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47-612: The brigade was formed as a result of an expansion of capabilities and equipment within the army to counter emerging threats from neighbouring countries. The armoured Brigade was formally established in 1979 and was made up of one main tank battalion and one armoured reconnaissance battalion. The Brigade Headquarters was located at Isiolo Barracks in 1990. The brigade is currently equipped with Vickers Main Battle Tank Mark 3 and T-72 Main Battle Tanks to combat enemy armour. The brigade

94-481: A carbon-copy manner with little success. This isomorphic mimicry –adopting organizational forms that have been successful elsewhere but that only hide institutional dysfunction without solving it on the home country –can contribute to getting countries stuck in 'capability traps' where the country does not advance in its development goals. An example of this can be seen through some of the criticisms of foreign aid and its success rate at helping countries develop. Beyond

141-512: A community or region". Daphne Greenwood and Richard Holt distinguish economic development from economic growth on the basis that economic development is a "broadly based and sustainable increase in the overall standard of living for individuals within a community", and measures of growth such as per capita income do not necessarily correlate with improvements in quality of life. The United Nations Development Programme in 1997 defined development as increasing people‟s choices. Choices depend on

188-675: A major contributor to development economics , asserted that economic development grew to concentrate on the poor regions of the world , primarily in Africa , Asia and Latin America yet on the outpouring of fundamental ideas and models. It has also been argued, notably by Asian and European proponents of infrastructure-based development , that systematic, long-term government investments in transportation , housing , education , and healthcare are necessary to ensure sustainable economic growth in emerging countries. During Robert McNamara's 13 years at

235-421: A panel dataset for each 50 states with unemployment, labor force participation by race, and annual labor market statistics. In addition, for contractionary monetary policy, they utilize the federal funds rate, the short-term interest rates charged to banks. Seguino and Heintz Seguino concludes that the impact of a one percentage point increase in the federal funds rate relative to white and black women's unemployment

282-587: A professional industry of highly specialized practitioners. The practitioners have two key roles: one is to provide leadership in policy-making , and the other is to administer policy, programs, and projects. Economic development practitioners generally work in public offices on the state, regional, or municipal level, or in public-private partnerships organizations that may be partially funded by local, regional, state, or federal tax money. These economic development organizations function as individual entities and in some cases as departments of local governments. Their role

329-486: A significant amount of revenue from this source are less accountable to their citizens (they are more autonomous) as they have less pressure to legitimately use those resources. Just as it has been documented for countries with an abundant supply of natural resources such as oil, countries whose government budget consists largely of foreign aid donations and not regular taxes are less likely to have incentives to develop effective public institutions. This in turn can undermine

376-546: A significant indicator of a country's economic advancement: this perspective is illustrated notably through the Basic Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index (known as BRTI Index) and related models such as the (Modified) Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index (RTI). In an effort to create an indicator that would help measure gender equality , the United Nations has created two measures:

423-465: Is 0.015 and 0.043, respectively One growing understanding in economic development is the promotion of regional clusters and a thriving metropolitan economy . In today's global landscape, location is vitally important and becomes a key in competitive advantage . International trade and exchange rates are key issues in economic development. Currencies are often either under-valued or over-valued , resulting in trade surpluses or deficits. Furthermore,

470-650: Is a human rights and peace activist, the chair of the Isiolo Peace Committee. The trans-African automobile route, the Cairo-Cape Town Highway , passes through Isiolo. The Kenyan section of this road from Nairobi to the Ethiopian border is designated A2 . The town is served by Isiolo Airport , which has been upgraded to an international airport to serve tourism and local exports. George Wajackoyah in his manifesto mentioned that he would change

517-538: Is a town in Isiolo County , of which it is the capital. It is located in the upper eastern region of Kenya and is geographically considered the center of the country Kenya . It lies 285 kilometers north of the capital Nairobi . The town grew around the local military camps . Much of the population consists of Borana and Ameru as well as minority groups including Turkana, Samburu, Somali among others. The town has an estimated population of 78,250, most of which live around

