The Keres Defence (also known as the Kangaroo Defence ) is a chess opening characterised by the moves:
83-450: The opening is named after Estonian grandmaster Paul Keres . This opening was known since the 1840s and was played by Henry Thomas Buckle in his fourth match game with Johann Löwenthal , London 1851. The standard reply today, 3.Bd2, was recommended by Howard Staunton . White can respond 3.Nc3, 3.Nd2, or 3.Bd2. The game often transposes to a Nimzo-Indian Defence , a Dutch Defence , a Queen's Gambit Declined , an English Defence , or
166-486: A Bogo-Indian Defence . 3.Nc3 is likely to transpose into one of those openings: 3...Nf6 (Nimzo-Indian), 3...f5 (Dutch; Korn gives 3...Bxc3+ 4.bxc3 f5!, played by Buckle) 3...d5 (an unusual form of QGD), or 3...b6 (English). Black has the same options after 3.Nd2, except that 3...Nf6 4.Nf3 is a Bogo-Indian. After 3.Bd2, Black can continue with 3...Bxd2+ into a line of the Bogo-Indian, and 3...a5 will also usually transpose to
249-513: A Jesuit grammar school Gymnasium Dorpatense , founded by Stefan Batory (then king of Poland–Lithuania ) in 1583 and existing to 1601, when Tartu (Dorpat) was under Polish–Lithuanian rule. The first students matriculated between 20 and 21 April 1632. The opening ceremony of Academia Dorpatensis (Academia Gustaviana) took place on 15 October in the same year. The academy in Tartu functioned with philosophy, law, theology, and medical faculties enjoying
332-757: A 'Candidates' Tournament', and claimed that he was recognized as a Grandmaster after winning it, although its parallel connection with later FIDE -organized Candidates' tournaments (from 1950 onwards) is not exact, and the Grandmaster title was not formalized by FIDE until 1950. Keres tied for second at Hastings 1937–38 with 6½/9 (+4−0=5) (half a point behind Reshevsky), and at Noordwijk 1938 (behind Eliskases) with 6½/9 (+4−0=5). Keres drew an exhibition match at Stockholm 1938 with Gideon Ståhlberg on 4–4 (+2−2=4). He continued to represent Estonia with success in Olympiad play. His detailed results for Estonia follow. Of note
415-512: A Bogo-Indian when White plays Nf3. Or Black can allow White to play e4: 3...Qe7 4.e4 d5 (Black obtained a good game in Llanos–Hoffman, San Luis Clarin 1995 with 4...Nf6 5.a3 Bxd2+ 6.Nxd2 d6 7.Bd3 e5 8.d5 0-0) 5.Bxb4 (5.e5 Timman–Spraggett, Montpellier 1985) Qxb4+ 6.Qd2! Qxd2+ (if 6...Nc6 then 7.Nc3!) 7.Nxd2 with slight advantage for White. Bibliography Paul Keres Paul Keres ( [ˈpɑu̯l ˈkeres] ; 7 January 1916 – 5 June 1975)
498-786: A few months before his death. Keres died of a heart attack in Helsinki , Finland, at the age of 59 (it is often erroneously reported that he died on the same date in Vancouver , Canada). His death occurred while returning to Estonia from a tournament in Vancouver, which he had won. He was buried at Metsakalmistu cemetery in Tallinn. The Paul Keres Memorial Tournaments have been held annually mainly in Vancouver and Tallinn ever since. Over 100,000 were in attendance at Keres' funeral in Tallinn, Estonia; and FIDE President Max Euwe , his old friend and rival,
581-559: A half-German university ceased with the rise of nationalist tendencies in Russia, which held homogenization more important than retaining a bilingual university. Between 1882 and 1898, russification in language, appointments, etc., was imposed, with some exceptions (such as the Divinity School, which the state feared would be used by the Orthodox clergy to teach dangerous Protestant views and
664-518: A number of venture capital money raised by the unicorn startups founded by its alumni. According to the university, as of 2016, Tartu alumni account for 100% of Estonian judges; 99% of Estonian doctors, dentists, and pharmacists; 95% of Estonian judicial prosecutors; 87% of members of the Estonian Bar Association; 60% of the ministers in the Estonian government ; and 40% of the members of
747-401: A prominent physicist, who later told friendly jokes to his students: "I am not Paul's brother; Paul is my brother"). With the scarcity of chess literature in his home town, he learned about chess notation from the chess puzzles in the daily newspaper, and compiled a handwritten collection of almost 1000 games. In his early days, he was known for a brilliant and sharp attacking style. Keres
830-439: A role in the failure to set up a match. Keres struggled at Leningrad–Moscow 1939 with a shared 12–13th place; he wrote that he had not had enough time to prepare for this very strong event, where he faced many Soviet top players for the first time. But he recovered with more preparation time, and won Margate 1939 with 7½/9 (+6−0=3), ahead of Capablanca and Flohr. During World War II , the previously independent nation of Estonia
913-534: A shared 3rd–4th place (+5−3=3). He then defended his Estonian title in 1936 by drawing a challenge match against Paul Felix Schmidt with (+3−3=1). Keres had a series of successes in 1937. He won in Tallinn with 7½/9 (+6−0=3), then shared 1st–2nd at Margate with Reuben Fine at 7½/9 (+6−0=3), 1½ points ahead of Alekhine. In Ostend , he tied 1st–3rd places with Fine and Henry Grob at 6/9 (+5−2=2). Keres dominated in Prague to claim first with 10/11 (+9−0=2). He then won
