143-554: Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves , formerly called Kattaka Gumpha or Cuttack caves , are partly natural and partly artificial caves of archaeological, historical and religious importance 3 kms south of the city of Bhubaneswar in Odisha , India . The caves are situated on two adjacent hills, Udayagiri and Khandagiri mentioned as Kumari Parvata in the Hathigumpha inscription . They have a number of finely and ornately carved caves built during
286-492: A mouse (shrew) in five of them, a lion in his incarnation as Vakratunda , a peacock in his incarnation as Vikata , and Shesha , the divine serpent, in his incarnation as Vighnaraja . Mohotkata uses a lion , Mayūreśvara uses a peacock, Dhumraketu uses a horse , and Gajanana uses a mouse, in the four incarnations of Ganesha listed in the Ganesha Purana . Jain depictions of Ganesha show his vahana variously as
429-459: A mouse , elephant , tortoise , ram, or peacock . Ganesha is often shown riding on or attended by a mouse . Martin-Dubost says that the rat began to appear as the principal vehicle in sculptures of Ganesha in central and western India during the 7th century; the rat was always placed close to his feet. The mouse as a mount first appears in written sources in the Matsya Purana and later in
572-568: A third eye or the sectarian mark (IAST: tilaka ), which consists of three horizontal lines. The Ganesha Purana prescribes a tilaka mark as well as a crescent moon on the forehead. A distinct form of Ganesha called Bhalachandra (IAST: bhālacandra ; "Moon on the Forehead") includes that iconographic element. Ganesha is often described as red in colour. Specific colours are associated with certain forms. Many examples of color associations with specific meditation forms are prescribed in
715-1216: A 100-kilometer radius of the city of Pune , each of the eight shrines celebrates a particular form of Ganapati, complete with its own lore. The eight shrines are: Morgaon , Siddhatek , Pali , Mahad , Theur , Lenyadri , Ozar and Ranjangaon . There are many other important Ganesha temples at the following locations: Siddhivinayak temple in Mumbai, Ganpatipule temple at Ganpatipule , Binkhambi Ganesh mandir in Kolhapur, Jai Vinayak temple in Jaigad, Ratnagiri, Wai in Maharashtra; Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh ; Jodhpur , Nagaur and Raipur ( Pali ) in Rajasthan ; Baidyanath in Bihar ; Baroda , Dholaka, and Valsad in Gujarat and Dhundiraj Temple in Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh . Prominent Ganesha temples in southern India include
858-547: A business by the World Bank . Bhubaneswar has been traditionally home to handicrafts industry, including silver filigree work, appliqué work, stone and wood carvings and patta painting , which significantly contributes to the city's economy. The late 2000s saw a surge of investments in the real estate, infrastructure, retail and hospitality sectors; several shopping malls and organised retails opened outlets in Bhubaneswar. In
1001-562: A clearly-recognizable deity with well-defined iconographic attributes in the early 4th to 5th centuries CE. Some of the earliest known Ganesha images include two images found in eastern Afghanistan. The first image was discovered in the ruins north of Kabul along with those of Surya and Shiva . It is dated to the 4th century. The second image found in Gardez , the Gardez Ganesha , has an inscription on Ganesha pedestal that has helped date it to
1144-559: A deity related to the principal deity ( parivāra-devatã ); or as the principal deity of the temple ( pradhāna ). As the god of transitions, he is placed at the doorway of many Hindu temples to keep out the unworthy, which is analogous to his role as Parvati's doorkeeper. In addition, several shrines are dedicated to Ganesha himself, of which the Ashtavinayak (Sanskrit: अष्टविनायक; aṣṭavināyaka ; lit. "eight Ganesha (shrines)") in Maharashtra are particularly well known. Located within
1287-497: A fine view back over Bhubaneswar from its summit. The Ananta Cave (Cave 3) depicts carved figures of women, elephants, athletes, and geese carrying flowers. The Udayagiri hills are on the right-hand side as the visitor approaches from Bhubaneswar. Compared to Khandagiri, Udayagiri offers more beautiful and better maintained cave shrines. There are 18 caves in Udayagiri: Rani Gumpha is the largest and most popular cave among
1430-493: A folk grāma-devatā (village deity) who later rose to greater prominence. Martin-Dubost notes a view that the rat is a symbol suggesting that Ganesha, like the rat, penetrates even the most secret places. Ganesha is Vighneshvara ( Vighnaraja, Marathi – Vighnaharta) , the Lord of Obstacles, both of a material and spiritual order. He is popularly worshipped as a remover of obstacles, though traditionally he also places obstacles in
1573-833: A hanging belly), and Gajanana ( gajānana ), having the face of an elephant . Vinayaka ( विनायक ; vināyaka ) or Binayaka is a common name for Ganesha that appears in the Purāṇa s and in Buddhist Tantras. This name is reflected in the naming of the eight famous Ganesha temples in Maharashtra known as the Ashtavinayak ( Marathi : अष्टविनायक , aṣṭavināyaka ). The names Vighnesha ( विघ्नेश ; vighneśa ) and Vighneshvara ( विघ्नेश्वर ; vighneśvara ) (Lord of Obstacles) refers to his primary function in Hinduism as
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#17328518023841716-528: A largely residential city with outlying industrial areas. The economy had few major players until the 1990s and was dominated by retail and small-scale manufacturing. With the economic liberalisation policy adopted by the Government of India in the 1990s, Bhubaneswar received investment in telecommunications , information technology (IT) and higher education. In 2011, according to a study by Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India , Bhubaneswar had
1859-452: A marital context it can mean "lover" or "husband", so the name may mean either "Fond of Intelligence" or "Buddhi's Husband". Ganesha is identified with the Hindu mantra Om . The term oṃkārasvarūpa (Om is his form), when identified with Ganesha, refers to the notion that he personifies the primal sound. The Ganapati Atharvashirsa attests to this association. Chinmayananda translates
2002-463: A scale ranging from I to V in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes. The United Nations Development Programme reports that there is "very high damage risk" from winds and cyclones . The 1999 Odisha cyclone caused major damage to buildings, the city's infrastructure and cost many human lives. Floods and waterlogging in the low-lying areas have become common due to unplanned growth. The Bhubaneswar urban development area consists of
2145-580: A single consort or a nameless servant (Sanskrit: daşi ). Another pattern connects Ganesha with the goddess of culture and the arts, Sarasvati or Śarda (particularly in Maharashtra ). He is also associated with the goddess of luck and prosperity, Lakshmi . Another pattern, mainly prevalent in the Bengal region, links Ganesha with the banana tree, Kala Bo . The Shiva Purana says that Ganesha had begotten two sons: Kşema (safety) and Lābha (profit). In northern Indian variants of this story,
2288-437: A temple to house it in. At entrances of villages and forts, below pīpaḹa ( Sacred fig ) trees ... in a niche ... in temples of Viṣṇu (Vishnu) as well as Śiva (Shiva) and also in separate shrines specially constructed in Śiva temples ... the figure of Vighneśvara is invariably seen." Ganesha temples have also been built outside of India, including Southeast Asia , Nepal (including
2431-454: A tradition prior to what we can already see in place in the Purāṇic literature and the iconography of Gaṇeśa . Thapan's book on the development of Ganesha devotes a chapter to speculations about the role elephants had in early India but concludes that "although by the second century CE the elephant-headed yakṣa form exists it cannot be presumed to represent Gaṇapati-Vināyaka . There
