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39-465: Kessler or Keßler (in German) may refer to: Kessler (automobile) , an American automobile made 1921–1922 Kessler (name) , people named Kessler Kessler (TV series) , a 1981 British television series Kessler, Ohio , an unincorporated community, United States Kessler, West Virginia , an unincorporated community, United States Kessler Syndrome ,

78-530: A ladder frame with front and rear beam axles . The wheelbase was 117 inches (3,000 mm). The car was only available as a touring car and was a close copy of the then new Packard Single Six ; the Super-Charge Four offered distinctly superior performance over the Packard's 52 bhp (39 kW) and a slight advantage in wheelbase over the Packard's 116 ins. / 2946 mm When first introduced,

117-536: A hammer. It was further investigated and described by Harry Ricardo during experiments carried out between 1916 and 1919 to discover the reason for failures in aircraft engines . Under ideal conditions the common internal combustion engine burns the fuel/air mixture in the cylinder in an orderly and controlled fashion. The combustion is started by the spark plug some 10 to 40 crankshaft degrees prior to top dead center (TDC), depending on many factors including engine speed and load. This ignition advance allows time for

156-458: A high thermal efficiency . Since the onset of knock is sensitive to the in-cylinder pressure, temperature and autoignition chemistry associated with the local mixture compositions within the combustion chamber, simulations which account for all of these aspects have thus proven most effective in determining knock operating limits and enabling engineers to determine the most appropriate operating strategy. The objective of knock control strategies

195-405: A more complete mixing of fuel and air. Diesels actually do not suffer exactly the same "knock" as gasoline engines since the cause is known to be only the very fast rate of pressure rise, not unstable combustion. Diesel fuels are actually very prone to knock in gasoline engines but in the diesel engine there is no time for knock to occur because the fuel is only oxidized during the expansion cycle. In

234-512: A scenario, proposed by NASA consultant Donald J. Kessler, involving space debris Kessler Whiskey , an American brand of blended whiskey Kessler Theater , a music venue and former movie theater in Dallas, Texas See also [ edit ] Kesler , a German and Jewish surname Greg Kelser (born 1957), American basketball player Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

273-410: A technically interesting engine for which both Kessler and Radford later claimed credit. It was a two-liter 4-cylinder inline engine with integrated compressor . It was innovative in incorporating a compression space into the crankcase ; pressure was increased by the downward movement of the pistons. A more than respectable performance of 70  bhp (52.2 kW) was claimed, equalling that of

312-432: Is a short lag between the fuel being injected and combustion starting. By this time there is already a quantity of fuel in the combustion chamber which will ignite first in areas of greater oxygen density prior to the combustion of the complete charge. This sudden increase in pressure and temperature causes the distinctive diesel 'knock' or 'clatter', some of which must be allowed for in the engine design. Careful design of

351-452: Is actually more efficient than deflagration, but is usually avoided due to its damaging effects on engine components.) If detonation is allowed to persist under extreme conditions or over many engine cycles, engine parts can be damaged or destroyed. The simplest deleterious effects are typically particle wear caused by moderate knocking, which may further ensue through the engine's oil system and cause wear on other parts before being trapped by

390-437: Is due to the travel of the flame front through the combustible fuel–air mix itself, and due to Rayleigh–Taylor instability (resulting from the hot, low-density combustion gasses expanding into the relatively cold and dense unburnt fuel–air mix) which rapidly stretches the burning zone into a complex of fingers of burning gas that have a much greater surface area than a simple spherical ball of flame would have (this latter process

429-408: Is enhanced and accelerated by any pre-existing turbulence in the fuel–air mixture). In normal combustion, this flame front moves throughout the fuel/air mixture at a rate characteristic for the particular mixture. Pressure rises smoothly to a peak, as nearly all the available fuel is consumed, then pressure falls as the piston descends. Maximum cylinder pressure is achieved a few crankshaft degrees after

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468-499: Is in turbocharged Saab H engines , where a system called Automatic Performance Control was used to reduce boost pressure if it caused the engine to knock. Since the avoidance of knocking combustion is so important to development engineers, a variety of simulation technologies have been developed which can identify engine design or operating conditions in which knock might be expected to occur. This then enables engineers to design ways to mitigate knocking combustion whilst maintaining

507-441: Is less common in cold climates. As an aftermarket solution, a water injection system can be employed to reduce combustion chamber peak temperatures and thus suppress detonation. Steam (water vapor) will suppress knock even though no added cooling is supplied. Turbulence, as stated, has a very important effect on knock. Engines with good turbulence tend to knock less than engines with poor turbulence. Turbulence occurs not only while