SECTION 10
#1732852354012996-467: A stretch of four first-class wins over a two-year span, may represent the peak of his career. The Hungarian master and writer Egon Varnusz , in his books on Keres, states that at this time, "The best player in the world was Paul Keres". Keres represented the Soviet Union in seven consecutive Olympiads, winning seven consecutive team gold medals, five board gold medals, and one bronze board medal. Of note
1079-524: A super-class field which included Efim Geller , Petrosian, Smyslov, Botvinnik, Yuri Averbakh , David Bronstein , Mark Taimanov , Lev Aronin , Salo Flohr , Igor Bondarevsky , and Alexander Kotov . Keres won Pärnu 1947 with 9½/13 (+7−1=5), Szczawno-Zdrój 1950 with 14½/19 (+11−1=7), and Budapest 1952 with 12½/17 (+10−2=5), the latter ahead of world champion Botvinnik and an all-star field which included Geller, Smyslov, Gideon Ståhlberg , László Szabo , and Petrosian. The Budapest victory, which capped
1162-680: A team trainer with Soviet international teams for the next decade. Altogether, in 11 Olympiads, playing for both the USSR and Estonia (counting the unofficial Munich 1936 event), and in 161 games, Keres accumulated a brilliant total of (+97−13=51), for 76.1%. His detailed 1952–1964 Olympiad results are: Keres also appeared three times for the Soviet Union in the European Team Championships, winning team and individual gold medals on all three occasions. He scored 14/18 (+10−0=8), for 77.8%. His detailed Euroteams results are: Keres also represented
1245-758: A theme tournament in Vienna with 4½/6 (+4−1=1); the tournament saw all games commence with the moves 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 Ne4, known as the Döry Defence. He tied for 4–5th places at Kemeri with 11½/17 (+8−2=7), as Salo Flohr , Vladimirs Petrovs and Samuel Reshevsky won. Then he tied 2nd–4th in Pärnu with 4½/7 (+3−1=3). This successful string earned him an invitation to the tournament at Semmering – Baden 1937, which he won with 9/14 (+6−2=6), ahead of Fine, José Raúl Capablanca , Reshevsky, and Erich Eliskases . Keres, in his autobiographical games collection, refers to this major event as
1328-429: A virtual dressing room, was originally developed in cooperation with researchers of UT Institute of Technology. UT encourages its students and scholars to develop an entrepreneurial mindset and apply their knowledge to the economy. The university has set a goal to integrate entrepreneurship courses into every curriculum. "The UT's academic structure consists of the institutes and colleges of four faculties (valdkond) and
1411-444: Is said to have met an ornithologist who also gave lectures at a university. Thus, one day the little bird followed his new friend to the place where he worked and managed to get inside a classroom. There he listened to lectures and learnt new information about birds. After some time, he became a part of the university family. Of course, the story consists of an imaginary tale, as Tiksu can speak and communicate with humans, but easily gets
1494-564: Is the national university of Estonia. It is also the largest and oldest university in the country. The university was founded under the name of Academia Gustaviana in 1632 by Baron Johan Skytte , the Governor-General of Swedish Livonia , Ingria , and Karelia , with the required ratification provided by King Gustavus Adolphus , shortly before the king's death on 6 November in the Battle of Lützen (1632) . Nearly 14,300 students study at
1577-582: The AVRO 1938 chess tournament , which led to negotiations for a title match against the reigning World Champion Alexander Alekhine , but the match never took place due to the outbreak of World War II in 1939. Keres was runner-up in the Candidates Tournament on four consecutive occasions in 1953–1962. Due to these and other strong results, many chess historians consider Keres one of the greatest " Super grandmasters " in history, and, along with Viktor Korchnoi ,
1660-879: The Grossdeutscher Schachbund . Alekhine won at the Salzburg 1942 chess tournament (Six Grandmasters' Tournament) in June 1942, at Munich ( European Individual Chess Championship ) in September 1942, and at Prague (International Tournament) in April 1943, always ahead of Keres, who placed second in all three of those tournaments. They tied for first at Salzburg (Six Grandmasters' Tournament) in June 1943, with 7½/10. During World War II, Keres played in several more chess tournaments. He won all 15 games at Tallinn 1942 (Estonian championship), and swept all five games at Posen 1943. He also won