2574-578: Is Kharavela . His Hathigumpha inscription is located at the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves near Bhubaneswar. The area was subsequently ruled by several dynasties, including Satavahanas , Guptas , Matharas , and Shailodbhavas . In the 7th century, Somavamshi or Keshari dynasty established their kingdom and constructed a number of temples. After the Kesharis, the Eastern Gangas ruled Kalinga area until
2717-496: Is 27.4 °C (81.3 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 22–32 °C (72–90 °F). Summers (March to June) are hot and humid, with temperatures in the low 30s C; during dry spells, maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in May and June. Winter lasts for only about ten weeks, with seasonal lows dipping to 15–18 °C (59–64 °F) in December and January. May is
2860-565: Is a non-Vedic god. His origin is to be traced to the four Vināyakas, evil spirits, of the Mānavagŗhyasūtra (7th–4th century BCE) who cause various types of evil and suffering". Depictions of elephant-headed human figures, which some identify with Ganesha, appear in Indian art and coinage as early as the 2nd century. According to Ellawala, the elephant-headed Ganesha as lord of the Ganas was known to
3003-417: Is a popular figure in Indian art . Unlike those of some deities, representations of Ganesha show wide variations and distinct patterns changing over time. He may be portrayed standing, dancing, heroically taking action against demons, playing with his family as a boy, sitting down on an elevated seat, or engaging in a range of contemporary situations. Ganesha images were prevalent in many parts of India by
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#17328518023843146-406: Is a religiously diverse city. Hindus form the majority in the city with more than 95% of the total population, as of 2011 Census of India . Muslims forms the second largest minority with 3.3% and Christians with 0.92%. There is also a significant minority population of Sikhs , Buddhists and Jains . The Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation (BMC) oversees and manages civic infrastructure for
3289-519: Is also attested to in the Ganapati Atharvashirsa . Courtright translates this passage as follows: "You continually dwell in the sacral plexus at the base of the spine [ mūlādhāra cakra ]." Thus, Ganesha has a permanent abode in every being at the Muladhara. Ganesha holds, supports and guides all other chakras, thereby "governing the forces that propel the wheel of life ". Though Ganesha
3432-448: Is an administrative, information technology, education and tourism city. Bhubaneswar was ranked as the best place to do business in India by the World Bank in 2014. Bhubaneswar has emerged as one of the fast-growing, important trading and commercial hub in the state and eastern India. Tourism is a major industry, attracting about 1.5 million tourists in 2011. Bhubaneswar was designed to be
3575-419: Is an unusually small cave containing two inscriptions. The word sarpa means "snake". Hati Gumpha is a large natural cavern with an inscription by Kharavela which is the main source of information about him. The cave is known as Hati Gumpha due to its exquisite carvings of elephant. The word hati means "elephant". Dhanaghara Gumpha is a small cave that has two wide pillars and dwara pala sculptures carved at
3718-654: Is closely associated with the personality of Ganesha, especially in the Puranic period, when many stories stress his cleverness and love of intelligence. One of Ganesha's names in the Ganesha Purana and the Ganesha Sahasranama is Buddhipriya . This name also appears in a list of 21 names at the end of the Ganesha Sahasranama that Ganesha says are especially important. The word priya can mean "fond of", and in
3861-437: Is double storeyed. Jaya Vijaya Gumpha is double storeyed. The cave has a carving of a female wearing heavy earrings, bands, beautifully decorated hair. On one hand of the carving are a parrot and the other resting on her waist. Panasa Gumpha is a very small and simple cave without any significant features. Thakurani Gumpha is double storied but is very simple in style. It has a few tiny relief sculptures. Patalapuri Gumpha
4004-588: Is mentioned in Hindu texts between the 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE, and a few Ganesh images from the 4th and 5th centuries CE have been documented by scholars. Hindu texts identify him as the son of Parvati and Shiva of the Shaivism tradition, but he is a pan-Hindu god found in its various traditions. In the Ganapatya tradition of Hinduism, Ganesha is the Supreme Being. The principal texts on Ganesha include
4147-418: Is no evidence of a deity by this name having an elephant or elephant-headed form at this early stage. Gaṇapati-Vināyaka had yet to make his debut." The Pashupati seal (c. 2300 BCE - 2000 BCE) depicts 4 animals including an elephant around a deity who is claimed by some to be Shiva . Brown notes that this seal indicates the sacredness of elephants before Vedic period. One theory of the origin of Ganesha
4290-783: Is no fixed number of members in the committees. The processes for the municipal budget 2020–21 was initiated in February 2020, but it is unclear if they have continued after the lockdown was announced. The budget for 2020–21 was supposed to be aroound Rs. 700, an increase of 51.8% from the 2019–20 budget. The increase was supposedly to fund the various socio-economic welfare schemes in the city. The key revenue sources for BMC are: Holding Taxes, tax from advertisements, rent from municipal properties such as markets, shopping complexes, and kalyan mandaps (marriage halls), fees and user charges, and grants from state and central governments. Citizens of Bhubaneswar elect one representative to India's lower house,
4433-493: Is popularly held to be the son of Shiva and Parvati , the Puranic texts give different versions about his birth. In some he was created by Parvati, or by Shiva or created by Shiva and Parvati, in another he appeared mysteriously and was discovered by Shiva and Parvati or he was born from the elephant headed goddess Malini after she drank Parvati's bath water that had been thrown in the river. The family includes his brother,
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4576-421: Is produced as under: I- Mancapuri cave inscription (Upper storey) This inscription refers to the construction of temple of arhats and excavation of cave for Jain monks by Aga-mahisi , chief queen of Kharavela. The inscription also mention Kharavela as chakravatin of Kalinga. II- Mancapuri cave inscription (Upper storey)-A This inscription is incised on a raised bend between the 3rd and 4th doorways from
4719-497: Is propitiated, he grants success, prosperity and protection against adversity. Ganesha is a non-sectarian deity. Hindus of all denominations invoke him at the beginning of prayers, important undertakings, and religious ceremonies. Dancers and musicians, particularly in southern India, begin art performances such as the Bharatanatyam dance with a prayer to Ganesha. Mantras such as Om Shri Gaṇeshāya Namah (Om, salutation to
4862-758: Is reflected in the Mudgala Purana , which states that the name of Ganesha's second incarnation is Ekadanta. Ganesha's protruding belly appears as a distinctive attribute in his earliest statuary, which dates to the Gupta period (4th to 6th centuries). This feature is so important that according to the Mudgala Purana , two different incarnations of Ganesha use names based on it: Lambodara (Pot Belly, or, literally, Hanging Belly) and Mahodara (Great Belly). Both names are Sanskrit compounds describing his belly (IAST: udara ). The Brahmanda Purana says that Ganesha has
5005-483: Is slightly bigger with a pillared verandah. Mancapuri and Swargapuri Gumpha is double storeyed. Manchapuri cave depicts two male and two female figures worshipping the Kalinga Jina that Kharval brought back from Magadha. It has a damaged Jain religious symbol which was probably used for worship. There are three inscriptions: one inscription talks about the chief queen of Kharavela, and the other two refer to Kudepasiri,
