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92-475: Africana philosophy is a part of and developed within the field of Africana studies . Africana philosophy includes the philosophical ideas, arguments, and theories of particular concern to people of African descent . Some of the topics explored by Africana philosophy include pre-Socratic African philosophy and modern-day debates discussing the early history of Western philosophy , post-colonial writing in Africa and

184-449: A Turning Point USA student chapter event and spoke publicly about her campaign against transgender athletes in women's sports . This sparked a protest. After the event, Gaines said she had been struck during the protest. In September, October, and November, students and staff held numerous demonstrations in response to the 2023 Israel–Hamas War , tuition increases, layoffs, and budget cuts. SFSU faculty members participated in

276-450: A semester calendar . Students generally enroll in courses during the fall and spring semesters, but courses are also offered during the summer semester and winter session. Winter courses are not eligible for financial aid. The university has a four-year graduation rate of 29% and a six-year graduation rate of 48.8%. The student-faculty ratio at SFSU was 22.6:1 in Spring 2024. As of 2024,

368-547: A Black studies department, amidst great targeting and discrimination of student leaders of color on the University of California campuses. In the Autumn season of 1968, black students from UCSB joined the national civil rights movement to end racial segregation and exclusion of Black history and studies from college campuses. Triggered by the insensitivity of the administration and general campus life, they occupied North Hall and presented

460-498: A Democratic Society (SDS), a well-connected and organized club, hosted a conference entitled "Black Power and its Challenges." Black leaders, who were directly tied to then ongoing civil rights movements, spoke to a predominantly white audience about their respective goals and challenges. These leaders included Stokely Carmichael of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and James Bevel of

552-399: A broad way of teaching just to get the information out. AASU used these claims to gain ground on their proposal to create a Black studies department. Nathan Hare , a sociology professor at San Francisco State University, created what was known as the "A Conceptual Proposal for Black Studies" and AASU used Hare's framework to create a set of criteria. A Black studies program was implemented by

644-655: A continuing education diploma program in Afro-Colombian studies was developed and began to be offered at the University of Cauca in Belalcázar, Caldas . At the Pontifical Xavierian University , there is a master's degree program in Afro-Colombian studies. There is also a study abroad program for Afro-Colombian students and African-American students existing between the Afro-Colombian studies program at

736-509: A global context. This aim reinforces the importance of representing diverse voices and experiences, ensuring that the Black experience is recognized as integral to the broader human narrative. In summary, Africana studies serves not only to broaden students' understanding of global histories and cultures but also to empower them with an enriched perspective that celebrates the complexity and diversity of Black experiences. By acknowledging and addressing

828-420: A group of Jewish students and local residents accused SFSU of encouraging antisemitism and excluding Jewish student pro-Israel activist groups from campus activities. The students filed two lawsuits focusing on the disruption of a speech by Jerusalem mayor Nir Barkat in 2016. One suit was dismissed and the other was settled. In May 2019, Lynn Mahoney became the first woman to become president of SF State in

920-559: A group of SF State students in the occupation of Alcatraz Island And a 763-bed, 15-story dorm building, Verducci Hall, was built near Lake Merced Boulevard. In 1971, campus-based childcare at SF State was approved by the California State Colleges board of trustees. On October 10, 1972, the Associated Students Lilliput Childcare Center opened, providing childcare to students who are parents and

1012-425: A growing body of scholarship that challenged dominant narratives. As Africana studies continues to evolve, the fourth stage—emphasizing global connections and an Afro-centric perspective—highlights the discipline's responsiveness to contemporary issues. It seeks to explore the interconnectedness of African and African Diaspora experiences, fostering a deeper understanding of cultural phenomena and their implications in

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1104-726: A low-rise, mixed-use complex. The same day, Verducci Hall was imploded after it sustained damage from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and sat vacant for a decade. In 2007, the Downtown Campus was opened at 835 Market Street, with nearly 47,000 square feet of classroom space in Westfield San Francisco Centre . In 2009, the Children's Campus opened to provide childcare, primarily to faculty and staff. The first Rhythms Music Festival happened in March 2011. The annual music festival