1743-640: The Paul Keres Memorial Tournament . There are also the annual Keres Memorial tournament held in Vancouver and a number of chess clubs and festivals named after him. In 2000, Keres was elected the Estonian Sportsman of the Century. The World Chess Federation named 2016 as "The Year of Paul Keres". The unofficial Chessmetrics system places Keres in the top 10 players in the world between approximately 1936 and 1965, and overall he had one of
SECTION 20
#17328523540121826-640: The Riigikogu (Estonian Parliament). The University of Tartu has around 1,800 international students from 90 countries. The vast majority come from Ukraine, Russia, and Finland. In the Erasmus programme for student exchange, the University of Tartu cooperates with more than 800 universities. The university has also received good reviews from foreign students and an International Student Satisfaction Award based on student feedback. The University of Tartu participates in
1909-685: The Russians agreed to maintain the university in Pärnu. However, the university was only reopened in 1802 by the Baltic German Ritterschaften , when the new German-speaking University was relaunched and had its new charter confirmed by the reform-minded Tsar Alexander I of Russia . The university was reopened by the Baltic Germans in Estonia in April 1802. The language of instruction at Dorpat
1992-684: The Soviet occupation . During Soviet rule, although Estonian remained the principal language of instruction, some courses were taught in Russian, with several Russian curricula. Estonia regained independence in 1991, and the full recovery of academic autonomy of the university can be dated to 1992 with the introduction of financial and academic strategic planning. Presently, no courses are taught in Russian. The last decade has been marked by organizational and structural changes, as well as adaptations to various university models (American, Scandinavian, German) against
2075-525: The University of Tartu and the same year, married fellow student Maria Riives. The couple had two children; a son, Peeter (born in 1941), and a daughter, Kadrin (born in 1943). Both children were born while Estonia was under occupation. After Nazi Germany had invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Estonia came under German control a few weeks later. During 1942 and 1943, Keres and Alekhine both played in four tournaments organized by Ehrhardt Post , President of
2158-486: The University of Tartu , and competed in several interuniversity matches. Keres achieved a very good result at the age of 17 in a Master tournament in Tallinn 1933 with 5/7 (+5−2=0), tied 3rd–4th, half a point behind joint winners Paul Felix Schmidt and V. Kappe. Keres became champion of Estonia for the first time in 1935. He tied for first (+5−2=1) with Gunnar Friedemann in the tournament, then defeated him (+2−1=0) in
2241-408: The "Absolute Championship of the USSR" in 1941, with the top six finishers from the 1940 championship meeting each other four times; it was split between Leningrad and Moscow. Botvinnik won the event, one of the strongest ever organized, with 13½/20, and Keres placed second with 11, ahead of Vasily Smyslov , Isaac Boleslavsky , Andor Lilienthal , and Igor Bondarevsky . In 1941, Keres graduated from
2324-490: The 30 German-language universities, of which 23 were inside the German Empire , Dorpat was the 11th in size. In teaching, the university educated the local Baltic German leadership and professional classes, as well as staff, especially for the administration and health system of the entire Russian Empire . In scholarship, it was an international university; the time between 1860 and 1880 was its "golden age". The freedom to be
2407-532: The Estonian Championship at Tallinn 1945 with 13/15 (+11−0=4), ahead of several strong visiting Soviets, including Alexander Kotov , Alexander Tolush , Lilienthal, and Flohr. He then won at Tbilisi 1946 (hors concours in the Georgian Championship) with a near-perfect score of 18/19, ahead of Vladas Mikėnas and a 16-year-old Tigran Petrosian . Keres returned to international play in 1946 in
2490-790: The Estonian Marine Institute are located in the Estonian capital. Nearly a quarter of the whole Estonian university student population studies at the University of Tartu. While most of the curricula are taught in Estonian, a number of degree programmes have English as a medium of instruction. About 35% of UT's study courses are offered partly or fully online – as web-based courses in Moodle, video lectures, webinars, e-portfolios, and massive open online courses. Some 61 bachelor's and 86 master's programmes are available, including 30 programmes in English. The university offers 61 different curricula on
2573-467: The Estonian title event held at Tallinn 1943, and Madrid 1944 (13/14, +12−0=2). He was second, behind Stig Lundholm , at Lidköping 1944 (playing hors concours in the Swedish Championship ). Keres won a match with Folke Ekström at Stockholm in 1944 by 5–1 (+4−0=2). As resident of German-occupied Estonia (then part of Reichskommissariat Ostland ) in 1941–1944, Keres was able to travel across
Keres Defence - Misplaced Pages Continue
