72-603: Keraladeshapuram Temple in Thanur , Malappuram District is one of the oldest Hindu temples in Kerala state , South India . The temple is dedicated to Hindu god Vishnu , and is situated about 3 km south of Thanur town . Thanur, a coastal town on the Malabar Coast , was one of the earliest settlements of the Portuguese explorers . It is believed that St. Francis Xavier visited
144-608: A bay. Even today the residents identify these waters as a bay, referring to it as a 'female sea', as opposed to the more violent open sea on the other side of the island of Mafia. Felix Chami has found archaeological evidence for extensive Roman trade on Mafia Island and, not far away, on the mainland, near the mouth of the Rufiji River, which he dated to the first few centuries. Furthermore, J. Innes Miller points out that Roman coins have been found on Pemba island , just north of Rhapta. Nevertheless, Carl Peters has argued that Rhapta
216-479: A first-hand description by someone familiar with the area and is nearly unique in providing accurate insights into what the ancient Hellenic world knew about the lands around the Indian Ocean . A periplus ( Koinē Greek : περίπλους , romanized: períplous , lit. 'a sailing-around') is a logbook recording sailing itineraries and commercial, political, and ethnological details about
288-493: A house for the commander, barracks for the soldiers, and store-houses for trade. Diego de Pereira, who had negotiated the treaty with the Zamorin, was left in command of this new fortress, with a garrison of 250 men; and Manuel de Sousa had orders to secure its safety by sea, with a squadron of twenty-two vessels. The Zamorin soon repented of having allowed this fort to be built in his dominions, and used ineffectual endeavours to induce
360-501: A hub for trade with the interior, in the Gangetic plain: Besides this there are ex-ported great quantities of fine pearls, ivory, silk cloth, spikenard from the Ganges, malabathrum from the places in the interior, transparent stones of all kinds, diamonds and sapphires, and tortoise-shell; that from Chryse Island, and that taken among the islands along the coast of Damirica (Limyrike). They make
432-458: A little frankincense, (that known as far-side), the harder cinnamon, duaca, Indian copal and macir, which are imported into Arabia; and slaves, but rarely. Aksum is mentioned in the Periplus as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world: From that place to the city of the people called Auxumites there is a five days' journey more; to that place all the ivory
504-511: A location in Malappuram district , Kerala , India is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about Hindu place of worship in Kerala is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Thanur Tanur ( English : Tanore ) is a coastal town, a municipality, and a block located in Tirur Taluk , Malappuram district , Kerala , India . It is located on
576-541: A port of call for merchants from Phoenicia , ancient Egypt , ancient Greece , Persia , Yemen , Nabataea , Azania , the Roman Empire , and elsewhere, as it possessed a strategic location along the coastal route from Azania to the Red Sea. Merchants from as far afield as Indonesia and Malaysia passed through Opōnē, trading spices, silks and other goods, before departing south for Azania or north to South Arabia or Egypt on
648-433: Is "lakkos chromatinos" . The name lakkos appears nowhere else in ancient Greek or Roman literature. The name re-surfaces in late medieval Latin as lacca , borrowed from medieval Arabic lakk in turn borrowed from Sanskritic lakh , meaning lac i.e. a red-coloured resin native to India used as a lacquer and used also as a red colourant. Some other named trade goods remain obscure. Ships from Himyar regularly travelled
720-505: Is Karipur Airport , which is approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the town. Tipu Sultan Road ( Tirur - Kadalundi Road), one among the oldest roads of Kerala (laid in 18th century CE), passes through Tanur town. Tanur is located at 10°58′N 75°52′E / 10.97°N 75.87°E / 10.97; 75.87 . It has an average elevation of 1 m (3.3 ft). Govt Arts and Science College Tanur: C.H. Muhammad Koya Memorial Govt. Arts & Science College Tanur
792-571: Is a continuous length of coast, and a bay extending two thousand stadia or more, along which there are Nomads and Fish-Eaters living in villages; just beyond the cape projecting from this bay there is another market-town by the shore, Cana, of the Kingdom of Eleazus, the Frankincense Country; and facing it there are two desert islands, one called Island of Birds, the other Dome Island, one hundred and twenty stadia from Cana. Inland from this place lies