5148-513: Is still used today. In rejecting any claim that this passage is evidence of Ganesha in the Rig Veda , Ludo Rocher says that it "clearly refers to Bṛhaspati —who is the deity of the hymn—and Bṛhaspati only". Equally clearly, the second passage ( RV 10 .112.9) refers to Indra , who is given the epithet ' gaṇapati ', translated "Lord of the companies (of the Maruts )." However, Rocher notes that
5291-581: Is that he gradually came to prominence in connection with the four Vinayakas ( Vināyakas ). In the Yajurveda , the Vināyakas were a group of four troublesome demons who created obstacles and difficulties but who were easily propitiated. The name Vināyaka is a common name for Ganesha both in the Purāṇas and in Buddhist Tantras. Krishan is one of the academics who accept this view, stating flatly of Ganesha, "He
5434-461: Is the cave of Nayaki, wife of Mahamade. Vyaghra Gumpha is one of the popular caves in Udayagiri. The cave, which is in ruins, has an entrance carved like a tiger's mouth, with the single-cell forming the tiger's throat. It is one of the most photographed sites in Udayagiri. The word vyaghra means "tiger". The inscription found here tells that this cave belongs to the city judge Sabhuti. Sarpa Gumpha
5577-642: Is the most common method of waste disposal in Bhubaneswar. State-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited , or BSNL , as well as private enterprises, among them Reliance Jio , Bharti Airtel , Vodafone Idea , are the leading telephone, cell phone and internet service providers in the city. Bhubaneswar is a centre for higher education in the Eastern Region and is considered the education hub of Eastern India with several government and privately funded Universities and colleges. IIT Bhubaneswar , NISER Bhubaneswar, AIIMS Bhubaneswar and NIFT Bhubaneswar are some of
5720-411: Is topographically divided into western uplands and eastern lowlands, with hillocks in the western and northern parts. Kanjia lake on the northern outskirts, affords rich biodiversity and is a wetland of national importance. Bhubaneswar's soils are 65 per cent laterite , 25 per cent alluvial and 10 per cent sandstone . The Bureau of Indian Standards places the city inside seismic zone III on
5863-519: Is very simple and small. It has a stone bed and pillow and it was used as the Jain monks' shelter in ancient times. Apart from the plain rectangular-shaped pillars, there is no other sculpture in this cave. Chota Hathi Gumpha is small in size. It has six small elephant figures in the facade and a statue of a guardian. Alakapuri Gumpha has a relief sculpture of a lion holding its prey in its mouth. The cave has pillars with winged human figures (divine beings). It
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6006-420: Is widely revered, more specifically, as the remover of obstacles and bringer of good luck; the patron of arts and sciences ; and the deva of intellect and wisdom. As the god of beginnings, he is honoured at the start of rites and ceremonies. Ganesha is also invoked during writing sessions as a patron of letters and learning. Several texts relate anecdotes associated with his birth and exploits. Ganesha
6149-461: Is worshipped on many religious and secular occasions; especially at the beginning of ventures such as buying a vehicle or starting a business. K.N Soumyaji says, "there can hardly be a [Hindu] home [in India] which does not house an idol of Ganapati. ... Ganapati, being the most popular deity in India, is worshipped by almost all castes and in all parts of the country". Devotees believe that if Ganesha
6292-565: The śuklapakṣa (the fourth day of the waxing moon) in the month of Bhadrapada (August/September) and the Ganesh Jayanti (Ganesha's birthday) celebrated on the cathurthī of the śuklapakṣa (fourth day of the waxing moon) in the month of magha (January/February)." An annual festival honours Ganesha for ten days, starting on Ganesha Chaturthi, which typically falls in late August or early September. The festival begins with people bringing in clay idols of Ganesha, symbolising
6435-466: The Ganesha Purana , the Mudgala Purana and the Ganapati Atharvasirsha . Ganesha has been ascribed many other titles and epithets, including Ganapati ( Ganpati ), Vighneshvara , and Pillaiyar . The Hindu title of respect Shri ( Sanskrit : श्री ; IAST : śrī ; also spelled Sri or Shree ) is often added before his name. The name Ganesha is a Sanskrit compound, joining
6578-467: The 2011 census of India , Bhubaneswar had a population of 837,737, while the metropolitan area had a population of 881,988. As per the estimate of IIT Kharagpur , which made a development plan, the Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Urban complex, consisting of 721.9 square kilometres (278.7 sq mi), has a population of 1.9 million (as of 2008 ). As of 2011 , the number of males was 445,233, while
6721-597: The Adarsh Smarak Monument by ASI. B. M. Barua, based on a reading of line 14 of the Hathi Gumpha inscription , declared that a total of 117 caves were excavated by Kharavela and others on the Kumari hill (Udayagiri). Marshall has counted more than 35 caves in both the hills, while M.M. Ganguli has enumerated only 27 caves. The number of existing caves at Udayagiri is 18, while Khandagiri has 15. The local names of
6864-547: The Bay of Bengal branch of the south west summer monsoon lash Bhubaneswar between June and September, supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of 1,657.8 mm (65 in). The highest monthly rainfall total, 374.6 mm (15 in), occurs in August. Bhubaneswar has been ranked 7th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' Bhubaneswar
7007-674: The Bengal Presidency (until 1912), Bihar and Orissa Province (1912–1936) and Orissa Province (1936–1947). The capital of the British-ruled and post-independent Orissa State was also Cuttack , which was vulnerable to floods and suffered from space constraints. Because of this, on 1966, a proposal to move the capital to a new capital was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of the Odisha Province. After independence of India,
7150-563: The Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation area, 173 revenue villages and two other municipalities spread over 1,110 km (430 sq mi). The area under the jurisdiction of the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation covers 186 square kilometres (72 sq mi). The city is somewhat dumbbell -shaped with most of the growth taking place to the north, northeast and southwest. The north–south axis of
7293-739: The Brahmananda Purana and Ganesha Purana , where Ganesha uses it as his vehicle in his last incarnation. The Ganapati Atharvashirsa includes a meditation verse on Ganesha that describes the mouse appearing on his flag. The names Mūṣakavāhana (mouse-mount) and Ākhuketana (rat-banner) appear in the Ganesha Sahasranama . The mouse is interpreted in several ways. According to Grimes, "Many, if not most of those who interpret Gaṇapati 's mouse, do so negatively; it symbolizes tamoguṇa as well as desire". Along these lines, Michael Wilcockson says it symbolises those who wish to overcome desires and be less selfish. Krishan notes that
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#17328518023847436-527: The Brahmins and the non-Brahmins and find an appropriate context in which to build a new grassroots unity between them" in his nationalistic strivings against the British in Maharashtra . Because of Ganesha's wide appeal as "the god for Everyman", Tilak chose him as a rallying point for Indian protest against British rule. Tilak was the first to install large public images of Ganesha in pavilions , and he established
7579-553: The Ellora Caves with this general form has been dated to the 7th century. Details of the other hands are difficult to make out on the statue shown. In the standard configuration, Ganesha typically holds an axe or a goad in one upper arm and a pasha ( noose ) in the other upper arm. In rare instances, he may be depicted with a human head. The influence of this old constellation of iconographic elements can still be seen in contemporary representations of Ganesha. In one modern form,