2656-460: The European continent and participate in a number of international tournaments, held both in neutral countries (1944 Madrid, Lidköping, Stockholm) and in countries under Nazi German control (1942 Tallinn, Salzburg, Munich; 1943 Prague, Posen, Salzburg, Tallinn). Before the Soviet Union reoccupied Estonia, in the autumn of 1944 Keres made an unsuccessful attempt to escape from the country over the sea to
2739-585: The LERU-CE7 (LERU and a group of Central-European universities), the European University Association EUA, Coimbra Group , The Guild of European Research Intensive Universities, and the Utrecht Network . It has signed bilateral co-operation agreements with about 70 universities. A statue of the formal founder of the University, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden (also known as Gustavus Adolphus)
2822-604: The Soviet chess leadership favoured Smyslov to win Zurich 1953, and pressured several of the other top Soviets to arrange this outcome, which did in fact occur. Bronstein wrote that Keres was ordered to draw his second cycle game with Smyslov, to conserve Smyslov's fading physical strength; Keres, who still had his own hopes of winning the event, tried as White to win an attacking game, but instead lost because of Smyslov's excellent play. In several other post-war events, however, Keres dominated
2905-591: The Soviet radio match against Great Britain, and continued his excellent playing form that year and the next year. Although Keres participated in the 1948 World Championship tournament , arranged to determine the world champion after Alekhine's death in 1946, his performance was far from his best. Held jointly in The Hague and Moscow, the tournament was limited to five participants: Mikhail Botvinnik , Vasily Smyslov , Paul Keres, Samuel Reshevsky , and Max Euwe . ( Reuben Fine had also been invited but declined.) The event
2988-722: The USSR Championship at Tallinn 1965 (URS-ch33), he scored 11/19 for 6th place, as Leonid Stein won. He won at Stockholm 1966–67 with 7/9. At Winnipeg 1967, he shared 3rd–4th places on 5½/9 as Bent Larsen and Klaus Darga won. At Bamberg 1968, he won with 12/15, two points ahead of World Champion Tigran Petrosian . He was 2nd at Luhacovice 1969 with 10½/15, behind Viktor Korchnoi . At Tallinn 1969, he shared 2nd–3rd places on 9/13 as Stein won. At Wijk aan Zee 1969, he shared 3rd–4th places on 10½/15, as Geller and Botvinnik won. He won Budapest 1970 with 10/15, ahead of Laszlo Szabo . Also in 1970, Keres's 3:1 win over Ivkov on
3071-627: The USSR Championship, Baku 1961 (URS-ch29), Keres scored 11/20 for a shared 8–11th place, as Boris Spassky won. Keres shared first with World Champion Tigran Petrosian at the very strong 1963 Piatigorsky Cup in Los Angeles with 8½/14. Further tournament championships followed. He won Beverwijk 1964, with 11½/15, tied with Iivo Nei . He shared first place with World Champion Tigran Petrosian at Buenos Aires 1964, with 12½/17. He won at Hastings 1964–65 with 8/9. He shared 1st–2nd places at Mariánské Lázně 1965 on 11/15 with Vlastimil Hort . In
3154-573: The USSR in many international team matches, in Europe and the Americas, with great success. He represented Estonia on top board with distinction in Soviet team championships, contested between regions. Beginning with the Pärnu 1947 tournament, Keres made some significant contributions as a chess organizer in Estonia ; this is an often overlooked aspect of his career. Keres continued to play exceptionally well on
3237-757: The University of Tartu 296st in the world in 2023, and the top-ranked university in the Baltics. The university is also ranked 3rd in the Emerging Europe and Central Asia region. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed it in the 251–300 range among world universities. It is the only university in the Baltic countries to place among the top 200 universities in Europe. UT belongs to top 1% of world's most cited universities in 10 research areas. University of Tartu also won first place in Central and Eastern Europe by
3320-508: The amount of 10.2 million euros. UT is one of the largest development partners for the private and public sector in the Baltics. The university also works closely with international businesses such as Swedbank, The Linde Group, Pfizer, ABB Corporate Research, SUPER APPLI Inc, Eesti Energia Group, Telia AS, and many more. UT has spun off more than 60 start-ups, including software companies Reach-U and Positium providing location-based solutions, biotechnology company Icosagen etc. The success story of
3403-758: The bachelor's level, three bachelor's degree programmes are fully taught in English: University of Tartu has 86 study programmes on master's level. These programmes include 27 international master's programmes in English: Faculty of Medicine Around 120 doctoral degrees are defended annually, which make up more than half of the total number in Estonia. The University of Tartu has 1,130 doctoral students, around 30% of them international. The University of Tartu offers eight doctoral programmes, which are coordinated by faculty-based centres for doctoral studies. Each programme contains multiple specialities offered by