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#1732855018102864-615: Is a profit when exchanged for the money of the country; and ointment, but not very costly and not much. And for the King there are brought into those places very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments. There are exported from these places spikenard , costus [ Saussurea costus ], bdellium , ivory, agate and carnelian , lycium , cotton cloth of all kinds, silk cloth, mallow cloth, yarn, long pepper and such other things as are brought here from
936-466: Is a source of raw silk . The Periplus says that a direct sailing route from the Red Sea to the Indian peninsula across the open ocean was discovered by Hippalus (1st century BC). Many trade goods are mentioned in the Periplus , but some of the words naming trade goods are found nowhere else in ancient literature, leading to guesswork as to what they might be. For example, one trade good mentioned
1008-484: Is another market-town, better than this, called Malao, distant a sail of about eight hundred stadia. The anchorage is an open roadstead, sheltered by a spit running out from the east. Here the natives are more peaceable. There are imported into this place the things already mentioned, and many tunics, cloaks from Arsinoe, dressed and dyed; drinking-cups, sheets of soft copper in small quantity, iron, and gold and silver coin, not much. There are exported from these places myrrh,
1080-513: Is believed to be the location of the ancient trade centre of Opōnē . Ancient Egyptian , Roman and Persian Gulf pottery has been recovered from the site by an archaeological team from the University of Michigan . Opōnē is in the thirteenth entry of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , which in part states: And then, after sailing four hundred stadia along a promontory, toward which place
1152-601: Is brought from the country beyond the Nile through the district called Cyeneum, and thence to Adulis. According to the Periplus , the ruler of Aksum was Zoscales , who, besides ruling in Aksum also held under his sway two harbours on the Red Sea : Adulis (near Massawa ) and Avalites ( Assab ). He is also said to have been familiar with Greek literature: These places, from the Calf-Eaters to
1224-412: Is called Abiria , but the coast is called Syrastrene . It is a fertile country, yielding wheat and rice and sesame oil and clarified butter, cotton and the Indian cloths made therefrom, of the coarser sorts. Very many cattle are pastured there, and the men are of great stature and black in color. The metropolis of this country is Minnagara , from which much cotton cloth is brought down to Barygaza. Under
1296-564: Is considerable debate. For instance, " Rhapta " is mentioned as the farthest market down the African coast of " Azania ", but there are at least five locations matching the description, ranging from Tanga to south of the Rufiji River delta. The description of the Indian coast mentions the Ganges River clearly, yet after that it is ambiguous, describing China as a "great inland city Thina " that
1368-491: Is of another Kingdom, the Pandian . This place also is situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the sea ... According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (53:17:15-27), Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis ; Ptolemy (7.1.8) mentions only Tyndis as its starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari ; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast . Further, this area served as
1440-511: Is of the Kingdom of Cerobothra ; it is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris, of the same kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia , and by the Greeks ; it is located on a river (River Periyar ), distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia. Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia, and
1512-866: Is one of the earliest roads in Kerala, which was created by Tipu for his conquests. Following the Treaty of Seringapatam in 1792, Tanur became a part of British India . During the arrival of British , according to William Logan , the kingdom ("nadu") was divided into 21 "Amsoms" as shown below ( A main bazaar in each Amsom is given in bracket ): Anantavur (Cherulal), Chennara , Clari ( Kuttippala ), Iringavur , Kalpakanchēri ( Kadungathukundu ), Kanmanam (Thuvvakkad), Mangalam , Mēlmuri , Niramaruthūr , Ozhūr , Pachattiri , Pallippuram, Pariyāpuram , Ponmundam ( Vailathoor ), Purathur , Rayiramangalam, Thalakkad ( Betteth Puthiya Angadi ), Thanalur , Trikkandiyoor ( Tirur ), Triprangode , and Vettom . According to Logan,