7722-547: The Hathigumpha inscription , written by Raja Kharavela , the king of Kalinga in India , during the 2nd century BCE. The Hathigumpha inscription consists of seventeen lines incised in deep cut Brahmi letters on the overhanging brow of a natural cavern Hathigumpha in the south side of the Udayagiri hill. The inscription also refers to the Kharaval's feat of bringing back the status of Agra-Jina ( transl. Rishabhanatha ) which
7865-547: The Karrani dynasty of Afghan origin gained control of Odisha . During their reign, most of the temples and other structures were destroyed or disfigured. In the 16th century, the area came under pachamani Mughal control. The Marathas , who succeeded the Mughals in the mid-18th century, encouraged pilgrimage in Odisha . In 1803, the area came under British colonial rule, and was part of
8008-640: The Lingaraja , Nilakantha Siva , Rajarani and Muktesvara temples , standing alongside residential areas. Additional structures include the Somabaresvara Siva Temple and the Kartikesvara Siva Temple . The area is congested, with narrow roads and poor infrastructure. Among neighbourhoods in the old town are Rajarani Colony, Pandaba Nagar, Brahmeswara Bagh, Lingaraja Nagar, Gouri Nagar, Bhimatangi, Kapilaprasad and Sundarpada. The planned city
8151-595: The Lok Sabha , and three representatives to the state legislative assembly, through the constituencies of Bhubaneswar North , Ekamra-Bhubaneswar , and Bhubaneswar Central . The last Lok Sabha election was in 2019, when Aparajita Sarangi from Bharatiya Janata Party won the seat. The last state assembly election took place in 2019 as well, when all three Vidhan Sabha seats in Bhubaneswar were won by Biju Janata Dal : Susant Kumar Rout from North, Ashok Chandra Panda from Ekamra, and Ananta Narayan Jena from Central. As
8294-449: The informal sector , 22,000 vendors operate in regulated or unregulated vending zones. As of 2001, around 2.15% of the city's workforce was employed in the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining, etc.); 2.18% worked in the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing); and 95.67% worked in the tertiary sector (service industries). The Department of Industries established four industrial areas in and around Bhubaneswar, in
8437-579: The root word pille in the name Pillaiyar might have originally meant "the young of the elephant", because the Pali word pillaka means "a young elephant". In the Burmese language , Ganesha is known as Maha Peinne ( မဟာပိန္နဲ , pronounced [məhà pèiɰ̃né] ), derived from Pali Mahā Wināyaka ( မဟာဝိနာယက ). The widespread name of Ganesha in Thailand is Khanet (can be transliterated as Ganet), or
8580-512: The 14th century CE. Their capital was located in present-day Cuttack City. After them, Mukunda Deva of the Bhoi Dynasty – the last Hindu ruler of the area until the Marathas ruled Odisha from Cuttack. Most of the older temples in Bhubaneswar were built between 8th and 12th centuries, under Shaiva influence. The Ananta Vasudeva Temple is the only old temple of Vishnu in the city. In 1568,
8723-446: The 1st century BCE. It is believed that most of these caves were carved out as residential blocks for Jain monks during the reign of King Kharavela . Udayagiri means "Sunrise Hill" and has 18 caves while Khandagiri has 15 caves. The caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri, called lena or leṇa in the inscriptions , these were taken out mostly during the reign of Kharavela for the abode of Jain ascetics. The most importance of this group
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#17328518023848866-459: The 4th or 5th century. An independent cult with Ganesha as the primary deity was well established by about the 10th century. Narain summarises the lack of evidence about Ganesha's history before the 5th century as follows: What is inscrutable is the somewhat dramatic appearance of Gaṇeśa on the historical scene. His antecedents are not clear. His wide acceptance and popularity, which transcend sectarian and territorial limits, are indeed amazing. On
9009-632: The 5th century. Another Ganesha sculpture is embedded in the walls of Cave 6 of the Udayagiri Caves in Madhya Pradesh . This is dated to the 5th century. An early iconic image of Ganesha with elephant head, a bowl of sweets and a goddess sitting in his lap has been found in the ruins of the Bhumara Temple in Madhya Pradesh, and this is dated to the 5th-century Gupta period . Other recent discoveries, such as one from Ramgarh Hill, are also dated to
9152-424: The 6th century. The 13th century statue pictured is typical of Ganesha statuary from 900 to 1200, after Ganesha had been well-established as an independent deity with his own sect. This example features some of Ganesha's common iconographic elements. A virtually identical statue has been dated between 973 and 1200 by Paul Martin-Dubost, and another similar statue is dated 12th century by Pratapaditya Pal. Ganesha has
9295-465: The 9th and the 10th centuries. The serpent is a common feature in Ganesha iconography and appears in many forms. According to the Ganesha Purana , Ganesha wrapped the serpent Vasuki around his neck. Other depictions of snakes include use as a sacred thread (IAST: yajñyopavīta ) wrapped around the stomach as a belt, held in a hand, coiled at the ankles, or as a throne. Upon Ganesha's forehead may be
9438-402: The Bhubaneswar-Cuttack area. Shri S.K. Priyadarshi, IPS is the police commissioner. Electricity was earlier being supplied by the state-operated Central Electricity Supply Utility of Odisha . TATA Power - TP-CODL as a private entity started Power distribution in the city by the end of 2020. Fire services are handled by the state agency Odisha Fire Service . Drinking water is sourced from
9581-463: The Biju Patnaik Park are located in the unit. The added areas are mostly areas lying north of National Highway 5, including Nayapalli, Jayadev Vihar, Chandrasekharpur and Sailashree Vihar , Niladri vihar which were developed by Bhubaneswar Development Authority to house the growing population. With the development of the new areas such as Chandrasekharpur the city is now divided roughly into North (newer areas) and South Bhubaneswar (older areas) by
9724-431: The Dravidian hypothesis, which argues that anything not attested to in the Vedic and Indo-European sources must have come into Brāhmaṇic religion from the Dravidian or aboriginal populations of India as part of the process that produced Hinduism out of the interactions of the Aryan and non-Aryan populations. There is no independent evidence for an elephant cult or a totem; nor is there any archaeological data pointing to
9867-656: The Illustrious Ganesha) are often used. One of the most famous mantras associated with Ganesha is Om Gaṃ Ganapataye Namah (Om, Gaṃ , Salutation to the Lord of Hosts). Devotees offer Ganesha sweets such as modaka and small sweet balls called laddus . He is often shown carrying a bowl of sweets, called a modakapātra . Because of his identification with the color red, he is often worshipped with red sandalwood paste ( raktachandana ) or red flowers. Dūrvā grass ( Cynodon dactylon ) and other materials are also used in his worship. Festivals associated with Ganesh are Ganesha Chaturthi or Vināyaka chaturthī in
10010-451: The Mahanadi, Kuakhai and Daya rivers. Water supply and sewerage are handled by the Public Health Engineering Organisation . As of 2015, 35% of the city was covered by piped water connections, 1.4% of the households had metered water connection, and the extent of non-revenue water in the city ran to 62.5%. The Engineering Department of BMC creates and maintains roads. 26.7% of the city is covered by sewage network, while more than 50% of
10153-496: The Market Building, was formed to cater to the shopping needs of the new capital's residents. Later, markets and commercial establishments developed along the Janpath and Cuttack-Puri Road at Saheed Nagar , Satya Nagar, Bapuji Nagar and Ashok Nagar. A dedicated institutional area houses educational and research institutes, including Utkal University , the Institute of Physics , the Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology and Sainik School. Indira Gandhi Park, Gandhi Park and