Keres Defence - Misplaced Pages Continue
3486-506: The background of the Soviet and Baltic German past. Most recently, the university has been and is still being marked by the adaptation of the Bologna declaration in Estonia generally and Tartu specifically, leading to major changes in curricula and studies, as well as by strong organizational centralization attempts. Recent plans also include the abolition of the Chair system (an Americanization) and of
3569-620: The championship. Chess historian Taylor Kingston investigated the available evidence and arguments, concluded that Soviet chess officials had given Keres "strong hints" that he should not hinder Botvinnik's attempt to win the World Championship, and that Botvinnik only discovered this about halfway through the tournament and reportedly protested so strongly that he angered Soviet officials; and that Keres, in Kingston's assessment, probably did not deliberately lose games to Botvinnik or anyone else in
3652-466: The city as architectural monuments. In May 2023, the University of Tartu relaunched its virtual tour that has 360-degree photos of over 160 locations in the University campus. At the same time, numerous university buildings and student dormitories have been recently constructed or renovated, such as the Von Bock House . Many of the new buildings are built at Maarjamõisa (about 2 km southwest of
3735-525: The coalition against Sweden (Russia, Denmark-Norway , and Saxony-Poland-Lithuania) and the Great Famine of 1695–1697 , the university moved from Tartu to Pärnu . Eventually, Academia Gustavo-Carolina, which had opened in Pärnu on 28 August 1699, was closed as a result of the surrender of Pärnu to Russian forces on 12 August 1710 during the Great Northern War . According to the terms of the capitulation,
3818-425: The faculties, which is supposed to lead to four large divisions (humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and medicine) under briefly serving deans and rector-appointed financial administrators. The university's four museums, botanical gardens, and sports facilities are, by and large, open to the general public. The university possesses 56 buildings, 11 of which are outside of Tartu; 31 of its buildings decorate
3901-566: The faculty. Doctoral studies are provided by the Faculty of Arts and Humanities, the Faculty of Social Sciences, the Faculty of Medicine, and the Faculty of Science and Technology. From the 2022/2023 academic year, doctoral student places will mainly be offered as state-funded junior research fellow positions. As the largest provider of continuing education in Estonia, the University of Tartu offers around 1,200 courses per year to more than 39,000 participants. The QS World University Rankings ranked
3984-409: The field. He won the exceptionally strong USSR Chess Championship three times. In 1947, he won at Leningrad , URS-ch15, with 14/19 (+10−1=8); the field included every top Soviet player except Botvinnik. In 1950, he won at Moscow, URS-ch18, with 11½/17 (+8−2=7) against a field which was only slightly weaker than in 1947. Then in 1951, he triumphed again at Moscow, URS-ch19, with 12/17 (+9−2=6), against
4067-662: The fields of molecular and cell biology , laser medicine , materials science , laser spectroscopy , biochemistry , and psychology . UT is the flagship of Estonian science, ranking in the top 1% of the world's most-cited universities and research institutions in these fields (as of March 2018): UT accounts for 56% of Estonia's national research output. Also, more than half of the PhD theses in Estonia are defended at UT and over 2,000 high-level research articles (those covered by citation indices like "SCI Expanded", "SSCI", or "A&HCI") are published annually. About 50 UT scientists are among
4150-474: The first scientific approach to Estonian folklore) and Georg Mancelius , professor of theology (author of the first Latvian -German dictionary in 1638 ). With the re-establishment of the university in 1690 as the Academia Gustavo-Carolina , Tartu became a university town again. Academic staff of the new university included Sven Dimberg [ sv ] , professor of mathematics (the first in
4233-615: The foundation of Voronezh State University , which traces its own history back to the foundation of the University of Tartu and still holds several physical properties of the latter. Since Estonia became independent in 1918, the University of Tartu has been an Estonian-language institution since 1919. The university was named Ostland-Universität in Dorpat during the German occupation of Estonia in 1941–1944 and Tartu State University (Estonian: Tartu Riiklik Ülikool ) in 1940–1941 and 1944–1989, during
SECTION 50