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#17328550181021584-466: Is one of the oldest secondary schools in Kerala. There are also many private and government schools as well as a state Industrial training institute and a government arts and science college. Another important school near Tanur is Govt. Higher Secondary School, Kattilangadi, Tanur. A Govt. Fisheries Vocational Higher Secondary school is also there. Tanur Municipality is composed of the following 44 wards: On Kadalundy Route Tanur Block Panchayat
1656-704: Is the local body responsible for the block-level administration of the following Gram panchayats : Periplus of the Erythraean Sea The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( Koinē Greek : Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης , Períplous tē̂s Erythrâs Thalássēs ), also known by its Latin name as the Periplus Maris Erythraei , is a Greco-Roman periplus written in Koine Greek that describes navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice Troglodytica along
1728-594: The Chera kingdom , as well as the Early Pandyan Kingdom are mentioned in the Periplus as major centres of trade, pepper and other spices, metal work and semiprecious stones, between Damirica and the Roman Empire . According to the Periplus , numerous Greek seamen managed an intense trade with Muziris: Then come Naura ( Kannur ) and Tyndis , the first markets of Damirica or Limyrike , and then Muziris and Nelcynda , which are now of leading importance. Tyndis
1800-472: The Gram panchayats of Tanalur , Ozhur , Niramaruthur , and Nannambra . The jurisdictional courts of Tanur Police Station are Judicial First Class Magistrate Court at Parappanangadi , Subdivisional Magistrate Court at Tirur , and Sessions Court at Manjeri . The border police stations are headquartered at Tirur , Parappanangadi , Kalpakanchery , and Tirurangadi . Tanur is also headquarters of one among
1872-615: The Kshatriya family of the Vettathu Rajas became extinct with the death of the last Raja on 24 May 1793. It was an important town in Malabar District during the British rule . During the first decades of British era Vettathunadu was the name of a Taluk in Malabar District consisting of Tanur and Tirur regions of present-day Tirur Taluk , and it was situated on the northern bank of
1944-401: The Malabar Coast , 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north of Tirur and 9 kilometres south of Parappanangadi . It is the 17th-most populated municipality in the state, the fourth-most populated municipality in the district, and the second-most densely populated municipality in Malappuram district , having about 3,568 residents per square kilometre as of the year 2011. Tanur is located south of
2016-461: The Malabar Coast . Later it became a part of Vettathunadu Taluk in Malabar District under British Raj , which was merged with the Ponnani taluk in 1860–1861. Tanur railway station is a part of the oldest Railway line of Kerala laid in 1861 from Tirur to Chaliyam . Presently, the status of Tanur is reduced to a major fishing centre in Kerala. The ancient maritime port of Tyndis , which
2088-631: The Malabar Coast . It was ruled by the Vettathu Raja , who was a vassal of the Zamorin of Calicut . Parts of Tirurangadi, Tirur, and Ponnani Taluks were ruled by the Vettathu Raja s. Vettathunad was known for its trade relationship with the Middle Eastern merchants in the medieval period. Tanur was a major port town in the Malabar Coast during the medieval period. Tanur was also an important trade centre. The Veṭṭathunāṭu rulers owed their allegiance to
2160-571: The Sabaeans and Homerites in the southwest corner of Arabia. The kingdom is known to have been a Roman ally at this period. Charibael is stated in the Periplus to be "a friend of the (Roman) emperors, thanks to continuous embassies and gifts" and, therefore, Azania could fairly be described as a vassal or dependency of Rome, just as Zesan is described in the 3rd-century Chinese history, the Weilüe . Trade with
2232-416: The current also draws you, there is another market-town called Opone, into which the same things are imported as those already mentioned, and in it the greatest quantity of cinnamon is produced, (the arebo and moto), and slaves of the better sort, which are brought to Egypt in increasing numbers; and a great quantity of tortoiseshell , better than that found elsewhere. In ancient times, Opōnē operated as
