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37-773: It linked the Livingstone - Sesheke road ( M10 road ; which connects to the Trans–Caprivi Highway at Katima Mulilo and forms part of the Walvis Bay Corridor ) to the main north–south highway of Botswana through Francistown and Gaborone to South Africa , and also to the Kasane - Victoria Falls road through Zimbabwe . It served the international road traffic of three countries directly (Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana) and of three more indirectly (Namibia, South Africa and DR Congo ). Whether Botswana and Zambia actually shared

74-484: A bridge into Zambia at Katima Mulilo about 150 km (93 mi) upriver. The bridge provides a direct connection between Zambia and Botswana. However, there is still no direct connection between Namibia and Zimbabwe, nor is one planned. Traffic from Namibia to Zimbabwe has to cross to Zambia at Katimo Mulilo, and then from Zambia into Zimbabwe at the Victoria Falls; or over Ngoma bridge into Botswana, and thence at

111-428: A hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSh ) with hot and rainy wet seasons and very hot pre-wet seasons and mild dry seasons with large temperature differences between day and night. The city is served by Harry Mwanga Nkumbula International Airport , which receives domestic flights from Lusaka and connects with various international cities, including Johannesburg , Cape Town , Mbombela & Nairobi . The city

148-465: A British colonial settlement sprang up there and around 1897 it became the first municipality in the country; it is sometimes referred to as 'Old Livingstone'. Its proximity to mosquito breeding areas caused deaths from malaria , so after 1900 the Europeans moved to higher ground known as Constitution Hill or Sandbelt Post Office, and as that area grew into a town it was named Livingstone in honour of

185-531: A Polish consular post was established there. As the British government began publicly discussing independence, and news of the large scale massacres of white colonials in nearby Belgian Congo was heard, many white residents feared abandonment by the British colonial government. Consequently, many began making moves to migrate south toward Southern Rhodesia or South Africa. When Northern Rhodesia obtained independence as Zambia, many more whites continued to leave. At

222-458: A common border, or whether the ferry was illegally crossing into Namibian or Rhodesian territory, was the subject of dispute. In 1970, South Africa (which at the time occupied Namibia) informed Botswana that there was no common border between Botswana and Zambia, claiming that a quadripoint existed. As a result, South Africa claimed, the Kazungula Ferry, which links Botswana and Zambia at

259-721: A strong Jewish community. Livingstone has various museums, like the Livingstone Museum (archaeology, ethnography and history and contains a collection of memorabilia relating to David Livingstone ), the Maramba Cultural Museum (featuring traditional dancing, singing, costumes), the Railway Museum of the Mulobezi Railway and the Victoria Falls Field Museum (featuring geology and archaeology around

296-542: Is a Bantu language primarily spoken by the Tonga people ( Bantu Batonga ) who live mainly in the Southern province, Lusaka province, Central Province and Western province of Zambia , and in northern Zimbabwe , with a few in northwest Mozambique . The language is also spoken by the Iwe, Toka and Leya people among others, as well as many bilingual Zambians and Zimbabweans. In Zambia Tonga

333-467: Is complex and differs from that of other Bantu languages; for example, a syllable which is low in Tonga may be high in the cognate word in other Bantu languages and vice versa. Several scholars, beginning with A. E. Meeussen in 1963, have tried to discover the rules for where to place the tones. One feature of the tonal system is that high tones tend to get disassociated from their original place and move to

370-526: Is mostly spoken in the Zambezi valley and southern areas of the Batonga while Plateau Tonga is spoken more around Monze District and the northern areas of the Batonga. Tonga developed as a spoken language and was not put into written form until missionaries arrived in the area in the 19th century. Although there are a growing number of publications in the language, it is not completely standardized, and speakers of

407-576: Is served by the operating sections of the Cape to Cairo Railway , which connect it to Lusaka in the north-east and Bulawayo in the south-east. The railway to Lusaka is also named the Zambia Railway . The Mulobezi Railway connects Livingstone to the Mulobezi timber industry in the west. The Lusaka-Livingstone road (T1 road) connects Livingstone with Kalomo , Choma and the national capital ( Lusaka ) in

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444-638: Is taught in schools as first language in the whole of Southern Province, Lusaka and Central Provinces. The language is a member of the Bantu Botatwe group and is classified as M64 by Guthrie . Despite similar names, Zambian Tonga is not closely related to the Tonga of Malawi (N15) or the Tonga language of Mozambique (Gitonga: S62). It is one of the major lingua francas in Zambia, together with Bemba , Lozi and Nyanja . There are two distinctive dialects of Tonga: Valley Tonga and Plateau Tonga. Valley Tonga