1196-521: A new campus, but plans were paused due to World War II. Many students took part in the war, causing enrollment to decline. During the 1920s and '30s, State Teachers Colleges expanded beyond being only vocational schools to train teachers. They were formally authorized to offer four-year liberal arts curriculums and renamed State Colleges in 1935. So, the school became known as San Francisco State College . In 1949, master's degrees were authorized to be offered. San Francisco State College became part of

1288-421: A permanent capacity. Mary Ward had served as an acting president in the summer of 1927, after the death of Archibald Anderson. On September 23, 2020, SFSU faculty Rabab Abdulhadi and Tomomi Kinukawa hosted a discussion on Zoom titled "Whose Narratives? Gender, Justice, and Resistance." The event's speakers included Leila Khaled , a Palestinian political activist and plane hijacker. Zoom and YouTube canceled

1380-466: A permanent federal lease for 25 acres of shoreline in Tiburon for just $ 1 in 1978. The Romberg Tiburon Campus would eventually expand to 53 acres. In 1983, Chia-Wei Woo became the 11th president of the university. Woo was the first Chinese-American to head a major American university. After suffering damage from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , Verducci Hall was permanently closed. On May 14, 1985,

1472-688: A pipe bomb in a purse was found in the Business/Ethnic Studies Building (now Business Building). A US Army bomb disposal team removed it. In 1993, the College of Extended Learning (now College of Global and Professional Education) opened the Downtown Center in San Francisco's Multimedia Gulch , at 425 Market St. On March 28, 1999, construction began on the Village at Centennial Square,

1564-624: A remnant Afro-Dominican language. Lorimer Denis , Francois Duvalier , and Jean Price-Mars , as founders of the Bureau of Ethnology and leading figures in the Noirisme movement in Haiti , were also influential in the publishing of the foundational Afro-Haitian studies journal, Les Griots . One of the most influential academics in Afro-Haitian studies is René Piquion . As of 2019, Afro-Puerto Rican studies

1656-559: A result of increased global focus on Afro-Latin American studies. The curriculum for Afro-Venezuelan studies was developed at Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Barlovento Argelia Laya (UPTBAL), in Higuerote , Barlovento , by Alejandro Correa. In 2006, Afro-Epistemology and African Culture were formally developed as the initial courses for students in this curriculum. Following the rise and decline of Black British Cultural Studies between

1748-486: A sit-in at the Sproul Hall Administration building to protest an unfair rule that prohibited all political clubs from fundraising, excluding the democrat and republican clubs. Police arrested 800 students. Students formed a " freedom of speech movement" and Mario Savio became its poetic leader, stating that "freedom of speech was something that represents the very dignity of what a human is." The Students for

1840-593: A strike led by the California Faculty Association across the CSU system on January 22, 2024. Faculty had held earlier demonstrations in an effort to prevent layoffs and receive a 12% raise. About 500 people attended a rally on April 29, calling for a ceasefire in the Israel-Hamas war . After the rally, some protestors began an encampment, following protests and encampments at universities in other parts of

1932-646: A temporary campus at the Grant School in Oakland. Ten days after the earthquake, President Burk found a new site for the school at a property bound by Laguna, Haight, Buchanan and Hermann Streets. In 1921, the school began offering Bachelor's degree options and was renamed San Francisco State Teachers College . Teachers Colleges in California received authorization to grant Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1923. In 1924, construction for new buildings started on vacant land at

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2024-535: A volume of this journal. In 1967, Carlos Larrazábal Blanco authored, Los Negros Y La Esclavitud En Santo Domingo , which is considered to be a foundational academic work in Afro-Dominican studies. Even in areas of the Dominican Republic with many Afro-Dominicans and where Afro-Dominican culture is predominant, there has been an ongoing challenge in Afro-Dominican studies to find linguistic evidence of