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564-597: Is also equipped with a number of Panhard AML for reconnaissance missions. The entire formation consists of five battalions, with three handling the main battle tanks and two equipped for armoured reconnaissance. The School of Armour that trains crew and other personnel is also under the brigade in Isiolo Barracks. The first unit formed was the 76 Armoured Reconnaissance Battalion at the Kenya Army Headquarters, though its roots can be traced back to 1968. The unit

611-400: Is important to not expect that particular economic development programs be able to fix many problems at once as that would be establishing unsurmountable goals for them that are highly unlikely they can achieved. Any development policy should set limited goals and a gradual approach to avoid falling victim to something Prittchet, Woolcock and Andrews call 'premature load bearing'. Many times

658-678: Is located south of Isiolo. The Meru National Park also in adjacent Meru County lies in the North East of the town. Since 1995, the town has been the seat of the Vicariate Apostolic of Isiolo . On July 14, 2005, Bishop Luigi Locati , who represented the Roman Catholic Church in Isiolo, was murdered. The High Court sent Father Guyo Waqo Malley and four others — Mohamed Molu, Aden Ibrahim Mohammed, Mahati Ali Halake and Roba Balla Bariche — to

705-573: Is set to become a major part of Kenya's economic development plan Vision 2030 . The plan calls for Isiolo to become a tourist centre that will include casinos, hotels, upscale retail outlets, a modern airport and transport facilities. Isiolo will also be a transport hub as the location of the fork of the LAPSSET . Isiolo District was designated as the Headquarters of the Northern frontier Districts while it

752-547: Is to seek out new economic opportunities and retain their existing business wealth. There are numerous other organizations whose primary function is not economic development that work in partnership with economic developers. They include the news media, foundations, utilities, schools, health care providers, faith-based organizations, and colleges, universities, and other education or research institutions. There are various types of macroeconomic and sociocultural indicators or "metrics" used by economists and geographers to assess

799-429: Is typically associated with improvements in a variety of areas or indicators (such as literacy rates , life expectancy , and poverty rates) , that may be causes of economic development rather than consequences of specific economic development programs. For example, health and education improvements have been closely related to economic growth, but the causality with economic development may not be obvious. In any case, it

846-645: The Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). These indicators were first introduced in the 1995 UNDP Human Development Report. Other factors include the inflation rate, investment level and national debt , birth and death rates, life expectancy , morbidity , education levels (measured through literacy and numeracy rates), housing , social services like hospitals , health facilities , clean and safe drinking water , schools (measured by

893-527: The post-war period of reconstruction initiated by the United States. In 1949, during his inaugural speech, President Harry Truman identified the development of undeveloped areas as a priority for the West: There have been several major phases of development theory since 1945. Alexander Gerschenkron argued that the less developed the country is at the outset of economic development (relative to others),

940-539: The 1980s pushing an agenda of free trade and removal of import substitution industrialization policies. In economics, the study of economic development was born out of an extension to traditional economics that focused entirely on the national product , or the aggregate output of goods and services. Economic development was concerned with the expansion of people's entitlements and their corresponding capabilities, such as morbidity , nourishment , literacy , education , and other socio-economic indicators. Borne out of

987-556: The 76th, with several Panhards and WZ-551 armoured personnel carriers. The unit can trace its roots back to 1963, during the early days of the Kenya Army, when it inherited four Ferret Scout cars from a small light armoured sub-unit. These scout cars were in use until 1967 when newly acquired Saladin cars were used in forming a reconnaissance squad. In 1976, the Saladin Squadron was developed into Armoured Reconnaissance Battalion with

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1034-462: The World Bank under McNamara's tenure "sold" states poverty reduction "through a mixture of persuasion and coercion." The development of a country has been associated with different concepts but generally encompasses economic growth through higher productivity, political systems that represent as accurately as possible the preferences of its citizens, The extension of rights to all social groups and

1081-528: The World Bank, he introduced key changes, most notably, shifting the Bank's economic development policies toward targeted poverty reduction. Before his tenure at the World Bank, poverty did not receive substantial attention as part of international and national economic development; the focus of development had been on industrialization and infrastructure. Poverty also came to be redefined as a condition faced by people rather than countries. According to Martha Finnemore,

