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31-469: In his history work Shajara-i Tarākima , the Khan of Khiva and historian, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur , mentions Kayı among the 24 ancient Turkmen ( Oghuz Turkic ) tribes, direct descendants of Oghuz Khagan . Oghuz Khagan is a semi-legendary figure thought to be the ancient progenitor of Oghuz Turks. Kayı translates as "strong". In his extensive history work “ Jami' al-tawarikh ” (Collection of Chronicles),

62-617: Is etymologically uncertain: Peter Benjamin Golden (2003) proposes several Mongolic etymologies: ɣai "trouble, misfortune, misery", χai "interjection of grief", χai "to seek", χai "to hew", albeit none compelling. Pritsak proposes that the qu(o)mâġ-ġay comprised two Proto-Mongolic groups: the Qu(o)mâġ , whom he linked to the Kimek and the Qun/ Cumans (whose ethnonym possibly meant "yellow") and

93-525: Is the Kay tribe, whom Chinese knew as Xí 奚 (< MC * γiei ). After examining Chinese sources & consulting the works of other scholars ( Pelliot , Minorsky ), Zuev proposes that the Kay had belonged to the proto-Mongolic Xianbei tribal union Yuwen Xiongnu and that Kay had been ethnic and linguistic relatives of the Mongolic-speaking Khitans , prior to being known as an Oghuz-Turkmen tribe by

124-603: The Balkan velayat and consists of the following clans: adnakel, ak kel, alatelpek, bagly, barak, burkaz, ganjyk, gapan, garabalkan, garawul, garagol, garagul, garadaşly, garakel, garga, garyşmaz and others. The Kayı are also a subtribe of the Bayat Turkmens of the Lebap velayat . The name and logo of the İyi Party ( İyi means Good in Turkish ) of Meral Akşener is inspired by

155-587: The Qay proper. However, Golden thinks that qu(o)mâġ-ġay simply means "desert Qay" or "sand Qay", referring to their earlier habitat. As for the exonym Tatabï given to Kumo Xi by Göktürks , Yury Zuev (2002) compares Tatabï to Avestan tata apo and proposes an etymology from Iranic * tata-api "falling waters", after having noted that the name of a Xī-(奚)-associated tribe Bái-Xí 白霫 (< MC * bˠæk̚-ziɪp̚ ) literally meant "white downpour/torrent" in Chinese , and that

186-637: The (now named) Xi had become subordinate to the Khitans. After the Khitans' Li-Sun Rebellion (696-697) and revolt of Ketuyu (730-734), the Xi regained their position of dominance. The Xi then entered a golden age, lasting from approximately 755 to 847. During this period the Xi were friendly with An Lushan , and supported An in his An Shi Rebellion (756-763), plundering Han territories frequently within this period. This aggressive policy seems to have consumed Xi forces, especially weakening their demographic vitality, allowing

217-582: The 9th century. Likewise, Hungarian scholar Gyula Németh (1969) links Kayı(ğ) to the (para-)Mongolic Qay / Xí , whom Tibetans knew as Dad-pyi and Göktürks knew as Tatabï ; however, Németh's thesis is rejected by Mehmet Fuat Köprülü among others. Later on, Németh (1991) proposes that Mg. Qay is derived from Tk. root qað- "snowstorm, blizzard"; nevertheless, Golden points out that Qay has several Mongolic etymologies: ɣai "misfortune", χai "interjection of grief", χai "to seek", χai "to hew". Even so, Köprülü rejects scholarly attempts to link

248-680: The Kayı tribe. In the 10th century, the Central Asian Oghuz Yabgu State was headed by supreme leaders (or Yabghu ) who belonged to the Kayı tribe. According to Soviet archaeologist and ethnographer Sergey Tolstov , part of the Kayi tribe moved in the Middle Ages from Central Asia to modern day Ukraine , they are known in the Rus' chronicle as kovuy and kaepichi as one of the tribes that formed

279-603: The Kumo Xi and Khitans (descendants of the Xianbei) spoke the same language. The Book of Wei (Description of the Khitan, Vol. 100, 2223) records : 契丹國, 在庫莫奚東, 異種同類, 俱竄於松漠之間. 登國中, 國軍大破之, 遂逃迸, 與庫莫奚分背. The Khitan state was situated east of the Kumo Xi. They were different ethnic groups but belonged to the same ethnic stock, and fled to the region of Songmo together. During the period of Dengguo (386-395), they were severely defeated by

310-466: The Ottomans' Kayı descent came from genealogies written during the fifteenth century, several centuries after the life of Osman. More significantly, the earliest genealogies written by the Ottomans did not include any reference to Kayı descent at all, indicating that it may have been fabricated at a later date. The famous Oghuz- Turkic folk narrator, soothsayer and bard Gorkut-ata (Dede Korkut) belonged to