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2304-469: The trade routes that spanned the length of the Indian Ocean 's rim. As early as AD 50, Opōnē was well known as a center for the cinnamon trade, along with the trading of cloves and other spices , ivory , exotic animal skins and incense . The ancient port city of Malao , situated in present-day Berbera in northern Somalia, is also mentioned in the Periplus: After Avalites there
2376-422: The 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, including series expansion for trigonometric functions. The Kerala school was mainly based at Kingdom of Tanur . The naval chiefs of Zamorin, commonly known as Kunjali Marakkars , had close relationship with the medieval port town of Tanur. In 1523, when
2448-464: The Azanian capital, Rhapta, remains unknown. However, archaeological indicators reported above suggest that it was located on the coast of Tanzania, in the region of the Rufiji River and Mafia Island. It is in this region where the concentration of Panchaea/Azanian period settlements has been discovered. If the island of Menuthias mentioned in the Periplus was Zanzibar , a short voyage south would land one in
2520-528: The East African coast. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes the trading empire of Himyar and Saba , regrouped under a single ruler, " Charibael " (probably Karab'il Watar Yuhan'em II), who is said to have been on friendly terms with Rome : 23. And after nine days more there is Saphar, the metropolis, in which lives Charibael, lawful king of two tribes, the Homerites and those living next to them, called
2592-502: The Indian harbour of Barygaza is described extensively in the Periplus . Nahapana , ruler of the Indo-Scythian Western Satraps is mentioned under the name Nambanus , as ruler of the area around Barigaza : 41. Beyond the gulf of Baraca is that of Barygaza and the coast of the country of Ariaca, which is the beginning of the Kingdom of Nambanus and of all India. That part of it lying inland and adjoining Scythia
2664-648: The Keraladeshpuram Temple place in 1546 AD. It was a part of kingdom of Vettattnad in medieval times. Now this temple is a part of the Malabar Devaswam board kerala. Keralrdesapuram is a place where the name Kerala was added even before the formation of Kerala. Keraladeshwarapuram itself is important in Hindu mythology. The place is located in the center of Kerala, which is believed to have been created by Parshuram's ax throwing. This article related to
2736-548: The Portuguese Viceroy Menezes sailed with all the available ships to Hormuz, an Arab merchant, one Kutti Ali of Tanur, had the effrontery to bring a fleet of two hundred vessels to Calicut , to load eight ships with pepper, and to despatch them with a convoy of forty vessels to the Red Sea before the very eyes of the Portuguese. In 1532 with the help of the ruler of Tanur, a chapel was built at Chaliyam , together with
2808-490: The River Bharathappuzha . Later it was merged with Ponnani taluk . Tanur railway station is one of the oldest railway stations in Kerala. It was a part of the first rail route ( Tirur – Chaliyam ) in Kerala, which began in the year 1861. In 1957, the region was separated from Ponnani taluk to form Tirur Taluk . The town is administered by Tanur Municipality, headed by a chairperson. For administrative purposes,
2880-513: The Rufiji region. The 2nd-century geographer Ptolemy locates Rhapta at latitude 8° south, which is the exact latitude of the Rufiji Delta and Mafia Island. The metropolis was on the mainland about one degree west of the coast near a large river and a bay with the same name. While the river should be regarded as the modern Rufiji River, the bay should definitely be identified with the calm waters between
2952-623: The Sabaites; through continual embassies and gifts, he is a friend of the Emperors. The Frankincense kingdom is described further east along the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula , with the harbour of Cana (South Arabic Qana , modern Bi'r Ali in Hadramaut ). The ruler of this kingdom is named Eleazus , or Eleazar, thought to correspond to King Iliazz Yalit I: 27. After Eudaemon Arabia there
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3024-539: The Western Satraps, Barigaza was one of the main centres of Roman trade in the subcontinent . The Periplus describes the many goods exchanged: 49. There are imported into this market-town (Barigaza), wine, Italian preferred, also Laodicean and Arabian ; copper, tin, and lead; coral and topaz; thin clothing and inferior sorts of all kinds; bright-colored girdles a cubit wide; storax, sweet clover, flint glass, realgar , antimony , gold and silver coin, on which there