2116-591: Is a combination of factors: the composite expertise of their faculty, their faculty's areas of specialization, and the worldviews of the faculty that make up each unit. By worldview, I am referring to the question of whether the constituent faculty in a given setting manifests any or a combination of the following visions of our project: The range of names in Black Studies also reflects the historical and sociopolitical contexts in which these programs emerged. For example, terms like "Afro-American Studies" originated during

2208-533: Is a species of Africana thought, which involves the theoretical questions raised by critical engagements with ideas in Africana cultures and their hybrid, mixed, or creolized forms worldwide. Since there was no reason for the people of the African continent to have considered themselves African until that identity was imposed upon them through conquest and colonization in the modern era... this area of thought also refers to

2300-522: Is held in a building known as the Annex. In 2013, the Science Building was found to have "unsafe levels" of airborne mercury, lead and asbestos in the basement. Over $ 3.6 million was spent for remediation of the pervasive contamination. University administration terminated several employees who reported the contamination, resulting in several wrongful termination and whistle-blower lawsuits, including one by

2392-540: Is located in the southwest part of the city, less than two miles from the Pacific coast . The university has 12 varsity athletic teams which compete at the NCAA Division II level. SF State is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity." It is also a designated Hispanic-serving institution (HSI) and Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution (AANAPISI). In 1857,

2484-521: Is not offered as a degree program by the University of Puerto Rico . Numerous academic publications, such as Arrancando Mitos De Raiz: Guia Para La Ensenanza Antirracista De La Herencia Africana En Puerto Rico , were scholarly works that established Isar Godreau as a leading academic in Afro-Puerto Rican Studies. The Executive branch created a law to establish a Committee for Afro-Costa Rican Studies, as one, among other laws, to increase

2576-698: Is rooted in and derives from the cultures and experiences of African peoples. By doing so, as Ama Mazama indicates, this should increase how relevant Black studies is and strengthen its disciplinary presence. Among English-speaking countries of the Caribbean , scholars educated in the United States and Britain added considerably to the development of Black studies. Scholars, such as Fitzroy Baptiste, Richard Goodridge, Elsa Goveia , Allister Hinds, Rupert Lewis, Bernard Marshall, James Millette, and Alvin Thompson, added to

2668-668: The California State College system established under the Donahoe Higher Education Act in 1960. Dumke resigned to become the system's vice chancellor for academic affairs, before becoming the second chancellor of the system for 20 years. In Fall 1965, the Experimental College was started by students Cynthia Carlson, Donna Michaelson, Sharon Gold, and James Nixon, in an effort to teach untraditionally. In 1927, over 2000 students enrolled in courses offered by

2760-519: The Ford Foundation , and the African-American academics who produced the publications used traditional disciplinary orthodoxies, from outside of African-American studies, to analyze and evaluate the boundaries, structure, and legitimacy of African-American studies. To the detriment of the field, an abundance of research on African American studies has been developed by academics who are not within

2852-545: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Educational conferences, like that of the SDS, forced the university to take some measures to correct the most obvious racial issue on campus—the sparse black student population. In 1966, the school held its first official racial and ethnic survey, in which it was discovered that the "American Negro" represented 1.02% of the university population. In 1968,

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2944-660: The University of Cincinnati in a single issue in 1977 (an unrelated journal called Studia Africana is published by the Centro de Estudios Africanos, in Barcelona , since 1990). The International Journal of Africana Studies (ISSN 1056-8689) has been appearing since 1992, published by the National Council for Black Studies . Africana philosophy is a part of and developed within the field of Africana studies. In 1988 and 1990, publications on African-American studies were funded by