10296-606: The NH-5 highway. The peripheral areas are outside the municipal boundary or have subsequently been included within the extended boundary, including Tomando, Patia and Raghunathpur. Most of these areas were developed in a haphazard manner, without proper planning. The Master Planning Branch of the Bhubaneswar Development Authority developed the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) in 2010. According to
10439-1082: The Odisha Development Authorities Act, 1982, the Development Authority has control over the planning for municipal areas. Apart from the CDP, BDA has also created Zonal Development Plans for some of the areas under the CDP. Bhubaneswar secured the top rank in the Smart city list in India. Bhubaneswar has a tropical savanna climate , designated Aw under the Köppen climate classification . Temperatures in Bhubaneswar usually range from 11 to 44 °C (52 to 111 °F). It experiences five primary seasons: winter (December to January), when temperatures can drop to 11 °C (52 °F); spring (February); summer (March to May), when temperatures can reach 44 °C (111 °F) or higher; monsoon (June to October); and post-monsoon (November). The annual mean temperature
10582-461: The Rasulgarh, Mancheswar, Chandaka, and Bhagabanpur areas. Industrial sector in Bhubaneswar includes paper, steel, automobile, food, pharma and electronics industries. A large number of companies including Odisha State Cooperative Milk Producers' Federation , Bharat Biotech , Topaz Solar , Britannia Industries , SMS Group and Jockey International have there manufacturing plant. In 2009, Odisha
10725-491: The Sritattvanidhi, a treatise on Hindu iconography . For example, white is associated with his representations as Heramba-Ganapati and Rina-Mochana-Ganapati (Ganapati Who Releases from Bondage). Ekadanta-Ganapati is visualised as blue during meditation in that form. The earliest Ganesha images are without a vahana (mount/vehicle). Of the eight incarnations of Ganesha described in the Mudgala Purana , Ganesha uses
10868-458: The Vedic term referred specifically to Ganesha. The Amarakosha , an early Sanskrit lexicon, lists eight synonyms of Ganesha : Vinayaka , Vighnarāja (equivalent to Vighnesha ), Dvaimātura (one who has two mothers), Gaṇādhipa (equivalent to Ganapati and Ganesha ), Ekadanta (one who has one tusk), Heramba , Lambodara (one who has a pot belly, or, literally, one who has
11011-495: The battle and where the replacement head came from vary from source to source. Another story says that Ganesha was created directly by Shiva's laughter. Because Shiva considered Ganesha too alluring, he gave him the head of an elephant and a protruding belly. Ganesha's earliest name was Ekadanta (One Tusked), referring to his single whole tusk, the other being broken. Some of the earliest images of Ganesha show him holding his broken tusk. The importance of this distinctive feature
11154-529: The best-known and most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon and is the Supreme God in the Ganapatya sect. His depictions are found throughout India . Hindu denominations worship him regardless of affiliations. Devotion to Ganesha is widely diffused and extends to Jains and Buddhists and beyond India. Although Ganesha has many attributes, he is readily identified by his elephant head and four arms. He
11297-566: The brothers and may reflect sectarian tensions. Ganesha's marital status, the subject of considerable scholarly review, varies widely in mythological stories. One pattern of myths identifies Ganesha as an unmarried brahmachari . This view is common in southern India and parts of northern India. Another popularly-accepted mainstream pattern associates him with the concepts of Buddhi (intellect), Siddhi (spiritual power), and Riddhi (prosperity); these qualities are personified as goddesses, said to be Ganesha's wives. He also may be shown with
11440-481: The capital on 13 April 1948. The modern city was designed by the German architect Otto Königsberger in 1966. Along with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh , it was one of modern India's first planned cities. Bhubaneswar and Cuttack are often referred to as the 'twin cities of Odisha'. The area formed by the two cities had a population of 1.7 million in 2011. It is categorised as a Tier-2 city. Bhubaneswar and Rourkela are
11583-436: The caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri. The word Rani means "queen". Although it is not an architectural marvel, it has some ancient beautiful sculptures. This cave is double storeyed. Each storey has three wings and the central wing is bigger among all the three wings. The lower floor has seven entrances in the middle wing whereas the upper floor has nine columns. The upper portion of the central wing has relief images depicting
11726-450: The city followed the plan, it grew rapidly over the next few decades, outstripping the planning process. According to the first census of independent India, taken in 1951, the town's population was just 16,000. From 1952 to 1979, it was administered by a Notified Area Council or a nagar panchayat ; a municipality was established only on 12 March 1979. During this time, due to fear of wild animals and forested areas, Cuttack continued to be
11869-423: The city is widest, at roughly 22.5 kilometres (14.0 mi). Growth in the east is restricted due to the presence of Kuakhai River and by the wildlife sanctuary in the northwestern part. The city can be broadly divided into the old town, planned city (or state capital), added areas and into Units and Colonies. The old town or "Temple Town", the oldest part of the city, is characterised by many temples, including
12012-460: The city's 67 wards . It started as a Notified Area Committee in 1946 and was upgraded to a municipal corporation in 1994. Orissa Municipal Corporation Act, 2003 is the governing act. Residents of each ward elect a corporator to the BMC for a five-year term. Standing committees handle urban planning and maintain roads, government-aided schools, hospitals and municipal markets. As Bhubaneswar's apex body,
12155-499: The common era. Courtright reviews various speculative theories about the early history of Ganesha, including supposed tribal traditions and animal cults, and dismisses all of them in this way: In this search for a historical origin for Gaṇeśa, some have suggested precise locations outside the Brāhmaṇic tradition.... These historical locations are intriguing to be sure, but the fact remains that they are all speculations, variations on
12298-511: The conjunction ca ( Devanagari : च) which follows Koṭha( Devanagari :कोठा) and Jeya ( Devanagari :जेया) . V- Inscription in the Sarpagumpha ( to the left of the doorway) The text in Devanagari script is as under: L.1- कंमस हलखि L.2- णय च पसादो Translation: [The pavilion is the] gift of Kamma and Halakhina. Note:- Most probably Halakhiṇa was the wife of Kamma. Chūlakamma – found in
12441-499: The corporation discharges its functions through the mayor-in-council, which comprises a mayor, a deputy mayor and other elected members. The executive wing is headed by a Commissioner. There are 13 administrative departments under BMC: PR & Communication, Disaster Management, Finance, Health & Sanitation, Engineering, Revenue & Tax, Electrical, Environment, Social Welfare, IT and Social Projects, Establishment, Land & Assets, Enforcement & Recovery. The responsibilities of
12584-517: The country. Although the modern city of Bhubaneswar was formally established in 1948, the history of the areas in and around the present-day city can be traced to the 1st century BCE. It is a confluence of Hindu , Buddhist and Jain heritage and includes several Kalingan temples , many of them from 6th–13th century CE. With Puri and Konark it forms the "Swarna Tribhuja" ( lit. ' Golden Triangle ' ), one of Eastern India's most visited destinations. Bhubaneswar replaced Cuttack as
12727-504: The elite institutions of country which are located in the city. Utkal University Bhubaneswar is the oldest university in Odisha and the 17th oldest university in India. Odia and English are the primary languages of instruction. Schools in Bhubaneswar follow the "10+2+3" plan for Regular Graduates and "10+2+4" plan for Technical studies. Schools in Bhubaneswar are either run by the state government or private organisations. Students typically enroll in schools that are affiliated with any of