3096-434: The argumentation of L. Casson ("between A.D. 40 and 70") in his key book The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation and Commentary. The work consists of 66 sections, most of them about the length of a long paragraph. For instance, the short section 9 reads in its entirety: From Malao ( Berbera ) it is two courses to the mart of Moundou, where ships anchor more safely by an island lying very close to
3168-438: The banks of the Rufiji River just south of Dar es Salaam . The Periplus informs us that: Two runs beyond this island [Menuthias = Zanzibar ?] comes the very last port of trade on the coast of Azania, called Rhapta ["sewn"], a name derived from the aforementioned sewn boats, where there are great quantities of ivory and tortoise shell. Chami summarizes the evidence for Rhapta's location as follows: The actual location of
3240-500: The coast of the Red Sea and others along the Horn of Africa , the Persian Gulf , Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean , including the modern-day Sindh region of Pakistan and southwestern regions of India . The text has been ascribed to different dates between the first and third centuries, but a mid-first-century date is now the most commonly accepted. While the author is unknown, it is
3312-464: The date of the text to AD 59–62, in agreement with present-day estimates of the middle of the 1st century. Schoff additionally provides a historical analysis as to the text's original authorship, and arrives at the conclusion that the author was a " Greek in Egypt , a Roman subject". By Schoff's calculations, this would have been during the time of Tiberius Claudius Balbilus , who coincidentally also
3384-430: The estuary of Poorappuzha River, which is a tributary of Kadalundi River . Tanur was one of the major ports in the southwestern coast of India during the medieval period. It was ruled by the Kingdom of Tanur , also known as Vettathunadu , who were vassals to the Zamorin of Calicut . In the early medieval period, under the chiefs of Kozhikode and Tanur, Tanur developed as one of the important maritime trade centre on
3456-483: The father of modern Malayalam language, and many of the members of the medieval Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics were natives of Tirur in Vettathunadu . Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri , another prominent figure of 16th century Kerala, was also born at Kurumbathur near Athavanad . In the 16th century, Portuguese arrived here just after the arrival of Vasco Da Gama near Calicut . Kingdom of Tanur
3528-401: The island of Mafia and the Rufiji area. The peninsula east of Rhapta would have been the northern tip of Mafia Island. The southern part of the bay is protected from the deep sea by numerous deltaic small islets separated from Mafia Island by shallow and narrow channels. To the north the bay is open to the sea and any sailor entering the waters from that direction would feel as if he were entering
3600-631: The kings (Zamorin) of Calicut , a regional power on the Malabar coast. With the emergence of the Portuguese in India, the Veṭṭathunāṭu ruler sided with them against his overlord at Calicut. It is believed that St. Francis Xavier visited Tanur in 1546 AD. The Raja converted to Christianity — though only for a few months — in 1549. It is also known that during the Battle at Chaliyam Fort in 1571 carried out by
3672-452: The land. The imports to this are as aforesaid [Chapter 8 mentions iron, gold, silver, drinking cups, etc.], and from it likewise are exported the same goods [Chapter 8 mentions myrrh, douaka, makeir, and slaves], and fragrant gum called mokrotou (cf. Sanskrit makaranda ). The inhabitants who trade here are more stubborn. In many cases, the description of places is sufficiently accurate to identify their present locations; for others, there
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#17328550181023744-414: The metropolis Sabbatha, in which the King lives. All the frankincense produced in the country is brought by camels to that place to be stored, and to Cana on rafts held up by inflated skins after the manner of the country, and in boats. And this place has a trade also with the far-side ports, with Barygaza and Scythia and Ommana and the neighboring coast of Persia . Ras Hafun in northern Somalia