3036-625: The humanities and social sciences . The field also uses various types of research methods . Intensive academic efforts to reconstruct African-American history began in the late 19th century ( W. E. B. Du Bois , The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America , 1896). Among the pioneers in the first half of the 20th century were Carter G. Woodson , Herbert Aptheker , Melville Herskovits , and Lorenzo Dow Turner . Programs and departments of Black studies in

3128-523: The 1950s, publications that included the presence of Afro-Chileans were not systematized, and, from the 1960s to the 1980s, publications continued to group Afro-Chileans with other groups. Since the 2000s, there has been increasing systematization and a more formal development of Afro-Chilean studies, along with a greater focus on Afro-Chileans and the recovery of Afro-Chilean cultural heritage . Scholars, such as Rogerio Velásquez, Aquiles Escalante, José Rafael Arboleda, and Thomas Price, were forerunners in

3220-865: The 1990s, organizations that followed in the example of the Center of Afro-Ecuadorian Studies ushered in the development of the Afro-Ecuadorian Etnoeducación program at the National High School, in Chota Valley , Ecuador , and a master's degree program in Afro-Andean Studies at the Simón Bolívar Andean University (UASB), in Quito , Ecuador. With the promulgation of Article 84 of the 1998 Constitution of Ecuador, gave formal recognition

3312-560: The Africological movement as a subsequent academic movement. Asante authored the book Afrocentricity , in 1980. Within the book, Asante used the term " Afrology " as the name for the interdisciplinary field of Black studies, and defined it as "the Afrocentric study of African phenomena." Later, Winston Van Horne changed Asante's use of the term "Afrology" to "Africology." Asante then went on to use his earlier definition for "Afrology" as

3404-598: The Americas contributed to how they socially organized themselves. Afterward, Nascimento went back to Brazil and began institutionalization of Africana studies in 1981. While at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo , Nascimento developed the Afro-Brazilian Studies and Research Institute (IPEAFRO). A course for professors was provided by IPEAFRO between 1985 and 1995. From the 1920s to

3496-458: The Americas, black resistance to oppression, black existentialism in the United States, and the meaning of "blackness" in the modern world. Lucius Outlaw states: "Africana philosophy" is very much a heuristic notion—that is, one that suggests orientations for philosophical endeavors by professional philosophers and other intellectuals devoted to matters pertinent to African and African-descended persons and peoples. Professional philosophers in

3588-477: The California State Normal School was not meeting the demand for teachers. The city approved the addition of a new year-long teacher-training program to his high school's curriculum, for girls who wanted to pursue a career in education. This program is what would eventually become San Francisco State University. When the California State Normal School was moved to San José in 1871, Girls' High became

3680-464: The College of Ethnic Studies being underfunded since 2008, four students held a ten-day hunger strike from May 2–11, 2016, resulting in one hospitalization. The strike ended when President Leslie Wong agreed to commit nearly $ 500,000 to the college and meet a portion of their demands. The Experimental College was revived in Fall 2017. One-unit courses are created and taught by students. Also in 2017,

3772-794: The Experimental College. The original Experimental College stopped operating after 1969. On November 6, 1967, James Vaszko, the campus editor of the Gater, the student newspaper at the time, was assaulted by members of the Black Student Union . This event became known as the Gater Incident. In 1967, 1968, and 1969, there were many demonstrations, including the Third World Liberation Front strike at SF State, longest student strike in American history, which lasted from November 6, 1968 to March 20, 1969. Also in 1969, Richard Oakes led

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3864-681: The Panamanian government, the Afro-Panamanian Studies Center hosted the Second Congress on Black Culture in the Americas. Since the 1980s, Afro-Argentine studies has undergone renewed growth. In 1980, Abdias Nascimento gave a presentation in Panama of his scholarship on Kilombismo at the 2nd Congress of Black Culture in the Americas. His scholarship on Kilombismo detailed how the economic and political affairs of Africans throughout