341-695: The Turkic tribal confederation called the Black Klobuks , who were allies of the Rurik dynasty of the Rus' Khaganate ; Golden however considers the Kaepichi to be descendants of the Mongolic or para-Mongolic Qay instead. Soviet and Russian linguist and turkologist A. V. Superanskaya associates the Kayı tribe with the origin of the name of the city of Kyiv ; however, Canadian Ukrainian linguist Jaroslav Rudnyckyj connects

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372-578: The Wuwan Mountains. During the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao killed their leader Tadun . (The Xi) were the descendants. In 388 AD, the Kumo Xi and Khitans fought with the Xianbei-led Northern Wei dynasty . The conflict severely weakened the Kumo Xi while the Khitans were not as badly affected, resulting in their split into separate polities. By the early Tang dynasty (around the 7th century AD),

403-756: The Xī (奚) and Xí (霫) occupied the same area, Zhongjing (中京). The Kumo Xi were descendants of the Wuhuan . The Book of the Later Han records that “the language and culture of the Xianbei are the same as the Wuhuan”. Along with the Xianbei, the Wuhuan formed part of the proto-Mongolic Donghu confederation in the 4th century BC. The Weishu (Description of the Khitan, Vol. 1000, 2221) records that

434-618: The army and close associates of Oghuz Khan, and which were considered part of the Oghuz (Turkmens) in ancient times and the Middle Ages: Kangly - Kypchak - Karlyk - Khalach Kumo Xi The Kumo Xi ( traditional Chinese : 庫 莫 奚 ; simplified Chinese : 库 莫 奚 ; pinyin : Kùmò Xī ), also known as the Tatabi , were ancient steppe people located in current Northeast China from 207 CE to 907 CE. After

465-526: The death of their ancestor Tadun in 207, they were no longer called Wuhuan but joined the Khitan Xianbei in submitting to the Yuwen Xianbei . Their history is widely linked to the more famous Khitan . During their history, the Kumo Xi engaged in conflict with numerous Chinese dynasties and with the Khitan tribes, eventually suffering a series of disastrous defeats to Chinese armies and coming under

496-592: The domination of the Khitans. In 907, the Kumo Xi were completely assimilated into the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China. Omeljan Pritsak reconstructs the ethnonym underlying Middle Chinese * kʰuo -mɑk̚-ɦei as qu(o)mâġ-ġay . The first element qu(o)mâġ is from * quo "yellowish" plus denominal suffix * -mAk , cognate with Mongolian qumaġ "fine sands" and with Turkic qumaq and qum . As for * ɦei , Christopher Atwood (2010) proposed that it reflects an i -suffixed form of OC 胡 *gâ > hú . Further, gâ

527-616: The earth: Ham was sent to Hindustan, Sam to Iran, and Yafes was sent to the banks of the Itil and Yaik rivers. Yafes had eight sons named Turk, Khazar, Saqlab, Rus, Ming, Chin, Kemeri, and Tarikh. As he was dying, he established Turk as his successor. According to the Genealogy of the Turkmens , Oghuz Khan had six sons in total, and each of them in turn had 4 sons from their first wives and several more from their other wives. Twenty-four grandsons from

558-707: The entire ancient Oghuz-Turkmen people were divided into two parts (Bozok and Uchok): each of these parts was divided into 12 yuzluks, and each of the yuzluks was divided into two Aimaks. 24 Oghuz Turkmen tribes according to the Genealogy of the Turkmens by Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur: List of ancient Turkmen tribes whose forefathers were born from the younger wives of Oguz Khan's sons: Kene - Gune - Turbatly - Gireyli - Soltanly - Okly - Gekly - Kyrgyz - Suchly - Horasanly - Yurtchy - Jamchy - Turumchy - Kumy - Sorky - Kurjyk - Sarajyk - Karajyk - Tekin - Kazygurt - Lala - Merdeshuy - Sayir . The list of tribes whose ancestors were leaders in

589-587: The first wives of the sons of Oghuz Khan were the ancestors of the 24 oldest and main Oghuz-Turkmen tribes and the heads of the so-called "Aimak". Each of the main 24 tribes was joined by other tribes whose ancestors were the grandsons of Oghuz Khan from the secondary wives of his sons and so on: this is the main association of several clans that formed a single "Aimak". Two united Aimaks formed "yuzluks". The yuzluks, in turn, were grouped into two main groups: "Bozoks" (senior tribes) and "Uchoks" (junior tribes). Thus,

620-633: The formerly Mongolic Qay/Xi to the Oghuz Turkic tribe Qayı(ğ); he points out that Kashgari 's Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk distinguished the Qay tribe from the Qayığ branch/sub-tribe of the Oghuz-Turkmen tribe. According to Ottoman tradition, Osman I , the founder of Ottoman Empire , was a descendant of the Kayı tribe. This claim has, however, been called into serious question by many modern historians. The only evidence for

