to search for missing persons. Police departments often make use of official social media accounts to engage with

2948-527: The duty of care provisions, but due to concerns from LGBTQ activist groups, it was changed to be enforced by the FTC. (D-CT) (R-FL) (D-CT) KOSA has received both support and criticism from conservatives and liberals. KOSA has been supported by Microsoft , X , and Snap ; mental health groups, including the American Academy of Pediatrics , the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention , and

3015-499: The efforts to address said harms. As amended in February 2024, most of the provisions in the bill would be enforced by individual state attorneys general with broader enforcement falling to the Federal Trade Commission , having an oversight over what content is deemed "harmful" to children and enforcing the duty of care provision. In prior versions of the senate version of the bill, state attorneys general would’ve enforced

3082-542: The electronic bulletin board system (BBS), known as Community Memory , appeared by 1973. Mainstream BBSs arrived with the Computer Bulletin Board System in Chicago, which launched on February 16, 1978. Before long, most major US cities had more than one BBS, running on TRS-80 , Apple II , Atari 8-bit computers , IBM PC , Commodore 64 , Sinclair , and others. CompuServe , Prodigy , and AOL were three of

3149-425: The firm conducted a survey of parents of children from birth to age 8 and reported that 4% of children at this age used social media sites such as Instagram , Snapchat , or (now-defunct) Musical.ly "often" or "sometimes". Their 2019 survey surveyed Americans ages 8–16 and reported that about 31% of children ages 8–12 use social media. In that survey, teens aged 16–18 were asked when they started using social media.

3216-403: The first online chat room ; News Report, a crowdsourced online newspaper, and blog and Access Lists, enabling the owner of a note file or other application to limit access to a certain set of users, for example, only friends, classmates, or co-workers. ARPANET , which came online in 1969, had by the late 1970s enabled exchange of non-government/business ideas and communication, as evidenced by

3283-474: The general public to collect information regarding corona virus pandemics in various perspectives. During these days, people are forced to stay at home and the social media have connected and supported awareness and pandemic updates." Healthcare workers and systems became more aware of social media as a place people were getting health information: "During the COVID-19 pandemic, social media use has accelerated to

3350-400: The government, or [people] who deeply care about it" — whether professionally or as a hobby. Sherman said that Punchbowl News would differentiate itself from other media by largely ignoring sensational stories about the declarations, posturing, and gaffes of individual politicians and officials — focusing, instead, on "power... exercise of power... people abusing power". Punchbowl News

3417-674: The largest BBS companies and were the first to migrate to the Internet in the 1990s. Between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s, BBSes numbered in the tens of thousands in North America alone. Message forums were the signature BBS phenomenon throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1991, Tim Berners-Lee integrated HTML hypertext software with the Internet, creating the World Wide Web . This breakthrough led to an explosion of blogs , list servers , and email services. Message forums migrated to

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3484-494: The media banker Aryeh Bourkoff of Kindred Media, was US $ 1 million, which was relatively minor startup funding compared to the semi-rivals Politico and Axios . However, Sherman reported that they initially garnered far more subscribers than expected. Initial staffing involved only the four co-founders, with Palmer as CEO and Schindler running operations — but Sherman indicated in January that they planned to expand and diversify

3551-652: The median age was 14, although 28% said they started to use it before reaching 13. Social media played a role in communication during the COVID-19 pandemic . In June 2020, a survey by Cartoon Network and the Cyberbullying Research Center surveyed Americans tweens (ages 9–12) and reported that the most popular application was YouTube (67%). (as age increased, tweens were more likely to have used social media apps and games.) Similarly, Common Sense Media's 2020 survey of Americans ages 13–18 reported that YouTube

3618-471: The platforms, and not the content. As a result, several LGBTQ groups, including GLAAD and GLSEN , dropped their opposition to the bill. The EFF, Fight for the Future, and the American Civil Liberties Union found the revisions far from adequate, arguing that LGBTQ content could still be suppressed by targeting any design feature that makes that content available. Some, like The Verge and

3685-556: The point of becoming a ubiquitous part of modern healthcare systems." This also led to the spread of disinformation . On December 11, 2020, the CDC put out a "Call to Action: Managing the Infodemic ". Some healthcare organizations used hashtags as interventions and published articles on their Twitter data: "Promotion of the joint usage of #PedsICU and #COVID19 throughout the international pediatric critical care community in tweets relevant to