3956-541: The Pontifical Xavierian University in Colombia and African-American studies programs at historically black colleges and universities in the United States. Afro-Ecuadorians initiated the development of the Center of Afro-Ecuadorian Studies in the late 1970s, which served as a means of organizing academic questions relating to Afro-Ecuadorian identity and history. Though it dissolved in the early 1980s, by

4048-701: The San Francisco Board of Education created the San Francisco Weekly Normal School, also known as the Minns' Evening Normal School. In 1862, it became the California State Normal School , the first postsecondary institution established by the state. Only six students were enrolled on its first day. By 1866, enrollment had increased to 384. In 1867, the principal of Girls' High School and Normal School, Ellis Holmes, realized that

4140-520: The UC Berkeley administration on January 13, 1969. In 1969, St. Clair Drake was named the first chair of the degree granting, Program in African and Afro-American Studies at Stanford University . Many Black studies programs and departments and programs around the nation were created in subsequent years. At University of California, Santa Barbara , similarly, student activism led to the establishment of

4232-793: The United Kingdom. San Francisco State University San Francisco State University ( San Francisco State , SF State and SFSU ) is a public research university in San Francisco . It was established in 1899 as the San Francisco State Normal School and is part of the California State University system. It offers 126 bachelor's degree programs, 106 master's degree programs, and 3 doctoral degree programs, along with 23 teaching credential programs among seven colleges. The 144.1-acre main campus

4324-544: The United States and in other countries. The encampment ended on May 15 after protestors reached a divestment agreement with university leaders. San Francisco State University is part of the California State University system. The CSU is governed by a 25-member Board of Trustees who oversee the system's chancellor. The president of SF State reports to the chancellor and oversees six cabinet units. Cabinet units collaborate via 13 committees and work in conjunction with three semi-independent 501(c)(3) organizations that support

4416-406: The United States were first created in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of inter-ethnic student and faculty activism at many universities, sparked by a five-month strike for Black studies at San Francisco State University . In February 1968, San Francisco State hired sociologist Nathan Hare to coordinate the first Black studies program and write a proposal for the first Department of Black Studies;

4508-445: The administration with a set of demands. Such efforts led to the eventual creation of the Black studies department and the Center for Black Studies. Similar activism was happening outside of California. At Yale University , a committee, headed by political scientist , Robert Dahl , recommended establishing an undergraduate major in African-American culture, one of the first of such at an American university. When Ernie Davis , who

4600-463: The areas of ethics , social philosophy , political philosophy , philosophy of biology , semantics , critical race theory , and postcolonialism are currently exploring Africana philosophy. The American Philosophical Association has 10,000 members in North America. It is estimated that only 100 of its members in North America are of African descent. Lewis Gordon states: Africana philosophy

4692-659: The body of scholarship is undergoing growth. There have been efforts to organize the elements of Afro-Peruvian studies in Peru, such as by LUNDU, which organized an international conference for Afro-Peruvian studies in Peru on November 13, 2009. During this LUNDU-organized conference, Luis Rocca, who co-founded the National Afro-Peruvian Museum , and is also a historian, presented on his research regarding Afro-Peruvians . A university student group focused on Afro-Peruvian studies

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4784-515: The broadcast due to Khaled's history of violent actions towards civilians. Facebook also removed a page for the event. President Mahoney wrote a letter about the incident. A second event titled "Whose Narratives? What Free Speech for Palestine?" was scheduled for April 23, 2021, and was also blocked. In 2022, the new Downtown Campus opened on the fifth floor of 160 Spear St., replacing the Downtown Campus at 835 Market Street. On April 6, 2023, former NCAA swimmer Riley Gaines visited SFSU for

4876-493: The civil rights movement, emphasizing a focus on the African American experience and the struggle for racial equality. In contrast, more contemporary terms like "Africana Studies" and "Pan-African Studies" reflect a broader engagement with the global Black experience, including connections across the African diaspora and an acknowledgment of transnational influences. In 1991, the national chair for Black Canadian Studies, which