546-423: Is permanently monitoring the signal of one or more knock sensors (commonly piezoelectric sensor which are able to translate vibrations into an electric signal). If the characteristic pressure peak of a knocking combustion is detected the ignition timing is retarded by steps of a few degrees. If the signal normalizes indicating a controlled combustion the ignition timing is advanced again in the same fashion keeping

585-422: Is to attempt to optimize the trade-off between protecting the engine from damaging knock events and maximizing the engine's output torque. Knock events are an independent random process. It is impossible to design knock controllers in a deterministic platform. A single time history simulation or experiment of knock control methods are not able to provide a repeatable measurement of controller's performance because of

624-730: The Chandler Motor Car company in Cleveland, Ohio . He then worked as an independent engineering consultant . In 1917, after several attempts, he founded the Kessler Motor Company in Detroit, Michigan . The company supplied engines for combat aircraft to the US government . It is unclear whether it was connected to the Liberty program. Kessler was president and CEO of the company. William H. Radford

663-416: The air/fuel mixture in the cylinder does not result from propagation of the flame front ignited by the spark plug , but when one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode outside the envelope of the normal combustion front. The fuel–air charge is meant to be ignited by the spark plug only, and at a precise point in the piston's stroke. Knock occurs when the peak of the combustion process no longer occurs at

702-469: The flame front is subjected to a combination of heat and pressure for a certain duration (beyond the delay period of the fuel used), detonation may occur. Detonation is characterized by an almost instantaneous, explosive ignition of at least one pocket of fuel/air mixture outside of the flame front. A local shockwave is created around each pocket, and the cylinder pressure will rise sharply – and possibly beyond its design limits – causing damage. (Detonation

741-529: The Kessler Super-Charge engine. When the company was dissolved is unclear; there are mentions of it until at least 1927. In the 1930s Martin Kessler over-extended himself financially developing a 10-cylinder automobile. Engine knocking In spark-ignition internal combustion engines , knocking (also knock , detonation , spark knock , pinging or pinking ) occurs when combustion of some of

780-582: The Single Six cost $ 3640 as a touring car (and was soon reduced in price); the Super-Charge Four cost only $ 1995. Regardless, the Super-Charge Four flopped badly; by the end of 1921 only 16 vehicles had been produced. The reason is unclear, but may have been the engine. Kessler formed a subsidiary called the Kess-Line Motors Company to produce its next car under the Kess-Line marque . Again Kessler

819-546: The basic model of the Bugatti Type 35 . The Ford Model T offered 20 bhp (15 kW). The company's advertising emphasized that the engine produced negligible carbon deposits . Apart from the engine, the Kessler Super-Charge Four was a very conventional private car. Because of the company's limited resources, it was an assembled car, consisting of purchased components fitted together. The chassis consisted of

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858-403: The combustion process to develop peak pressure at the ideal time for maximum recovery of work from the expanding gases. The spark across the spark plug's electrodes forms a small kernel of flame approximately the size of the spark plug gap. As it grows in size, its heat output increases, which allows it to grow at an accelerating rate, expanding rapidly through the combustion chamber. This growth

897-439: The engine at its best possible operating point - the so-called ″knock limit″. Modern knock control-loop systems are able to adjust ignition timings for every cylinder individually. Depending on the specific engine the boost pressure is regulated simultaneously. This way performance is kept at its optimum while mostly eliminating the risk of engine damage caused by knock (e.g. when running on low octane fuel). An early example of this

936-435: The engine is inhaling but also when the mixture is compressed and burned. Many pistons are designed to use "squish" turbulence to violently mix the air and fuel together as they are ignited and burned, which reduces knock greatly by speeding up burning and cooling the unburnt mixture. One example of this is all modern side valve or flathead engines . A considerable portion of the head space is made to come in close proximity to

975-442: The engine's combustion chambers and cooling system as well as controlling the initial air intake temperature. The addition of tetraethyl lead (TEL), a soluble organolead compound added to gasoline, was common until it was discontinued for reasons of toxic pollution. Lead dust added to the intake charge will also reduce knock with various hydrocarbon fuels. Manganese compounds are also used to reduce knock with petrol fuel. Knock

1014-481: The gasoline engine the fuel is slowly oxidizing all the time while it is being compressed before the spark. This allows for changes to occur in the structure/makeup of the molecules before the very critical period of high temperature/pressure. Due to the large variation in fuel quality, atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature as well as the possibility of a malfunction, every modern combustion engine contains mechanisms to detect and prevent knocking. A control loop