3752-491: The potential to spread virally , an analogy for the way viral infections spread contagiously from individual to individual. One user spreads a post across their network, which leads those users to follow suit. A post from a relatively unknown user can reach vast numbers of people within hours. Virality is not guaranteed; few posts make the transition. Viral marketing campaigns are particularly attractive to businesses because they can achieve widespread advertising coverage at

3819-464: The public, publicize police activity, and burnish law enforcement's image; conversely, video footage of citizen-documented police brutality and other misconduct has sometimes been posted to social media. In the United States, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement identifies and track individuals via social media, and has apprehended some people via social media-based sting operations. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (also known as CPB) and

3886-563: The safety of social media would arise out of concerns that it was contributing to a mental health crisis among teens, eventually leading to a push for new child online safety legislations. KOSA was introduced to the Senate by senators Richard Blumenthal and Marsha Blackburn on February 16, 2022. The bill was a direct result after Frances Haugen , a data scientist for Facebook , leaked internal files through The Wall Street Journal in 2021 that showed negative effects of Instagram on minors' mental health, among other topics. The leak led to

3953-456: The team. Within 72 hours of the first publication of Punchbowl News on January 6, 2021, the Capitol was stormed and occupied by protestors in a violent riot. Sherman and Bresnahan were present behind a door on which protesters were banging. In February 2021, Punchbowl News was sued by Punchbowl, Inc ., a Massachusetts greeting card company, for trademark infringement —claiming that

4020-457: The use of social media on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . It is distinguished by its ubiquity, since users no longer have to be at a desk in order to participate on a computer . Mobile services can further make use of the user's immediate location to offer information, connections, or services relevant to that location. According to Andreas Kaplan , mobile social media activities fall among four types: Certain content has

4087-448: The web, and evolved into Internet forums , supported by cheaper access as well as the ability to handle far more people simultaneously. These early text-based systems expanded to include images and video in the 21st century, aided by digital cameras and camera phones . The evolution of online services progressed from serving as channels for networked communication to becoming interactive platforms for networked social interaction with

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4154-688: The younger generations, governments began using it to improve their image, especially among the youth. In January 2021, Egyptian authorities were reported to be using Instagram influencers as part of its media ambassadors program. The program was designed to revamp Egypt 's image and to counter the bad press Egypt had received because of the country's human rights record. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates participated in similar programs. Similarly, Dubai has extensively relied on social media and influencers to promote tourism. However, Dubai laws have kept these influencers within limits to not offend

4221-487: Was abruptly canceled, with speculation that there were disagreements with Republican leaders on a separate privacy bill. In August 2024, Punchbowl News reported that the Republican leadership of the House would not advance KOSA, citing a staffer who referred to "concerns across our Conference". The bill advanced out of the House Energy and Commerce subcommittee on September 18, 2024, though several amendments focused around

4288-428: Was founded by three journalist-authors departing Politico : Jake Sherman and Anna Palmer (co-authors of Politico Playbook and the best-seller The Hill to Die On: The Battle for Congress and the Future of Trump’s America ), and co-founder John Bresnahan, a then-recent Capitol Hill reporter for Politico , along with Rachel Schindler, formerly with Facebook 's news team. Initial funding, organized by

4355-446: Was inspired by the " six degrees of separation " concept, which suggests that every person on the planet is just six connections away from everyone else. In the early 2000s, social media platforms gained widespread popularity with the likes of Friendster and Myspace , followed by Facebook , YouTube , and Twitter . Research from 2015 reported that globally, users spent 22% of their online time on social networks, likely fueled by

4422-414: Was the most popular (used by 86% of 13- to 18-year-olds). As children aged, they increasingly utilized social media services and often used YouTube to consume content. While adults were using social media before the COVID-19 pandemic , more started using it to stay socially connected and to get pandemic updates. "Social media have become popularly use to seek for medical information and have fascinated

4489-959: Was vetoed in Vermont by Governor Phil Scott , with his reasoning being that it would likely harm small businesses, violate the First Amendment, and die in court. Social media Social media are interactive technologies that facilitate the creation , sharing and aggregation of content (such as ideas, interests, and other forms of expression) amongst virtual communities and networks . Common features include: The term social in regard to media suggests platforms enable communal activity. Social media can enhance and extend human networks. Users access social media through web-based apps or custom apps on mobile devices. These interactive platforms allow individuals, communities, and organizations to share, co-create, discuss, participate in, and modify user-generated or self-curated content. Social media

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