12870-470: The emergence of the Ganapatyas , to this shift in emphasis from vighnakartā (obstacle-creator) to vighnahartā (obstacle-averter). However, both functions continue to be vital to his character. Ganesha is considered to be the Lord of letters and learning. In Sanskrit, the word buddhi is an active noun that is variously translated as intelligence, wisdom, or intellect. The concept of buddhi
13013-544: The entrance. Haridasa Gumpha is a small cave with three entrances and a verandah on the front side. There is an inscription found here. Jagannatha Gumpha is a roughly cut cave with three entrances. Rasui Gumpha is an unusually very small cave. The Hathigumpha inscription starts with a version of the auspicious Jain Namokar Mantra venerating Arihant and Siddhas for in Jainism . The Hathigumpha cave ("Elephant Cave") has
13156-511: The evidence from archaeological excavations in Mathura and outside India. First terracotta images of Ganesha are from 1st century CE found in Ter, Pal, Verrapuram, and Chandraketugarh . These figures are small, with an elephant head, two arms, and chubby physique. The earliest Ganesha icons in stone were carved in Mathura during Kushan times (2nd–3rd centuries CE). Ganesha appeared in his classic form as
13299-604: The existence of this divinity prior to the fifth century. The evidence for more ancient Ganesha, suggests Narain, may reside outside Brahmanic or Sanskritic traditions, or outside geocultural boundaries of India. Ganesha appears in China by the 6th century, states Brown, and his artistic images in temple setting as "remover of obstacles" in South Asia appear by about 400 CE. He is, states Bailey, recognised as goddess Parvati's son and integrated into Shaivism theology by early centuries of
13442-484: The existing caves are listed below, numbered according to the enumeration of the Archaeological Survey of India . In Udayagiri , Hathi Gumpha (cave 14) and Ganesha Gumpha (cave 10) are especially well known for their historically important sculptures and reliefs. Raninka Na'ara (Queen's Palace Cave, Cave 1) is also an extensively carved cave and elaborately embellished with sculptural friezes. Khandagiri offers
13585-417: The first example of sculpture animals used as a guard to the entrance. Also, the carved figures of dwara palas are found at the entrances. The carvings in this cave narrate the story of the elopement of Bassavadatta, Princess of Ujjayini, with King Udayana of Kausambi in the company of Vasantaka. Jambesvara Gumpha is a very simple and small cave with one column and two pilasters. The inscription tells that it
13728-661: The following mediums of education. Notable union government schools in the city include Notable state government schools in the city include Notable private schools in the city include Several colleges are affiliated with universities or institution based in Bhubaneswar or elsewhere in India. Most offer a wide range of programs in STEM and applied research and are rated highly by the Ministry of Human Resource Development , India. Professional Institute The Eastern Regional Centre of Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (IITTM),
13871-905: The following: Kanipakam in Andhra Pradesh ; the Rockfort Ucchi Pillayar Temple at Tiruchirapalli , Puliakulam Munthi Vinayagar Temple at Coimbatore and Karpaga Vinayagar Temple in Pillaiyarpatti which is a town named after Ganesha in Tamil Nadu ; Kottarakkara , Pazhavangadi , Kasargod in Kerala ; Hampi , and Idagunji in Karnataka ; and Bhadrachalam in Telangana . T. A. Gopinatha notes, "Every village however small has its own image of Vighneśvara (Vigneshvara) with or without
14014-503: The foundation of the new capital was laid on 13 April 1948. The name of the new capital came from "Tribhubaneswara" or "Bhubaneswara" (literally "Lord of the Earth"), a name of Shiva , the deity of the Lingaraja temple . The Legislative Assembly of Odisha was shifted from Cuttack to Bhubaneswar in 1969. Bhubaneswar was built as a modern city, designed by German architect Otto Königsberger with wide roads, gardens and parks. Though part of
14157-466: The four Vinayaka shrines in the Kathmandu Valley ), and in several western countries. An elephant–headed anthropomorphic figure on Indo-Greek coins from the 1st century BCE has been proposed by some scholars to be "incipient Ganesha", but this has been strongly contested. Others have suggested Ganesha may have been an emerging deity in India and southeast Asia around the 2nd century CE based on
14300-467: The god of war, Kartikeya , who is also called Skanda and Murugan. Regional differences dictate the order of their births. In northern India, Skanda is generally said to be the elder, while in the south, Ganesha is considered the firstborn. In northern India , Skanda was an important martial deity from about 500 BCE to about 600 CE, after which worship of him declined significantly. As Skanda fell, Ganesha rose. Several stories tell of sibling rivalry between
14443-400: The god's visit. The festival culminates on the day of Ananta Chaturdashi , when the idols ( murtis ) are immersed in the most convenient body of water. Some families have a tradition of immersion on the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, or 7th day. In 1893, Lokmanya Tilak transformed this annual Ganesha festival from private family celebrations into a grand public event. He did so "to bridge the gap between
14586-410: The head of an elephant and a big belly. This statue has four arms, which is common in depictions of Ganesha. He holds his own broken tusk in his lower-right hand and holds a delicacy, which he samples with his trunk, in his lower-left hand. The motif of Ganesha turning his trunk sharply to his left to taste a sweet in his lower-left hand is a particularly archaic feature. A more primitive statue in one of
14729-452: The headquarters of POSCO India , a subsidiary of South Korean conglomerate POSCO and Govt. of India owned National Aluminium Company (NALCO). Apart from the big multinationals, some 300 small and mid-size IT companies and business startups have offices in Bhubaneswar. Lulu International Shopping Malls Private Limited plans to set up shopping malls, hypermarkets, agri sourcing and logistics hub with an investment of Rs 1,500 crore. As per
14872-420: The highest rate of employment growth among 17 Tier-2 cities in India. It has been listed among the top ten emerging cities in India by Cushman and Wakefield , taking into consideration factors like demographics, physical, social and real estate infrastructure, current level and scope of economic activities and government support. In 2012, Bhubaneswar was ranked third among Indian cities, in starting and operating
15015-541: The hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 32–42 °C (90–108 °F). January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from 15–28 °C (59–82 °F). The highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded in Bhubaneswar are 46.7 °C (116.1 °F) on 5 June 2012 and 8.2 °C (46.8 °F) on 30 December 2018. The official weather station for the city is the Biju Patnaik Airport . Weather records here date back to 1 July 1948. Rains brought by
15158-448: The households are dependent on onsite containment systems, such as septic tanks. There is no sewage treatment plant in Bhubaneswar right now, but one is being built using JNNURM funds. The waste from the limited sewage network flows untreated into the Daya river. There is one septage treatment plant for fecal sludge with a capacity of 75 KLD. The municipal corporation is responsible for
15301-461: The inscription No.IV and Kamma of this record indicates official designations rather than the proper names. Kamma may be taken as minister of works ( Karma saciva ) and Cūlakamma appears to be a junior cadre of a minister in the Department of works. Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar North : Susanta Rout, BJD Bhubaneswar ( Odia: [ˈbʱubɔneswɔɾɔ] ) is the capital and