#17328523540124316-409: The highest winning percentages of all grandmasters in history. He has the seventh highest Chessmetrics 20-year average, from 1944 to 1963, behind five World Champions and Victor Korchnoi . University of Tartu The University of Tartu ( UT ; Estonian : Tartu Ülikool ; Latin : Universitas Tartuensis ) is a public research university located in the city of Tartu , Estonia . It
4399-607: The historical university centre), such as the Technology Institute, the Biomedical Center, the Chemistry building, and the new Physics building. Lectinology, the science of lectins , was founded at the University of Tartu in 1888 with the publication of Peter Hermann Stillmark 's thesis about the isolation of ricin . According to the university administration, the most remarkable recent research achievements have been in
4482-521: The ideas of a university in the Age of Enlightenment ". The university is a member of the Coimbra Group and the Utrecht Network . The mascot of the university is called Tiksu, and behind it unravels a rather interesting story. It is said that Tiksu, depicted as a blue bird, hatched at sunrise and was given a thirst for learning new things. In this way, it symbolizes knowledge and intelligence. Later on, Tiksu
4565-471: The international chess scene was delayed, in spite of his excellent form; he won at Riga 1944/45 ( Baltic Championship ) (10½/11). Presumably for political reasons, he was excluded from the ten-player Soviet team for the 1945 radio match against the US , and he did not participate in the first great post-war tournament at the 1946 Groningen tournament which was won by Botvinnik, just ahead of Euwe and Smyslov. He won
4648-685: The international circuit. He tied 1st–2nd at Hastings 1954–55 with Smyslov on 7/9 (+6−1=2). He dominated an internal Soviet training tournament at Pärnu 1955 with 9½/10. Keres placed 2nd at the 1955 Gothenburg Interzonal , behind David Bronstein , with 13½/20. Keres defeated Wolfgang Unzicker in a 1956 exhibition match at Hamburg by 6–2 (+4−0=4). He tied 2nd–3rd in the USSR Championship, Moscow 1957 (URS-ch24) with 13½/21 (+8−2=11), along with Bronstein, behind Mikhail Tal . Keres won Mar del Plata 1957 (15/17, ahead of Miguel Najdorf ), and Santiago 1957 with 6/7, ahead of Alexander Kotov . He won Hastings 1957–58 (7½/9, ahead of Svetozar Gligorić ). He
4731-661: The last 15 years is the technology for the ME-3 strain of Lactobacillus fermentum bacterium , allowing its use in the food industry. Student satellite ESTCube-1, developed collectively by UT staff and students, and successfully deployed into orbit in 2013, made Estonia the 41st space nation in the world. Scientists from UT and the Estonian University of Life Sciences have developed a new peat-based material that enables building inexpensive energy-efficient 3D-printed houses. The innovative robotic mannequin technology known as Rakuten Fits Me,
4814-730: The message of the university across: the interest of their students for knowledge and life. The university was originally founded as the Academia Gustaviana in the Swedish province of Livonia . It was the second university founded in the Swedish Empire , following Uppsala University (in Uppsala , Sweden proper) and preceding the Academy of Åbo (in Turku , Finland ). A precursor to the academy had been
4897-894: The playoff match. In April 1935, Keres defeated Feliks Kibbermann , one of Tartu 's leading masters, in a training match, by (+3−1=0). Keres played on top board for Estonia in the 6th Chess Olympiad at Warsaw 1935, and was regarded as the new star, admired for his dashing style. His success there gave him the confidence to venture onto the international circuit. At Helsinki 1935, he placed 2nd behind Paulin Frydman with 6½/8 (+6−1=1). He won in Tallinn 1936 with 9/10 (+8−0=2). Keres' first major international success against top-level competition came at Bad Nauheim 1936, where he tied for first with Alexander Alekhine at 6½/9 (+4−0=5). He struggled at Dresden 1936, placing only 8–9th with (+2−4=3), but wrote that he learned an important lesson from this setback. Keres recovered at Zandvoort 1936 with
4980-513: The privileges of the University of Uppsala. On account of the Russian–Swedish war , the University of Tartu moved to Tallinn in 1656, and in 1665, it closed down. In the 17th century, the future outstanding Swedish scholars Urban Hiärne , Olof Verelius , Arvid Moller [ sv ] , and others studied at the university. Among the academic staff were Friedrich Menius [ sv ] , professor of history (the history of Livonia ,
5063-699: The strongest ever staged. Keres won on tiebreak because he beat Fine 1½–½ in their individual two games. It was expected that the winner of this tournament would be the challenger for the World Chess Championship , in a match against World Champion Alexander Alekhine , but the outbreak of the Second World War, especially because of the first occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union in 1940–41, brought negotiations with Alekhine to an end. Keres had begun his university studies in 1937, and this also played