4968-591: The civil rights movement. The students at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) were witnesses to the Civil Rights Movement , and by 1964, they were thrust into activism. On October 1, 1964, Jack Weinberg , a former graduate student, was sitting at a table where the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was distributing literature encouraging students to protest against institutional racism . Police asked Weinberg to produce his ID to confirm that he

5060-423: The creation of the San Francisco State Normal School , with an appropriation of $ 10,000. Frederic Lister Burk was appointed as the first president and chose the school's motto, Experientia Docet . The school rented space in a building on Powell Street between Clay and Sacramento Streets and 31 women were enrolled in the first year. The 1906 earthquake and fire forced the school to relocate from Nob Hill to

5152-408: The definition for his newly adopted term, "Africology". Systematic Africology, which is a research method in the field of Black studies that was developed by Asante, utilizes the theory of Afrocentricity to analyze and evaluate African phenomena. In an effort to shift Black studies away from its interdisciplinary status toward disciplinary status, Asante recommended that Afrocentricity should be

5244-461: The department was created in September 1968 and gained official status at the end of the five-month strike in the spring of 1969. Hare's views reflected those of the Black Power movement, and he believed that the department should empower Black students. The creation of programs and departments in Black studies was a common demand of protests and sit-ins by minority students and their allies, who felt that their cultures and interests were underserved by

5336-408: The development of Afro-Colombian studies in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1960s, as social science programs became incorporated into university institutions, contributions from anthropologists and social scientists added to its emergence. Following the promulgation of the Colombian Constitution , particularly Article 55 , in 1991, Law 70 in 1993, and Decree 804 by the Ministry of Education in 1995,

5428-498: The development of Black studies at the University of the West Indies campuses in Barbados , Jamaica , and Trinidad . During the early 1900s, Fernando Ortiz pioneered the emerging field of Afro-Cuban studies. On January 16, 1937, the Society for Afro-Cuban Studies was established. Afro-Cuban Studies (Estudios Afrocubanos) is the academic journal for the Society for Afro-Cuban Studies (SEAC/Sociedad de Estudios Afrocubanos). In 1939, Rómulo Lachatañeré 's academic work appeared in

5520-471: The discipline of African American studies. Rather, the academics, and the scholarship they have produced about African American studies, has been characterized as bearing an "Aryan hegemonic worldview." It has been argued that due to a staffing shortage in the field of African American studies, academics in the field, who are trained in traditional fields, carry with them presumptions of the primacy of their field of training's viewpoints, which tends to result in

5612-974: The discipline" remains "unsettled" (Asante & Karenga, 2006, p. 421). This remark came as a result of an extensive survey of existing Black Studies programs, which led to the editors identifying a multiplicity of names for the discipline: Africana Studies, African and African Diaspora Studies, African/Black World Studies, Pan-African Studies, Africology, African and New World Studies, African Studies–Major, Black World Studies, Latin American Studies, Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Black and Hispanic Studies, Africana and Latin American Studies, African and African-American Studies, Black and Hispanic Studies, African American Studies, Afro-American Studies, African American Education Program, Afro-Ethnic Studies, American Ethnic Studies, American Studies–African-American Emphasis, Black Studies, Comparative American Cultures, Ethnic Studies Programs, Race and Ethnic Studies. Okafor (2014) clarifies: What appears to drive these distinctive names

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5704-441: The discipline's evolution in response to historical contexts and societal needs. The first stage, from the 1890s until World War II, was marked by grassroots organizations that sought to illuminate the rich histories and cultures of African peoples. This foundational work laid the groundwork for future scholarship by challenging prevailing narratives that often marginalized or misrepresented Black experiences. The second stage shifted

5796-401: The early 1980s and late 1990s, Black studies in the United States reinvigorated Black Critical Thought in the United Kingdom . Kehinde Andrews , who initiated the development of the Black Studies Association in the United Kingdom as well as the development of a course in Black studies at Birmingham City University , continues to advocate for the advancement of the presence of Black studies in

