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28-438: At political or industrial conventions and expositions and at academic conferences , the keynote address or keynote speech is delivered to set the underlying tone and summarize the core message or most important revelation of the event. Keynote speeches are also given at the graduation and commencement ceremonies of colleges , universities , and major high schools , usually by accomplished academics or celebrities invited by

56-838: A Call For Papers (CFP) or a Call For Abstracts, which is sent to prospective presenters and explains how to submit their abstracts or papers. It describes the broad theme and lists the meeting's topics and formalities such as what kind of abstract (summary) or paper has to be submitted, to whom, and by what deadline . A CFP is usually distributed using a mailing list or on specialized online services. Contributions are usually submitted using an online abstract or paper management service. Predatory conferences or predatory meetings are meetings set up to appear as legitimate scientific conferences but which are exploitative as they do not provide proper editorial control over presentations, and advertising can include claims of involvement of prominent academics who are, in fact, uninvolved. They are an expansion of

84-506: A binary accept/reject decision, others go through more thorough feedback and revisions cycles ( peer reviewing or refereeing). Depending on the level of the conference, this process can take up to a year. The editors decide about the composition of the proceedings, the order of the papers, and produce the preface and possibly other pieces of text. Although most changes in papers occur on basis of consensus between editors and authors, editors can also single-handedly make changes in papers. Since

112-540: A collection of academic papers published in the context of an academic conference or workshop. Conference proceedings typically contain the contributions made by researchers at the conference. They are the written record of the work that is presented to fellow researchers. In many fields, they are published as supplements to academic journals ; in some, they are considered the main dissemination route; in others they may be considered grey literature . They are usually distributed in printed or electronic volumes, either before

140-410: A conference is performed by active RFID that may indicate wilfully identified and relatively located upon approach via electronic tags. Conferences are usually organized either by a scientific society or by a group of researchers with a common interest. Larger meetings may be handled on behalf of the scientific society by a Professional Conference Organiser or PCO. The meeting is announced by way of

168-695: A keynote address which was edited into the documentary film An Inconvenient Truth . Academic conference An academic conference or scientific conference (also congress , symposium , workshop , or meeting ) is an event for researchers (not necessarily academics ) to present and discuss their scholarly work. Together with academic or scientific journals and preprint archives, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information between researchers. Further benefits of participating in academic conferences include learning effects in terms of presentation skills and "academic habitus ", receiving feedback from peers for one's own research,

196-418: A meeting or conference. Increasingly the word keynote is being used as a synonym for plenary session or "invited talk", with some conferences having an opening keynote, a closing keynote, and many other keynotes. A keynote speaker may work independently or be represented by a speakers bureau . In the event that a speaker is represented by a traditional speakers bureau , a commission, typically 25%–30%,

224-436: A short abstract of their presentation, which will be reviewed before the presentation is accepted for the meeting. Some organizers, and therefore disciplines require presenters to submit a paper, which is peer reviewed by members of the program committee or referees chosen by them. In some disciplines, such as English and other languages, it is common for presenters to read from a prepared script. In other disciplines such as

252-552: A textbook. This may even be a goal at the outset of the conference. Conference proceedings are published in-house by the organizing institution of the conference or via an academic publisher . For example, the Lecture Notes in Computer Science by Springer take much of their input from proceedings. Conference proceedings also get published through dedicated proceedings series as an edited volume where all their inputs comes from

280-433: Is a mix of pre-recorded and live presentations. Because virtual or hybrid events allow people from different time zones to participate simultaneously, some will have to participate during their night-time. Some virtual conferences try to mitigate this issue by alternating their schedule in a way so that everyone has the chance to participate at day time at least once. Prospective presenters are usually asked to submit

308-424: Is due; however, this is traditionally and ethically absorbed by the speaker rather than the client so that the fee remains flat and transparently priced to the client. The term keynote comes from the practice of a cappella , such as doo-wop or barbershop singers , playing a note before singing. The note played determines the key in which the song will be performed. Some of the more famous keynote speeches in

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336-411: Is usually not as high as that of international scientific journals . However, in computer science , papers published in conference proceedings are accorded a higher status than in other fields, due to the fast-moving nature of the field. A number of full-fledged academic journals unconnected to particular conferences also use the word "proceedings" as part of their name, for example, Proceedings of

364-578: The United States are those made at the party conventions during Democratic and Republican presidential campaigns. Keynote speakers at these events have often gained nationwide fame (or notoriety); for example, Barack Obama at the 2004 Democratic National Convention , and have occasionally influenced the course of the election. In the commercial arena, Steve Jobs delivered influential keynote speeches at Apple product, system and service launches, and former presidential candidate Al Gore delivered

392-461: The predatory publishing business model, which involves the creation of academic publications built around an exploitative business model that generally involves charging publication fees to authors without providing the editorial and publishing services associated with legitimate journals. BIT Life Sciences and SCIgen are some of the conferences labeled as predatory. Academic conferences are criticized for being environmentally unfriendly, due to