SECTION 60
#17328523540125146-556: The strongest player never to become world champion. Widely considered an Estonian national hero, he was nicknamed "Paul the Second", "The Eternal Second", and "The Crown Prince of Chess". Keres was born in the town of Narva (now in Estonia), then Petrograd Governorate of the Russian Empire to parents Peeter and Marie Keres ( née Lämmergas). He was two years old when Estonia became an independent country in 1918. Keres grew up in Pärnu , Estonia. He first learned about chess from his father and his elder brother Harald (afterwards
5229-540: The tenth board gave victory to the Soviet team in the match vs Rest of the World . He shared 1st–2nd at Tallinn 1971 with Mikhail Tal on 11½/15. He shared 2nd–3rd at Pärnu 1971, on 9½/13, as Stein won. He shared 2nd–4th at Amsterdam 1971 with 9/13, as Smyslov won. He shared 3rd–5th places at Sarajevo 1972 on 9½/15, as Szabo won. He placed 5th at San Antonio 1972 on 9½/15, as Petrosian, Lajos Portisch , and Anatoly Karpov won. At Tallinn 1973, he shared 3rd–6th places on 9/15, as Mikhail Tal won. His last Interzonal
5312-400: The top 1% of the most-cited scientists in the world. UT has excelled among the Baltic universities in winning European Research Council grants. The prestigious ERC grant has been awarded to Professor of Molecular Systems Biology Mart Loog, Professor of Nanomedicine Tambet Teesalu, and Professor of International Law Lauri Mälksoo. University of Tartu has contracts with 154 business partners in
5395-441: The tournament. Keres finished second or equal second in four straight Candidates' tournaments (1953, 1956, 1959, 1962), making him the player with the most runner-up finishes in that event. (He was therefore occasionally nicknamed "Paul II".) Keres participated in a total of six Candidates' Tournaments : Keres' run of four successive second places in Candidates' tournaments (1953, 1956, 1959, 1962) has prompted suspicions that he
5478-408: The university, of whom over 1,800 are foreigners. Most of the curriculum is instructed in Estonian. However, there are still 30 English-taught programs: three at the undergraduate level and 27 at the master's level, including the Erasmus Mundus program in Excellence in Analytical Chemistry. The historical buildings of the university are included in the European Heritage Label list as "embodiment of
5561-458: The university’s institutions not affiliated to any faculty. The support structure of the university consists of 15 units." While mainly located in Tartu, the university also operates in Narva , Pärnu , Tallinn , and Viljandi . Narva and Pärnu Colleges are part of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Viljandi Culture Academy belongs to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities. The School of Law Tallinn office, University of Tartu Tallinn representation and
5644-415: The west. A 1942 newspaper interview with Keres was later used by the Nazis for anti-Soviet propaganda. As a consequence, he was suspected of collaboration with the Nazis and questioned by the Soviet authorities. Keres managed to avoid deportation or any worse fate (e.g., that of Vladimirs Petrovs ); however, he may have been held in detention; precise details are difficult to ascertain. But his return to
5727-408: The world to deliver lectures based on Newton's theory), Olof Hermelin [ sv ] , professor of rhetoric and poetry, Lars Micrander [ sv ] , professor of medicine (founder of balneology , and discoverer of natural mineral water springs) and Michael Dau , professor of philosophy as well as of rhetoric and poetry. Just under a decade after being reconstituted, as a result of
5810-423: Was Petropolis 1973, where he scored 8/17 for a shared 12–13th place, as Henrique Mecking won. That same year, he made his last Soviet Championship appearance, at Moscow for URS-ch41, scoring 8/17 for a shared 9–12th place, as Spassky won. Keres' health declined the next year, and he did not play any major events in 1974. His last major tournament win was Tallinn 1975, ahead of Spassky and Friðrik Ólafsson , just
5893-411: Was invaded and occupied by the Stalinist Soviet Union in June 1940. This lasted until the 1941 invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany, which in turn lasted until the Soviet Union reoccupied Estonia in 1944. The country remained under Soviet control for the rest of Keres' life. The 1944 Soviet reconquest of Estonia was a particularly dangerous time for Keres. At the outbreak of WWII in 1939, Keres
5976-576: Was Euwe a former World Champion, but he had enormous experience at match play, far more than Keres. Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Red Army in June 1940, and formally annexed by the USSR in August 1940. Keres played in his first Soviet Championship at Moscow 1940 (URS-ch12), placing fourth (+9−4=6) in an exceptionally strong field, placing him ahead of the defending champion Mikhail Botvinnik , among others. The USSR Chess Federation organized