481-670: The Kazungula Road crossing into Zimbabwe. In practice, though, there is very little such traffic along this route, or demand. Livingstone, Zambia Livingstone is a city in Zambia . Until 1935, it served as the capital of Northern Rhodesia . Lying 10 km (6 mi) to the north of the Zambezi River , it is a tourism attraction center for the Victoria Falls and a border town with road and rail connections to Zimbabwe on

518-1068: The Zambezi as the Katima Mulilo Bridge and reaches the Katima Mulilo Border with Namibia ). This road from Livingstone to the Katima Mulilo Bridge is part of the Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi Development Road . The M10 further connects with Senanga and Mongu . Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Diocese of Livingstone ( Catholic Church ), United Church in Zambia ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ), Mount Zion Christian Centre - Livingstone ( Pentecostal Church ), Reformed Church in Zambia ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ), Baptist Union of Zambia ( Baptist World Alliance ), Assemblies of God . There are also Muslim mosques and Hindu temples. Previously, Livingstone hosted

555-519: The 1970s due in part to renationalisation of industries and in part to closure of the border with Rhodesia, first by the Zambian government and later by the Rhodesian authorities. Since the beginning of the 21st century, Livingstone has experienced a resurgence in tourism and has firmly become the destination of choice when visiting the Victoria Falls. Livingstone has enjoyed a slight influx of investment in

592-635: The 2006-10 period and is clearly shown in the African Development Fund project map. This matches the US Department of State Office of the Geographer depiction in Google Earth . The planned route for the new bridge crosses this boundary without entering Zimbabwe or Namibia. Zimbabwe already has a bridge into Zambia at Victoria Falls , 70 km (43 mi) from Kazungula. Namibia already has

629-704: The Baleya. The Subiya paid tribute to the Lozi of Barotseland but in 1838 the Kololo , a Sotho tribe from South Africa displaced by Zulu wars , migrated north and conquered the Lozi . The Kololo placed chiefs of their subordinate Subiya people of Sesheke over the Tokaleya. In 1855 Scottish missionary traveller David Livingstone became the first European to be shown the Zambezi in Livingstone vicinity, to see Victoria Falls by

666-450: The Falls). Secondary schools in the area include Hillcrest Technical Secondary School and Linda Secondary School . Livingstone is twinned with: [REDACTED] Media related to Livingstone at Wikimedia Commons 17°51′S 25°52′E  /  17.850°S 25.867°E  / -17.850; 25.867 Leya language Tonga ( Chitonga ), also known as Zambezi ,

703-574: The Subiya-Kololo Chief Sekeletu. In the 1890s Cecil Rhodes 's British South Africa Company established the British rule north of the Zambezi and launched a wave of mineral prospecting and exploration activity and as well, ventured into other natural resources such as timber, ivory and animal skins in a territory called North-Western Rhodesia . The main crossing point of the Zambezi was above

740-648: The capital was moved to Lusaka in 1935 to be closer to the economic heartland of the Copperbelt , industries based on timber, hides, tobacco , cotton (including textiles) and other agricultural products grew. A hydroelectric plant was built taking water from the Eastern Cataract of the Falls. The town of Victoria Falls in Southern Rhodesia had the tourist trade, but many supplies were bought from Livingstone. Of all

777-551: The end of British rule in 1964, Africans were handed a country in which there were only 100 black college graduates, almost all in social sciences from the University of Fort Hare in South Africa. In 1968, a one party state had been established which seized most remaining non-black property, especially those of whites. Consequently, most of the remaining Northern Rhodesians left after an official policy of nationalisation in Zambia

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814-498: The explorer. In the mid-1890s Rhodesia Railways had reached Bulawayo in Southern Rhodesia spurring industrial development there, fueled by the coal mines at Hwange (then named Wankie ) just 110 km (68 mi) south-east of Mosi-oa-Tunya. The railway was extended to Hwange for the coal, but Rhodes's vision was to keep pushing north to extend the British Empire , and he would have built it to Cairo if he could. In 1904

851-532: The falls at the Old Drift, first by dugout canoe, later by an iron boat propelled by eight Lozi paddlers, or a barge towed across with a steel cable. The Batoka Gorge and the deep valley and gorges of the middle Zambezi (now flooded by the Kariba Dam ) meant there was no better crossing point between the Falls and Kariba Gorge , 483 km (300 mi) north-east. As the Old Drift crossing became more frequently used,

888-426: The industry from modern hotel chains like Sun International , to some modern street strip mall centers and restaurants. Apart from tourism, the other hope on Livingstone's horizon is development stimulated by the Walvis Bay Corridor with the opening of the Katima Mulilo Bridge and completion of the Trans–Caprivi Highway 200 km (120 mi) west, which funnels more trade through the town. Livingstone has