420-424: The sciences , presenters usually base their talk around a visual presentation that displays key figures and research results. A large meeting will usually be called a conference, while a smaller is termed a workshop. They might be single track or multiple track , where the former has only one session at a time, while a multiple track meeting has several parallel sessions with speakers in separate rooms speaking at

448-515: The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . Conference proceedings may be published as a book or book series , in a journal , or otherwise as a serial publication (see examples ). In many cases, impact factors are not available, although other journal metrics (such as Google Scholar h-index and Scimago -metrics) might exist. Bibliographic indexing often

476-711: The amount of airplane traffic generated by them. A correspondence on Nature.com points out the "paradox of needing to fly to conferences" despite increased calls for sustainability by environmental scientists. The academic community's carbon footprint is comprised in large parts by emissions caused by air travel. Few conferences enacted practices to reduce their environmental impact by 2017, despite guidelines being widely available: An analysis of academic conferences taking place in 2016 showed that only 4% of 116 conferences sampled offered carbon offset options and only 9% of these conferences implemented any form of action to their reduce environmental impact. More conferences included

504-404: The collection of papers comes from individual researchers, the character of proceedings is distinctly different from an educational textbook. Each paper typically is quite isolated from the other papers in the proceedings. Mostly there is no general argument leading from one contribution to the next. In some cases, the editors of the proceedings may decide to further develop the proceedings into

532-516: The conference proceedings . Usually a conference will include keynote speakers (often, scholars of some standing, but sometimes individuals from outside academia). The keynote lecture is often longer, lasting sometimes up to an hour and a half, particularly if there are several keynote speakers on a panel . In addition to presentations, conferences also feature panel discussions , round tables on various issues, poster sessions and workshops. Some conferences take more interactive formats, such as

560-697: The conference opens or after it has closed. A less common, broader meaning of proceedings are the acts and happenings of an academic field , a learned society . For example, the title of the Acta Crystallographica journals is Neo-Latin for "Proceedings in Crystallography "; the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America is the main journal of that academy. Scientific journals whose ISO 4 title abbreviations start with Proc , Acta , or Trans are journals of

588-429: The conference papers. For example, AIJR Proceedings series published by academic publisher AIJR . Publication of proceedings as edited volume in such series are different from publishing conference paper in the journals; also known as conference issue. Increasingly, proceedings are published in electronic format via the internet or on CD, USB, etc. In the sciences, the quality of publications in conference proceedings

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616-538: The participant driven " unconference " or various conversational formats. Academic conferences have been held in three general formats: in-person, virtual or online and hybrid (in-person and virtual). Conferences have traditionally been organized in-person. Since the COVID-19 pandemic many conferences have either temporarily or permanently switched to a virtual or hybrid format. Some virtual conferences involve both asynchronous and synchronous formats. For example, there

644-457: The possibility to engage in informal communication with peers about work opportunities and collaborations, and getting an overview of current research in one or more disciplines . Conferences usually encompass various presentations . They tend to be short and concise, with a time span of about 10 to 30 minutes; presentations are usually followed by a discussion . The work may be bundled in written form as academic papers and published as

672-468: The proceedings (transactions) of a field or of an organization concerned with it, in that secondary meaning of the word. Selecting and collecting papers for conferences is organized by one or more persons, who form the editorial team . The quality of the papers is typically ensured by having external people read the papers before they are accepted in the proceedings. The level of quality control varies considerably from conference to conference: some have only

700-489: The program. Business meetings for learned societies , interest groups , or affinity groups can also be part of the conference activities. Academic conferences typically fall into three categories: Increasing numbers of amplified conferences are being provided which exploit the potential of WiFi networks and mobile devices in order to enable remote participants to contribute to discussions and listen to ideas. Advanced technology for meeting with any yet unknown person in

728-489: The same time. However, there are no commonly shared definitions even within disciplines for each event type. There might be no conceivable difference between a symposium, a congress or a conference. The larger the conference, the more likely it is that academic publishing houses may set up displays. Large conferences also may have a career and job search and interview activities. At some conferences, social or entertainment activities such as tours and receptions can be part of

756-492: The student body. These speeches are often called a commencement speech . Keynote speakers are often selected to raise interest in a particular event, such as a conference or large meeting sponsored by a corporation or association, and draw attendees to attend that program. Selecting a keynote speaker who is well known for their expertise in a particular field, or who has wide name recognition due to other accomplishments, will probably raise enthusiasm among prospective attendees for

784-471: The use of teleconferencing after the COVID-19 pandemic. In-person conferences suffer from a number of issues. Most importantly, they are fostering the existing social inequality in academia due to their inaccessibility for researchers from low income countries, researchers with care duties or researchers facing visa restrictions. Proceedings In academia and librarianship, conference proceedings are

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