15444-478: The largest city of the Indian state of Odisha . It is located in the Khordha district . The suburban region, especially the old town, was historically often depicted as Chakra Khetra and Ekamra Khetra (Area adorned with a mango tree). Bhubaneswar is dubbed the "Temple City", a nickname earned because of many temples which are standing there. In contemporary times, the city is a hub of sports, tourism and IT in
15587-412: The left and contains a single line. The text in Devanagari script is as under: ऐरस महाराजस कलिंगाधिपतिना महामेघवाहनस कुदेपसिरिनो लेणं Translation – This is the cave of Aira Mahameghavahana Maharaja Kudepasiri , the overlord of Kalinga . Note:- Kudepasiri seems to be the immediate successor of Kharavela . III-Manchapuri cave inscription (Lower storey)-B This inscription has been engraved on
15730-572: The master and remover of obstacles ( vighna ). A prominent name for Ganesha in the Tamil language is Pillai ( Tamil : பிள்ளை ) or Pillaiyar ( பிள்ளையார் ). A. K. Narain differentiates these terms by saying that pillai means a "child" while pillaiyar means a "noble child". He adds that the words pallu , pella , and pell in the Dravidian family of languages signify "tooth or tusk", also " elephant tooth or tusk". Anita Raina Thapan notes that
15873-429: The more official title of Phra Phi Khanet . The earliest images and mention lists Ganesha as a major deity in present-day Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam dating to the 7th and 8th centuries, and these mirror Indian examples of the 5th century or earlier. In Sri Lankan , among Sinhalese Buddhists, he is known as Gana deviyo , and revered along with Buddha , Vishnu , Skanda and other deities. Ganesha
16016-469: The municipal body include drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management and street lighting. The tenure of the last elected body ended in March 2022 and new elections have already took place. Ward committees have been formed in Bhubaneswar and are very active. The Committees are responsible for issues such as public health, sanitation, street lighting and conservancy in their respective wards. There
16159-460: The name "Lord of the Gaṇas " to mean "Lord of Hosts" or "Lord of created categories", such as the elements. Ganapati ( गणपति ; gaṇapati ), a synonym for Ganesha , is a compound composed of gaṇa , meaning "group", and pati , meaning "ruler" or "lord". Though the earliest mention of the word Ganapati is found in hymn 2.23.1 of the 2nd-millennium BCE Rigveda , it is uncertain that
16302-536: The name Lambodara because all the universes (i.e., cosmic eggs ; IAST: brahmāṇḍas ) of the past, present, and future are present in him. The number of Ganesha's arms varies; his best-known forms have between two and sixteen arms. Many depictions of Ganesha feature four arms, which is mentioned in Puranic sources and codified as a standard form in some iconographic texts. His earliest images had two arms. Forms with 14 and 20 arms appeared in Central India during
16445-496: The number of females were 392,504. The decadal growth rate was 45.90 per cent. Effective male literacy was 95.69 per cent, while female literacy was 90.26 per cent. About 75,237 were under six. Bhubaneswar's literacy rate is 93.15 per cent —significantly higher than the national average of 74.04 per cent. Languages spoken in Bhubaneswar (2011) The main language spoken in the city is Odia . However, English and Hindi are understood by most residents. Although Odias comprise
16588-403: The number of heads are known. While some texts say that Ganesha was born with an elephant head, he acquires the head later in most stories. The most recurrent motif in these stories is that Ganesha was created by Parvati using clay to protect her and Shiva beheaded him when Ganesha came between Shiva and Parvati. Shiva then replaced Ganesha's original head with that of an elephant. Details of
16731-479: The one hand, there is the pious belief of the orthodox devotees in Gaṇeśa's Vedic origins and in the Purāṇic explanations contained in the confusing, but nonetheless interesting, mythology. On the other hand, there are doubts about the existence of the idea and the icon of this deity" before the fourth to fifth century A.D. ... [I]n my opinion, indeed there is no convincing evidence [in ancient Brahmanic literature] of
16874-665: The only variation from these old elements is that the lower-right hand does not hold the broken tusk but is turned towards the viewer in a gesture of protection or fearlessness (Abhaya mudra ). The same combination of four arms and attributes occurs in statues of Ganesha dancing, which is a very popular theme. Ganesha has been represented with the head of an elephant since the early stages of his appearance in Indian art. Puranic myths provide many explanations for how he got his elephant head. One of his popular forms, Heramba-Ganapati , has five elephant heads, and other less-common variations in
17017-409: The path of those who need to be checked. Hence, he is often worshipped by the people before they begin anything new. Paul Courtright says that Ganesha's dharma and his raison d'être is to create and remove obstacles. Krishan notes that some of Ganesha's names reflect shadings of multiple roles that have evolved over time. Dhavalikar ascribes the quick ascension of Ganesha in the Hindu pantheon, and
17160-495: The people of Sri Lanka in the early pre-Christian era. The title "Leader of the group" (Sanskrit: gaṇapati ) occurs twice in the Rig Veda , but in neither case does it refer to the modern Ganesha. The term appears in RV 2.23.1 as a title for Brahmanaspati , according to commentators. While this verse doubtless refers to Brahmanaspati, it was later adopted for worship of Ganesha and
17303-403: The people's favourite destination, which continues to be even today. The government officials lived at Cuttack and came to Bhubaneswar for work. The government then forced the officials to live at Bhubaneswar. Then some traders came to set up some shops. By the 1991 census, the population of Bhubaneswar had increased to 411,542. Accordingly, on 14 August 1994, the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation
17446-529: The practice of submerging all the public images on the tenth day. Today, Hindus across India celebrate the Ganapati festival with great fervour, though it is most popular in the state of Maharashtra. The festival also assumes huge proportions in Mumbai , Pune , and in the surrounding belt of Ashtavinayaka temples. In Hindu temples, Ganesha is depicted in various ways: as a subordinate deity ( pãrśva-devatã ); as
17589-429: The rat is destructive and a menace to crops. The Sanskrit word mūṣaka (mouse) is derived from the root mūṣ (stealing, robbing). It was essential to subdue the rat as a destructive pest, a type of vighna (impediment) that needed to be overcome. According to this theory, showing Ganesha as master of the rat demonstrates his function as Vigneshvara (Lord of Obstacles) and gives evidence of his possible role as
17732-494: The relevant passage as follows: (O Lord Ganapati!) You are (the Trimurti) Brahma , Vishnu , and Mahesa . You are Indra . You are fire [ Agni ] and air [ Vāyu ]. You are the sun [ Sūrya ] and the moon [ Chandrama ]. You are Brahman . You are (the three worlds) Bhuloka [earth], Antariksha-loka [space], and Swargaloka [heaven]. You are Om. (That is to say, You are all this). Some devotees see similarities between
17875-495: The right wall of Veranda, to the right of the entrance to the right-hand side chamber of the main wing, consisting of one line. The text in Devanagari script is as under: कुमारो वडुखस लेणं Translation – [This is] the cave of Prince Vaḍukha. Note:- On palaeographic ground Prof Banergy considers this inscription to be a little earlier than the inscription of King Kudepasiri. According to Sadananda Agrawal, Prince Badukha stands as an obscure figure in history, but Badukha seems to be