1053-414: The injector pump, fuel injector, combustion chamber, piston crown and cylinder head can reduce knocking greatly, and modern engines using electronic common rail injection have very low levels of knock. Engines using indirect injection generally have lower levels of knock than direct injection engines, due to the greater dispersal of oxygen in the combustion chamber and lower injection pressures providing

1092-455: The oil filter. Such wear gives the appearance of erosion, abrasion, or a "sandblasted" look, similar to the damage caused by hydraulic cavitation . Severe knocking can lead to catastrophic failure in the form of physical holes melted and pushed through the piston or cylinder head (i.e. rupture of the combustion chamber ), either of which depressurizes the affected cylinder and introduces large metal fragments, fuel, and combustion products into

1131-452: The oil system. Hypereutectic pistons are known to break easily from such shock waves. Detonation can be prevented by any or all of the following techniques: Because pressure and temperature are strongly linked, knock can also be attenuated by controlling peak combustion chamber temperatures by compression ratio reduction, exhaust gas recirculation , appropriate calibration of the engine's ignition timing schedule, and careful design of

1170-408: The optimum moment for the four-stroke cycle . The shock wave creates the characteristic metallic "pinging" sound, and cylinder pressure increases dramatically. Effects of engine knocking range from inconsequential to completely destructive. Knocking should not be confused with pre-ignition —they are two separate events. However, pre-ignition can be followed by knocking. The phenomenon of detonation

1209-413: The piston crown, making for much turbulence near TDC. In the early days of side valve heads this was not done and a much lower compression ratio had to be used for any given fuel. Also such engines were sensitive to ignition advance and had less power. Knocking is more or less unavoidable in diesel engines , where fuel is injected into highly compressed air towards the end of the compression stroke. There

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1248-409: The piston passes TDC, so that the force applied on the piston (from the increasing pressure applied to the top surface of the piston) can give its hardest push precisely when the piston's speed and mechanical advantage on the crank shaft gives the best recovery of force from the expanding gases, thus maximizing torque transferred to the crankshaft. When unburned fuel–air mixture beyond the boundary of

1287-513: The title Kessler . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kessler&oldid=1248282913 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kessler (automobile) In 1907 Martin C. Kessler designed an automobile engine for

1326-425: Was 80–90 bhp. The Kess-Line 8 also failed to fulfil expectations; only 12 were built, according to one source only one. After the failure of the Kess-Line 8, the company did not make further attempts to market automobiles. Radford went to California to prepare for equipping Balboa cars with Kessler V8s, but the project did not advance beyond the prototype stage, and there are no further documented uses of

1365-698: Was a nickel-plated step under each of the four doors, and the grille was also nickel-plated. The engine was an inline V8 offering 100 bhp (75 kW); a performance exceeded by very few production automobiles at the time, such as the compressor version of the Bugatti Type 35 or the Mercedes 24/100/140 PS . Of US cars, similar performance was offered only by, for example, the Finley Robertson Porter, which were produced in extremely limited numbers and offered 125 bhp; typical performance for US luxury cars

1404-415: Was also extremely reminiscent of a competitor: the engine hood and radiator grille very closely resembled those of the much more expensive Lincoln L . However, the Kess-Line, again available only as a touring car, had sportier lines than the massive Lincoln and "helmet" fenders —close to the wheel and turned out at the base, so that the profile recalled a Classical helmet. Instead of running boards , there

1443-580: Was appointed chief engineer and vice president. With the end of World War I the demand for military engines ended, and like many similar companies, Kessler Motors turned to building automobiles. The first model, the Kessler Super-Charge Four, was announced in January 1920 and shown the following month at the Detroit Auto Show . For the Super-Charge Four the company developed the Super-Charge Motor,

1482-478: Was described in November 1914 in a letter from Lodge Brothers (spark plug manufacturers, and sons of Sir Oliver Lodge ) settling a discussion regarding the cause of "knocking" or "pinging" in motorcycles. In the letter they stated that an early ignition can give rise to the gas detonating instead of the usual expansion, and the sound that is produced by the detonation is the same as if the metal parts had been tapped with

1521-472: Was president and CEO and Radford chief engineer and vice president. H. H. Scott, formerly of Fisher Body , was chief financial officer and secretary. A new production location was rented, the former facilities of Liberty Motor Car in Detroit. In that company's best year, 1921, 21,000 Liberty Sixes had been sold; thus the plant was far too large for Kessler unless the new car sold extremely well. The Kess-Line 8

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