1128-458: The acquisition of Panhards. In the 1970s, the army saw the need to form a main tank battalion and thus the 78 Tank Battalion was established in 1978 along with a sister unit, the 81 Tank Battalion, in 1981. The unit was formed by a squadron carved from the 76 Armoured Reconnaissance Battalion and was initially based in Gilgil and assigned a light Armoured Squadron. It was formed in 1981 at Lanet under

1175-434: The attainment of a standard of living equivalent to that of industrialized countries . Economic development can also be considered as a static theory that documents the state of an economy at a certain place. According to Schumpeter and Backhaus (2003), the changes in this equilibrium state documented in economic theory can only be caused by intervening factors coming from the outside. Economic development originated in

1222-480: The backdrop of Keynesian economics (advocating government intervention), and neoclassical economics (stressing reduced intervention), with the rise of high-growth countries ( Singapore , South Korea , Hong Kong ) and planned governments ( Argentina , Chile , Sudan , Uganda ), economic development and more generally development economics emerged amidst these mid-20th century theoretical interpretations of how economies prosper. Also, economist Albert O. Hirschman ,

1269-555: The command of then Major J. J. Wang'ombe. It was carved from the 78th Tank Battalion and the 76 Armoured Reconnaissance Battalion under with Captain Mwangangi as the commanding officer. The unit was assigned its first batch of soldiers from Armed Forces Technical College in August 1981, and three tanks followed the following month. By 1983, the unit had been fully established with three fighting squadrons and equipment. Isiolo Isiolo

1316-482: The concept has existed in the West for far longer. " Modernization ", " Westernization ", and especially " industrialization " are other terms often used while discussing economic development. Historically, economic development policies focused on industrialization and infrastructure ; since the 1960s, it has increasingly focused on poverty reduction . Whereas economic development is a policy intervention aiming to improve

1363-416: The country's efforts to develop. In its broadest sense, policies of economic development encompass three major areas: Contractionary monetary policy is a tool used by central banks to slow down a country's economic growth. An example would be raising interest rates to decrease lending. In the United States, the use of contractionary monetary policy has increased women's unemployment. Seguino and Heintz uses

1410-624: The distance learners must travel to reach them), ability to use hard infrastructure (railways, roads, ports, airports, harbours, etc.), and telecommunications and other soft infrastructure like the Internet . The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) focuses on aggregating various indicators that focus on capturing the economic, political, and professional gains made by women. The GEM is composed of just three variables: income earning power, share in professional and managerial jobs, and share of parliamentary seats. The Gender Development Index (GDI) measures

1457-659: The economic development goals of specific countries cannot be reached because they lack the State's capabilities to do so. For example, if a nation has little capacity to carry out basic functions like security and policing or core service delivery it is unlikely that a program that wants to foster a free-trade zone (special economic zones) or distribute vaccinations to vulnerable populations can accomplish their goals. This has been something overlooked by multiple international organizations, aid programs and even participating governments who attempt to carry out 'best practices' from other places in

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1504-574: The first squadron which would give rise to the 76th Armoured Reconnaissance Battalion. This battalion would immediately be utilised in countering the threat from then President of Uganda Idi Amin in Western Kenya when it was mobilized as a response to threats of annexation. This is the second armoured unit in the brigade tasked with reconnaissance and is based at Isiolo. The battalion has been deployed to Somalia and Northern Kenya in operations for counter insurgency operations. They are similarly equipped to

1551-536: The gallows for planning and murdering Bishop Luigi Locati. The town of Isiolo is small but cosmopolitan. Isiolo is home to the Ameru , Samburu , Turkana , Rendille , Boran , Somali . Additionally, there are some Indian shopkeepers. The town is religiously diverse with a near-equal Christian and Muslim population. The Jamia mosque and the Catholic church's twin bell towers are among the landmarks of Isiolo town. Generally

1598-543: The growth of globalization has linked economic development with trends on international trade and participation in global value chains (GVCs) and international financial markets. The last financial crisis had a huge effect on economies in developing countries. Economist Jayati Ghosh states that it is necessary to make financial markets in developing countries more resilient by providing a variety of financial institutions . This could also add to financial security for small-scale producers. Economic development has evolved into