18018-676: The seat of the Government of Odisha , Bhubaneswar is home to the Odisha Legislative Assembly and the state secretariat. Bhubaneswar has lower courts: the Court of Small Causes and the District Civil Court decide civil matters; the Sessions Court rules in criminal cases. The Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Police Commissionerate , established in 2008, is a city police force with primary responsibilities in law enforcement and investigation in
18161-468: The shape of Ganesha's body in iconography and the shape of Om in the Devanāgarī and Tamil scripts. According to Kundalini yoga , Ganesha resides in the first chakra , called Muladhara ( mūlādhāra ). Mula means "original, main"; adhara means "base, foundation". The muladhara chakra is the principle on which the manifestation or outward expansion of primordial Divine Force rests. This association
18304-664: The site of the Kalinga War ( c. 262 -261 BCE), in which the Mauryan emperor Ashoka invaded and annexed Kalinga . One of the most complete edicts of the Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka , dating from between 272 and 236 BCE, remains carved in rock, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the southwest of the modern city. After the decline of the Mauryan empire, the area came under the rule of Mahameghavahana dynasty , whose most well-known ruler
18447-428: The solid waste management in the city. The average municipal waste generated in the city is 480 kg/m3 for wet waste and 600 kg/m3 for wet waste. Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation BMC has introduced door to door collection through battery operated garbage collection vehicle. It is trying to introduce segregation at source by providing two waste bins to every household, one each for dry and wet waste. Landfilling
18590-449: The son or brother of Kudepasiri. IV- Inscriptions in the Sarpagumpha (Over the doorway) This inscription consisting of one line is incised over the doorway of the Sarpagumpha. The text in Devanagari script is as under: चूलकमस कोठाजेया च Translation – The chamber and veranda/or side chamber of cūlakama. Note:- However Dr. Sahu interpreted Ajeya as being united by a Sandhi qualifying Koṭha thereby denoting invincible. But he ignored
18733-408: The sons are often said to be Śubha (auspiciousness) and Lābha . The 1975 Hindi film Jai Santoshi Maa shows Ganesha married to Riddhi and Siddhi and having a daughter named Santoshi Ma , the goddess of satisfaction. This story has no Puranic basis, but Anita Raina Thapan and Lawrence Cohen cite Santoshi Ma's cult as evidence of Ganesha's continuing evolution as a popular deity. Ganesha
18876-401: The successor of Kharavela and Badukha, the son or brother of Kudepasiri. Ganesha Gumpha is one of the most important caves in Udayagiri. The cave is named for the carved figure of Ganesha on the back of its right cell. Of course, it would have been carved in the later period and it cannot be the original work. The cave has two large statues of elephants carrying garlands at the entrance and is
19019-454: The two cities in smart city mission from Odisha . Bhubaneswar is the anglicisation of the actual Odia name "Bhubaneśwara"(ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱର), derived from the word Tribhubaneśwara (ତ୍ରିଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱର), which literally means the Lord (Iśwara) of the Three Worlds (Tribhubana), which in this context refers to Shiva . Bhubaneswar stands near the ruins of Sisupalgarh . Dhauli , near Bhubaneswar was
19162-529: The vast majority, migrants from other states like Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , West Bengal , Rajasthan and Jharkhand also dwell in the city. Growth in the information technology industry and education sector in Bhubaneswar changed the city's demographic profile; likely infrastructure strains and haphazard growth from demographic changes have been a cause of concern. Religion in Bhubaneshwar ^ Others includes Jain, Buddhists and not stated Bhubaneswar
19305-475: The victory march of a king. Many of the cells have carved dwara pala images; some of them are disfigured. The area that connects the central wing with right and left wings have some panels where the sculptures of wild animals, fruit-laden trees, human figures, women playing musical instruments, monkeys and playful elephants are found. The pilasters contain the torana (arches) decorated with sculptures of Jain religious importance and royal scenes. Bajaghara Gumpha
19448-425: The words gana ( gaṇa ), meaning a 'group, multitude, or categorical system' and isha ( īśa ), meaning 'lord or master'. The word gaṇa when associated with Ganesha is often taken to refer to the gaṇas, a troop of semi-divine beings that form part of the retinue of Shiva , Ganesha's father. The term more generally means a category, class, community, association, or corporation. Some commentators interpret
19591-418: Was Ranigumpha in Udayagiri which is a double storeyed monastery. Other important caves include Hathi Gumpha, Ananta Gumpha, Ganesha Gumpha, Jaya Vijaya Gumpha, Mancapuri Gumpha, Bagha/Byaghra/Vyaghra Gumpha and Sarpa Gumpha. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has listed that Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves in the list of "Must See" Indian Heritage. The Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves are listed as one of
19734-709: Was conceived as a five-star park, under the Export Promotion Industrial Parks (EPIP) Scheme to create infrastructure facilities for setting up information technology related industries. Infosys and Tech Mahindra have been present in Bhubaneswar since 1996. Other Multinational Companies include Accenture , Cognizant , Tata Consultancy Services , Wipro , IBM , Genpact , Firstsource , Mindtree , MphasiS , Ericsson , Semtech , Reliance Communications , PricewaterhouseCoopers , Bharti Airtel , DLF (company) , Capgemini , Happiest Minds , Concentrix, RiR Electronics, Synopsis, EY and Deloitte . It also houses
19877-568: Was designed in 1948 to house the capital. It is subdivided into units, each with a high school, shopping centres, dispensaries and play areas. While most of the units house government employees, Unit V houses the administrative buildings, including the State Secretariat, State Assembly and the Raj Bhavan. Private residential areas were later built in other areas of the planned city, including Saheed Nagar and Satya Nagar. Unit I, popularly known as
20020-404: Was established in 1996. One IATA Authorised Training Centre (ATC) is located in the city. Several regional management educational institutions also have travel and tourism related courses in their curriculum. Ganesha Traditional Ganesha ( Sanskrit : गणेश , IAST : Gaṇeśa ), also spelled Ganesh , and also known as Ganapati , Vinayaka , Lambodara and Pillaiyar , is one of
20163-727: Was established. Bhubaneswar is in Khordha district of Odisha . It is in the eastern coastal plains , along the axis of the Eastern Ghats mountains. The city has an average altitude of 45 m (148 ft) above sea level . Bhubaneswar lies in Mahanadi River Delta. The Daya River is 4 km to the south and the Kuakhai River 4 km to the east; the Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary and Nandankanan Zoo are in west and north to Bhubaneswar, respectively. Bhubaneswar
20306-469: Was ranked ninth among Indian states in terms of software export by NASSCOM , with most IT/ITES companies established in Bhubaneswar. In 2011–12, Odisha had a growth rate of 17% for software exports. According to a 2012 survey, among the tier-2 cities in India, Bhubaneswar has been chosen as the best for conducting IT/ITES business. The government fostered growth by developing of IT parks such as Infocity-1, Infovalley, STPI -Bhubaneswar and JSS STP. Infocity
20449-463: Was taken by Nanda empire . It faces the rock edicts of Asoka at Dhauli , situated about six miles away. Besides Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela , there are some other minor Brahmi inscriptions in the twin hillocks of Udayagiri and Khandagiri, which were deciphered earlier by Prof RD Banergy during 1915–16 (Epigraphic Indica-XIII) and BM Baraua (Indian Historical Quarterly-XIV). Sadananda Agrawal has given further clarifications about them and
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