3816-499: The naval force of Zamorin with the support of native Mappilas , which ousted the Portuguese from the region of Zamorin of Calicut , Chaliyam was the northern border of Kingdom of Tanur . Its southern border was somewhere near Thavanur on the bank of Bharathappuzha river. Vettathunadu had sea coast and four major rivers ( Chaliyar , Kadalundi River , Tirur River , and Bharathappuzha river). The rulers of Tanur were great admirers of art and culture. Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan ,
3888-458: The other Berber country, are governed by Zoscales; who is miserly in his ways and always striving for more, but otherwise upright, and acquainted with Greek literature. Research by the Tanzanian archaeologist Felix A. Chami has uncovered remains of Roman trade items near the mouth of the Rufiji River and the nearby Mafia island , and makes a case that the ancient port of Rhapta was situated on
3960-567: The people from coastal area. Islahul Uloom Arabic College : Islahul Uloom Arabic College in Tanur town is one among the oldest Arabic Colleges in Kerala. It was built in 1924 under the leadership of Pangil Ahmed Kutty Musliyar , a personality who died in 1946. The decision to building an Islamic Institution in Tanur was made by Asasul Islam Sabha of Tanur, in a meeting held at Tanur Valiya Kulangara Palli, on October 24 1924. Devadhar Government Higher Secondary School : Established in 1919, it
4032-447: The ports visited. In an era before maps were in general use, it functioned as a combination of atlas and traveller's handbook . The Erythraean Sea ( Koinē Greek : Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα , romanized: Erythrà Thálassa , lit. 'Red Sea') was an ancient geographical designation that always included the Gulf of Aden between Arabia Felix and the Horn of Africa and
4104-602: The region was estimated at around 50,000,000 sesterces . Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates. The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers. The name "Tanur(Thanni-ur)" is derived from the Malayalam language. "Thanni" refers to the Bastard myrobalan tree, Terminalia bellirica , while "ur" refers to the settlement. Tanur
4176-581: The royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th members were selected from Vettom . However, the Tanur forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the Battle of Cochin (1504) . However, the allegiance of the Mappila merchants in Tanur region still stayed under the Zamorin of Calicut . Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan , who is considered as the father of modern Malayalam literature , was born at Tirur ( Vettathunadu ) during Portuguese period. The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between
4248-446: The ruler of Parappanangadi , Caramanlii (King of Beypore ?) (Some records say that the ruler of Tanur was also with them ) to break with the Portuguese, even going to war against them. In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the battle at Chaliyam Fort . ] During the last decades of 18th century CE, Vettathunadu became a part of Kingdom of Mysore . Tanur is located on Tirur - Kadalundi Tipu Sultan Road. It
4320-523: The six subdivisions of Malappuram District Police. The police stations at Tanur, Parappanangadi, Tirurangadi, Kalpakanchery, and Kadampuzha comes under the jurisdiction of Tanur subdivisional zone of district police. Tanur railway station , in the heart of the town, is located 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Malappuram on the Shoranur - Mangalore Section of the Southern Railway. The nearest airport
4392-410: The town is divided into 44 wards , from which the members of the municipal council are elected for a term of five years. The municipality comes under the jurisdiction of the Tanur police station, which was formed on 29 February 1962. The station is located on Tanur- Parappanangadi public road about 100 yards west of Tanur junction. The station has the jurisdiction over the municipality of Tanur and
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#17328550181024464-662: The various market-towns. Those bound for this market-town from Egypt make the voyage favorably about the month of July, that is Epiphi. Goods were also brought down in quantity from Ujjain , the capital of the Western Satraps: 48. Inland from this place and to the east, is the city called Ozene, formerly a royal capital; from this place are brought down all things needed for the welfare of the country about Barygaza, and many things for our trade: agate and carnelian, Indian muslins and mallow cloth, and much ordinary cloth. The lost port city of Muziris (near present day Kodungallur ) in