6059-412: Was German from 1802 to 1893. During that time, Dorpat had a dual nature in that it belonged both to the set of German(-language) and Russian universities. Financially and administratively, the latter was more important; intellectually and regarding the professoriate and students, the former was more important (over half the professors came from Germany , at least another third were Baltic Germans ). Among
6142-511: Was a three-time schoolboy champion of the country, in 1930, 1932, and 1933. His playing matured after playing correspondence chess extensively while in high school. He probably played about 500 correspondence games, and at one stage had 150 correspondence games going simultaneously. In 1935, he won the Internationaler Fernschachbund (IFSB) international correspondence chess championship. From 1937 to 1941 he studied mathematics at
6225-552: Was also present. A statue honouring him is located in Tõnismägi , Tallinn. A bronze statue of Keres was unveiled on his 100th birthday in his hometown Narva on 7 January 2016. There is also a street in Nõmme , a district of Tallinn, named after Keres. An annual international chess tournament has been held in Tallinn every other year since 1969. Keres won this tournament in 1971 and 1975. Starting in 1976 after Keres' death, it has been called
6308-447: Was an Estonian chess grandmaster and chess writer. He was among the world's top players from the mid-1930s to the mid-1960s, and narrowly missed a chance at a World Chess Championship match on five occasions. As Estonia was repeatedly invaded and occupied during World War II , Keres was forced by the circumstances to represent the Soviet Union (1940–41, 1944–75) and Nazi Germany (1941–44) in international tournaments. Keres won
6391-476: Was his appearance on board one for the USSR in 1952, when the Soviets entered the event for the first time; Keres was the only Soviet team member with Olympiad experience (from his previous appearances for Estonia), and world champion Mikhail Botvinnik was not on the Soviet team. His four straight board gold medals from 1954–1960 is an Olympiad record. Although not selected after 1964, Keres served successfully as
6474-544: Was in Buenos Aires, Argentina for the Olympiad. He stayed on to play in a Buenos Aires international tournament after the Olympiad, and tied for first place with Miguel Najdorf with 8½/11 (+7−1=3). His next event was a 14-game match with former World Champion Max Euwe in the Netherlands, held from December 1939 – January 1940. Keres won a hard-fought struggle by 7½–6½ (+6−5=3). This was a superb achievement, because not only
6557-444: Was played as a quintuple round-robin . Keres finished joint third, with 10½ out of 20 points. In his individual match with the winner, Botvinnik, he lost four of five games, winning only in the last round when the tournament's result was already determined. Since Keres lost his first four games against Botvinnik in the 1948 tournament, suspicions have sometimes been raised that Keres was forced to "throw" games to allow Botvinnik to win
6640-457: Was the team bronze medal attained by Estonia in 1939; this was exceptional for a country with a population of less than two million people. In 1938, he tied with Fine for first, with 8½/14, in the all-star AVRO tournament , held in various cities in the Netherlands, ahead of chess legends Mikhail Botvinnik , Max Euwe , Reshevsky, Alekhine, Capablanca and Flohr. AVRO was one of the strongest tournaments in history; some chess historians believe it
6723-503: Was thus allowed to continue in German until 1916). By 1898, when both the town and the university were renamed Yuryev, virtually all distinguished scholars from Germany had left. The University of Yuryev existed until 1918, when during part of the fall term, it was reopened, under German occupation , as Dorpat. Russian academic staff and students took refuge in Voronezh in Russia, giving rise to
6806-479: Was tied 3rd–4th at Zürich 1959, at 10½/15, along with Bobby Fischer , behind Tal and Gligorić. He placed tied 7–8th in the USSR Championship, Tbilisi 1959 (URS-ch26) with 10½/19, as Petrosian won. Keres was third at Stockholm 1959–60 with 7/9. He won at Pärnu 1960 with 12/15. He was the champion at Zürich 1961 (9/11, ahead of Petrosian). At the elite Bled 1961 event, Keres shared 3rd–5th places, on 12½/19 (+7−1=11), behind Mikhail Tal and Bobby Fischer . In
6889-534: Was under orders not to win these events. Taylor Kingston concludes that: there was probably no pressure from Soviet officials, since from 1954 onwards, Keres was rehabilitated and Botvinnik was no longer in favour with officials. At Curaçao 1962, there was an unofficial conspiracy by Petrosian, Geller and Keres, and this worked out to Keres' disadvantage, since he may have been slightly stronger than both Petrosian and Geller at this stage. Bronstein, in his final book, published just after his death in late 2006, wrote that
#11988