651-618: The frontier commander of Lulong . The Xi were never able to recover from their defeat in 847. In the late ninth century AD the Khitans rose to eventually absorb the remnants of Xi people, and established the Liao dynasty in 907. It is believed that the Xiqin , a bowed, stringed instrument that is the ancestor of the Chinese Erhu , the Mongolian Khuuchir and Morin khuur , was derived from

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682-533: The imperial troops. Therefore, they (the Khitan) fled in disorder and split off from the Kumo Xi. The Book of Sui records: 奚本曰庫莫奚, 東部胡之種. The Xi were originally called the Kumo Xi. They were of Donghu origin. The New Book of Tang records: 奚亦東胡種, 為匈奴所破, 保烏丸山. 漢曹操斬其帥蹋頓蓋其後也. The Xi were also of Donghu (the eastern barbarians) origin. They were defeated by the Xiongnu (under Modu Chanyu ), and then sought refuge in

713-429: The legend of Salyr ), about Tamga , Ongons and others. Shajara-i Tarākima roughly follows Rashīd ad-Dīn ’s already Islamized and Mongolized (post-conquest) version about the origin of Oghuz Khan and Turkmens. But in his account, Oghuz Khan is fully integrated into Islamic and Mongol traditional history. The account begins with descent from Adam to Noah , who after the flood sends his three sons to repopulate

744-584: The less aggressive Khitans to dominate them. Xi raids into Tang territory provoked successive heavy responses from the Tang court, resulting in battles in the 760s and in 795 that were disastrous for the Xi. After 795, the Xi became a tributary people to the Tang . The Uyghur Empire (744-840) collapsed in the 840's. When the Tang dynasty simultaneously displayed signs of division, the Xi rose in rebellion in 847, and were subsequently and disastrously defeated by Zhang Zhongwu ,

775-561: The name Kyiv to the Proto-Slavic root *kyjь , which should be interpreted as meaning 'stick, pole' as in its modern Ukrainian equivalent Кий ; therefore, the toponym should in that case be interpreted as 'palisaded settlement'. In Anatolia , twenty seven villages bear the name of Kayı . In Turkmenistan , the Kayı tribe is one of the main divisions of the Gökleň Turkmens living in

806-531: The other being the Shajara-i Turk (Genealogy of the Turks), which was completed by his son, Abu al-Muzaffar Anusha Muhammad Bahadur, in 1665. Shajara-i Tarākima describes the history of Turkmens since ancient times, the birth and life of the ancient ancestor of all Turkmens and the progenitor hero of all Turkic peoples - Oghuz Khan , his campaigns to conquer various countries and regions of Eurasia , as well as

837-548: The rule of the Oghuz -Turkmen khans in the Middle Ages . Shajara-i Tarākima is also a significant literary work, as it describes numerous Turkmen folk legends, tales, etymologies of ethnonyms, proverbs and sayings. According to Abu al-Ghazi, the Genealogy of the Turkmens was written "at the request of the Turkmen mullahs , sheikhs and begs ", who believed that the previous Oghuznamas were full of "errors and differences" and that it

868-486: The seal of the Kayı tribe. Shajara-i Tar%C4%81kima Shajara-i Tarākima ( Chagatay : شجرهٔ تراکمه , lit.   'Genealogy of the Turkmens ') is a Chagatai -language historical work completed in 1659 by Khan of Khiva and historian Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur . Shajara-i Tarākima is one of the two works composed by Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur that have great importance in learning Central Asian history,

899-548: The statesman and historian of the Ilkhanate Rashid-al-Din Hamadani also says that the Kayı tribe comes from the oldest of Oghuz Khan's 24 grandchildren who were the patriarchs of the ancient Oghuz tribes, and the name Kayı means "powerful". Soviet Sinologist and Turkologist Yury Zuev based on the analysis of tribal names and tamgas from Tang Huiyao , identifies a number of ancient Central Asian Turkic tribes as Oghuz-Turkmen tribes, one of them

930-475: The throne, a position he would hold for twenty years. He died in Khiva in 1663. Shajara-i Tarākima can be divided into three parts: information of a Quranic nature (the story of Adam ); information based on the Oghuz-Turkmen epic, which includes the story of Oghuz Khan and his descendants, and information acquired through oral tradition about the origin, division and location of the Oghuz tribes (in particular,

961-727: Was necessary to give an official version of the legend of the origin of the Turkmens. Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur was the Khan of Khiva and a prominent historian of the Turkic peoples, who wrote his works in Chagatai language . He was born in 1603 in Urgench , Khanate of Khiva, the son of ruler Arab Muhammad Khan. He fled to the Safavid court in Isfahan after a power struggle arose among him and his brothers. He lived there in exile from 1629 until 1639 studying Persian and Arabic history. In 1644 or 1645 he acceded to

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