4536-475: The voyage to this place in a favorable season who set out from Egypt about the month of July, that is Epiphi. The Periplus also describes the annual fair in present-day Northeast India, on the border with China. Every year there turns up at the border of Thina, a certain tribe, short in body and very flat-faced ... called Sêsatai ... They come with their wives and children bearing great packs resembling mats of green leaves and then remain at some spot on
4608-651: Was an Egyptian Greek. Schoff continues by noting that the author could not have been "a highly educated man" as "is evident from his frequent confusion of Greek and Latin words and his clumsy and sometimes ungrammatical constructions". Because of "the absence of any account of the journey up the Nile and across the desert from Coptos ", Schoff prefers to pinpoint the author's residence to " Berenice rather than Alexandria ". John Hill maintains that "the Periplus can now be confidently dated to between AD 40 and 70 and, probably, between AD 40 and 50." This dating corresponds with
4680-427: Was an important trading port with trade connections with Middle East during the early medieval period. When Kingdom of Tanur became vassal to the Zamorin of Calicut , Tanur also became a major port like other port towns in the kingdom. The Zamorin earned a greater part of his revenue through the maritime trade through ports. Vettathunad , also known as the Kingdom of Tanur , was a coastal city-state kingdom in
4752-467: Was established in 2013. The college is affiliated to the University of Calicut . Now the college is temporarily located at Puthentheru, about 3KM away from Tanur town. College offers UG courses in B.A English, B.COM, BBA, BCA, and B.Sc. Electronics as well as a PG course in Integrated MA [Malayalam] (IPMA). The college has been an entrance to the world of higher education for the public, especially for
4824-601: Was near modern-day Quelimane in Mozambique, citing the fact that (according to the Periplus ) the coastline there ran down towards the southwest. Peters also suggests that the description of the "Pyralaoi" (i.e., the "Fire people") – "situated at the entry to the [Mozambique] Channel" – indicates that they were the inhabitants of the volcanic Comoro Islands. He also maintains that Menuthias (with its abundance of rivers and crocodiles) cannot have been Zanzibar; i.e., Madagascar seems more likely. The Periplus informs us that Rhapta,
4896-524: Was often extended (as in this periplus) to include the present-day Red Sea , Persian Gulf , and Indian Ocean as a single maritime area. The 10th-century Byzantine manuscript which forms the basis of present knowledge of the Periplus attributes the work to Arrian , but apparently for no better reason than its position beside Arrian's much later Periplus of the Euxine Sea . One historical analysis, published by Wilfred Harvey Schoff in 1912, narrowed
4968-463: Was one of the earliest Portuguese colonies in the Indian Subcontinent. The ruler of the Kingdom of Tanur , who was a vassal to the Zamorin of Calicut , sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at Kozhikode . As a result, the Kingdom of Tanur ( Vettathunadu ) became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of Tanur also sided with Cochin . Many of the members of
5040-512: Was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period . According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis . However, the Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike ' s starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari ; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast . The value of Rome's annual trade with
5112-450: Was then a centre of trade with Ancient Rome , is roughly identified with Tanur. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the Roman Empire . Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos ( Chera dynasty ). The North Malabar region, which lies north of the port at Tyndis ,
5184-408: Was under the firm control of a governor appointed by Arabian king of Musa, taxes were collected, and it was serviced by "merchant craft that they staff mostly with Arab skippers and agents who, through continual intercourse and intermarriage, are familiar with the area and its language". The Periplus explicitly states that Azania (which included Rhapta) was subject to " Charibael ", the king of both
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