5888-486: The elements for Afro-Colombian studies began to come together, and historic discrimination of Afro-Colombians was able to begin being addressed, with the development of national educational content about Afro-Colombians and Africa . At the University City of Bogotá , of the National University of Colombia , the Afro-Colombian Studies Group developed and established a training program in Afro-Colombian studies for primary and secondary school teachers. In February 2002,

5980-423: The establishment of formal academic programs labeled as Black Studies, which further institutionalized the discipline within higher education. These programs aimed to create a rigorous academic framework for studying the Black experience, often incorporating interdisciplinary approaches that draw from history, sociology, literature, and the arts. This formalization not only legitimized the field but also contributed to

6072-446: The field of African American studies that they are entering into. Furthermore, such academics, who would also recognize themselves as experts in the discipline of African American studies, would also attempt to assess the legitimacy of Africology – done so, through analysis based on critical rhetoric rather than based on pensive research. Following the Black studies movement and Africana studies movement, Molefi Kete Asante identifies

6164-413: The focus to African Americans, reflecting the urgent need to address the unique historical and cultural contributions of this community, particularly in the wake of the civil rights movement. This period emphasized the significance of African American history, culture, and identity within a broader American context, fostering a greater understanding of systemic racism and social justice. The third stage saw

6256-492: The gaps in traditional educational narratives, this field of study aims to contribute to a more equitable and inclusive understanding of history and culture. In the United States, the 1960s is known as the " Turbulent Sixties ." During this time period, the nation experienced great social unrest, as citizens challenged the social order in radical ways. Many movements took place in the United States during this time period, including women's rights movement, labor rights movement, and

6348-406: The general public. It's now called the AS Early Childhood Education Center. In 1972, the State Colleges system was designated "The California State University and Colleges." As a result, SF State was renamed California State University, San Francisco. This name was not popular with students, and the university was soon renamed San Francisco State University in 1974. President Romberg secured

6440-419: The historical and cultural issues of Africa and its descendants, while Black studies was designed to deal with the uplift and development of the black (African-American) community in relationship to education and its "relevance" to the black community. The adaptation of the term, "Africana studies", appears to have derived from the encyclopedic work of W. E. B. Du Bois and Carter G. Woodson . James Turner , who

6532-437: The historical and cultural issues of Africanity within a professorial interpretation of the interactions between these fields and college administrations. Thus, Africana studies reflected the mellowing and institutionalization of the Black studies movement in the course of its integration into the mainstream academic curriculum. Black studies and Africana studies differ primarily in that Africana studies focuses on Africanity and

6624-444: The inheritors of what is undoubtedly one of the most challenging, and threatening set of social circumstances that has ever fallen upon a generation of young people in history." Everyone learns differently and teaching only one way is a cause for students to not want to learn, which eventually leads to dropping out. All students have their specialties, but teachers don't use that to help them in their learning community. Instead, they use

6716-540: The level of inclusion of Afro-Costa Ricans in Costa Rica . Christopher H. Lutz authored, Santiago de Guatemala, 1541–1773 , which is considered to be one of the foundational literatures of Afro-Guatemalan studies. Due to a history of scarce resources and anti-black racism, Afro-Hondurans have largely been excluded from academic publications about Honduras ; consequently, Afro-Honduran studies has remained limited in its formal development. In March 1980, along with

6808-456: The marginalization of the African phenomena that are the subjects of study and even the field of African American studies at-large. Consequently, matters of development of theory as well as the development of historical and African consciousness frequently go overlooked. As the focus of African American studies is the study of the African diaspora and Africa, including the problems of the African diaspora and Africa, Conyers claims that this makes

6900-417: The meta-paradigm for Black studies and that the new name for Black studies should be Africology; this is intended to shift Black studies away from having a "topical definition" of studying African peoples, which is shared with other disciplines, toward having a "perspectival definition" that is unique in how African peoples are studied – that is, the study of African peoples, through a centered perspective, which