1645-607: The hotel business in the town centre. Isiolo has been the headquarters of N.F.D.(Northern Frontier Districts) since the issue of the District Ordinance act 1937 & NFD commission 1962. Isiolo was made the headquarters of the District since there was previously no urban centre to serve as district headquarters. The Samburu , Buffalo Springs and Shaba National Reserve lie north of the town, while Lewa Downs Reserve in Meru County

1692-448: The incentive compatibility problems that can happen to foreign aid donations –that foreign aid granting countries continue to give it to countries with little results of economic growth but with corrupt leaders that are aligned with the granting countries' geopolitical interests and agenda –there are problems of fiscal fragility associated to receiving an important amount of government revenues through foreign aid. Governments that can raise

1739-428: The more likely certain conditions are to occur. Hence, all countries do not progress similarly. From the 1940s to the 1960s the state played a large role in promoting industrialization in developing countries, following the idea of modernization theory . This period was followed by a brief period of basic needs development focusing on human capital development and redistribution in the 1970s. Neoliberalism emerged in

1786-414: The national capital of Kenya to Isiolo. Economic development In the economics study of the public sector , economic and social development is the process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals and objectives. The term has been used frequently in the 20th and 21st centuries, but

1833-448: The opportunities to get them and the proper functionality of institutions and organizations that can attend more technically and logistically complex tasks (i.e. raise taxes and deliver public services). These processes describe the State's capabilities to manage its economy, polity, society and public administration. Generally, economic development policies attempt to solve issues in these topics. With this in mind, economic development

1880-433: The outskirts of the town. There has been a steady increase in the urban population in recent years, especially moving from as far as Moyale , Marsabit and Mandera . Isiolo town recently acquired status as a resort city cashing in on the popular Samburu and Shaba Game reserves, tourist destinations after Maasai Mara. Isiolo lies along the long A2 Road , leading towards Marsabit and Moyale much further north. Isiolo

1927-461: The people in question and their nation. The UNDP indicates four chief factors in development, especially human development, which are empowerment, equity, productivity, and sustainability. Mansell and Wehn state that economic development has been understood by non-practitioners since the World War II to involve economic growth, namely the increases in per capita income , and (if currently absent)

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1974-453: The relative economic advancement of a given region or nation. The World Bank 's "World Development Indicators" are compiled annually from officially recognized international sources and include national, regional and global estimates. GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by mid-year population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidizes not included in

2021-451: The town has hot climate and has avenues of trees within the town to provide shade. During June–August period the town experiences strong dry winds and is generally very dusty. Daisy Waugh 's book A Small Town in Africa (1994) is about six months Waugh spent living in Isiolo. American actress Drew Barrymore opened The Barrymore Learning Academy, a school in Isiolo, in 2004. Grace Lolim

2068-415: The value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Median income is related to real gross national income per capita and income distribution . European development economists have argued that the existence of modern transportation networks- such as high-speed rail infrastructure constitutes

2115-767: The well-being of people, economic growth is a phenomenon of market productivity and increases in GDP ; economist Amartya Sen describes economic growth as but "one aspect of the process of economic development". The precise definition of economic development has been contested: while economists in the 20th century viewed development primarily in terms of economic growth , sociologists instead emphasized broader processes of change and modernization . Development and urban studies scholar Karl Seidman summarizes economic development as "a process of creating and utilizing physical, human, financial, and social assets to generate improved and broadly shared economic well-being and quality of life for

2162-537: Was equipped with Ferret Scout cars and in 1969 was designated as a Light Armoured Squadron. The LAS was made up of two Ferret Scout cars and one troop of Saladin cars. The troop was then moved to Gilgil to form part of the Support Battalion under the command of Major J. Munyao. The Army command envisioned the growth of the unit to combat the rising challenges at the time and a number of Panhard AML 245 cars were procured from France. The Panhards would help in forming

2209-540: Was under the British East Africa Protectorate in 1922, until the North Eastern was carved out as a separate province in 1963 when Kenya gained its independence. Isiolo is also known for its large market , while brass, copper and aluminium jewellery -making is a local industry. Isiolo town is also a transport hub to the northern border town of Moyale. Trucks to and from Moyale make stop-overs boosting

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