925-432: The left, as is illustrated in these examples: In these words, the original high tone of the root -sí has moved to the prefix ibu- , whereas the low tone of -su has not affected the prefix. The above example of a noun is relatively easy to explain. However, the tones of the verbal system are more complex. An example of one of the puzzles discussed by both Meeussen and Goldsmith can be seen below: The high tone on

962-657: The north-east. The same road connects southwards, crossing into Zimbabwe via Victoria Falls Bridge (weight restrictions apply) (becoming the A8 road on the Zimbabwean side and passing through Victoria Falls Town before proceeding to Bulawayo ). The M10 road connects westwards to Kazungula (where the Kazungula Bridge , formerly the Kazungula Ferry , connects with the border into Botswana ) and to Sesheke (where it crosses

999-461: The other side of the Victoria Falls. A historic British colonial city, its present population was enumerated at 177,393 inhabitants at the 2022 census. It is named after David Livingstone , the Scottish explorer and missionary who was the first European to explore the area. Until 2011, Livingstone was the provincial capital of Zambia's Southern Province . Mukuni, 9.6 km (6.0 mi) to

1036-467: The quadripoint, was illegal. Botswana firmly rejected both claims. There was actually a confrontation and shots were fired at the ferry; some years later, the Rhodesian Army attacked and sank the ferry, maintaining that it was serving military purposes. In 2003 the ferry was the site of a disaster when a severely overloaded Zambian truck capsized one of the pontoons and 18 people drowned. The accident

1073-468: The railway reached the Falls on the southern side and construction of the Victoria Falls Bridge started. Too impatient to wait for its completion, Rhodes had the line from Livingstone to Kalomo built and operations started some months in advance of the bridge using a single locomotive which was conveyed in pieces by temporary cableway across the gorge next to the bridge building site. The city

1110-400: The same dialect may have different spellings for the same words once put into written text. Tonga or Citonga follows the standard Bantu language structure . A single word may incorporate a subject-marker, a tense-marker, a direct object, and even an indirect object, combined with the verb root itself. Tonga is a tonal language, with high and low-toned syllables. The placement of the tones

1147-468: The small Maramba River flowing nearby) were in the east and south and were inhabited by working servants , craftsman , tradesman , as well as large numbers of non-working black families suffering under welfare dependency . Asians and people of mixed race owned businesses in the middle, on the eastern side of the centre. During World War II , 170 Polish refugees escaping from German- and Soviet-occupied Poland , were admitted in Livingstone in 1941, and

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1184-756: The south-east of present-day Livingstone, was the largest village in the area before Livingstone was founded. Its Baleya inhabitants, originally from the Rozwi culture in Zimbabwe , were conquered by Chief Mukuni who came from the Congo in the 16th century. Another group of Baleya under Chief Sekute lived near the river west of the town. The predominant people in the area, though, were the Batoka under Chief Musokotwane based at Senkobo, 30 km (19 mi) north. These are southern Tonga people but are culturally and linguistically similar to

1221-429: The tense-marker la in the fourth verb is puzzling. If it comes from the verb root bon , it is hard to see why it does not also appear in the 1st person ndi-la-bon-a . Some scholars, such as Carter and Goldsmith , have analysed Tonga as having both tones and accents (the accents in Tonga being mainly on low-toned syllables). Others, such as Pulleyblank, analyse the same data purely in terms of tonal rules, without

1258-556: The towns in Northern Rhodesia, colonial Livingstone took on the most British character. Surrounded by large numbers of African settlements, it had a strongly marked segregation which while not being officially enshrined as an apartheid policy, had similar practical effects. The north and western areas of the town and the town centre were reserved for the colonial government and white-owned businesses and associated residential areas, while African townships such as Maramba (named after

1295-506: Was announced. Some colonial civic buildings were destroyed and replaced with an African architecture, although Livingstone was used as a location for a 1950s Rhodesian town in the 1981 movie The Grass Is Singing (based on the Doris Lessing novel of that name). . At the same time, a large infusion of cash from the British government to Zambia at independence was partially used in Livingstone. Livingstone suffered economic decline in

1332-449: Was blamed on the lack of weighbridges in Zambia at the time to check the weight of trucks. In August 2007, the governments of Zambia and Botswana announced a deal to construct the Kazungula Bridge at the site to replace the ferry. The existence of a short boundary of about 150 metres (490 ft) between Zambia and Botswana was apparently agreed to during various meetings involving heads of state and/or officials from all four states in

1369-557: Was founded in 1905. The British South Africa Company moved the capital of the territory there in 1907. In 1911 the company merged the territory with North-Eastern Rhodesia as Northern Rhodesia . Livingstone prospered from its position as a gateway to trade between north and south sides of the Zambezi, as well as from farming in the Southern Province and commercial timber production from forests to its north-west. A number of colonial buildings were erected which still stand. Although

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