6992-487: The only publicly-supported teacher-training institution. In 1895, the teaching program was split from the school and became San Francisco City Normal School. Due to a lack of funding, the school closed in 1898. A group of teachers, students, and supporters pressured the California State Legislature to convert it into a state-funded institution. On March 22, 1899, the California State Legislature approved

7084-507: The program became the Department of African American Studies , offering degrees within the College of Arts and Sciences. Unlike the other stages, Black studies grew out of mass rebellions of black college students and faculty in search of a scholarship of change. The fourth stage, the new name "Africana studies" involved a theoretical elaboration of the discipline of Black studies according to African cultural reclamation and disparate tenets in

7176-417: The recently hired director. In July 2014, Cal/ OSHA cited the university for various health and safety violations in the Science Building, which included SFSU failing to locate asbestos in the building and warn employees about the hazards of mercury. In March 2016, a video of a student being attacked for having dreadlocks went viral and sparked discussions about cultural appropriation . In response to

7268-479: The school's site. The campus consisted of four Spanish Colonial Revival style buildings designed by George McDougall, a California state architect. In the 1930s, overcrowding became an issue at the campus. It had been designed for 1500 students, but had to accommodate about 3000. In 1938, students rallied for a new campus with non-wooden buildings, due to fears from the city's earthquake and fire in 1906 . By 1939, land near Lake Merced had been acquired to build

7360-467: The study of the history, culture, and politics of the peoples of the African diaspora and Africa . The field includes scholars of African-American , Afro-Canadian , Afro-Caribbean , Afro-Latino , Afro-European , Afro-Asian , African Australian , and African literature, history, politics, and religion as well as those from disciplines, such as sociology , anthropology , cultural studies , psychology , education , and many other disciplines within

7452-449: The theory of Afrocentricity increasingly relevant. The National Council for Black Studies has also recognized the problem of academics, who have been trained in fields such as education, economics, history, philosophy, political science, psychology, and sociology – fields outside of African American studies – and are committed to their disciplinary training, yet are not able to recognize the shortcomings of their training, as it relates to

7544-470: The traditional academic structures. Black studies departments, programs, and courses were also created in the United Kingdom , the Caribbean , Brazil , Canada , Colombia , Ecuador , and Venezuela . The academic discipline is known by various names. Mazama (2009) expounds: In the appendix to their recently published Handbook of Black Studies , Asante and Karenga note that "the naming of

7636-442: The unique set of questions raised by the emergence of "Africans" and their diaspora here designated by the term "Africana"... Africana philosophy refers to the philosophical dimensions of this area of thought. Africana studies Black studies or Africana studies (with nationally specific terms, such as African American studies and Black Canadian studies ), is an interdisciplinary academic field that primarily focuses on

7728-441: The university instituted its Educational Opportunity Program (EOP), facilitated the increased minority student enrollment, and offered financial aid to minority students with high potential. By 1970, there were 1,400 EOP students. As the minority student population increased, tension between activists clubs and minorities rose because minorities wanted the reigns of the movement that affected them directly. One student asserted that it

7820-555: The university. Each cabinet, except the Office of the President, is led by a vice president. The vice president of Academic Affairs is also university's provost and oversees 15 administrative units, including the university's seven colleges. Each college is led by a dean and consists of departments, led by department chairs, and schools, led by directors. Departments and schools are at the same administrative level. The university operates on

7912-652: Was "backward to educate white people about Black Power when many black people are still uneducated on the matter. "The members of the Afro-American Student Union (AASU) proposed an academic department called "Black Studies" in April 1968. "We demand a program of 'Black Studies', a program that will be of and for black people. We demand to be educated realistically and that no form of education which attempts to lie to us, or otherwise mis-educate us will be accepted." AASU members asserted: "The young people of America are

8004-429: Was a student, but he refused to do so and was, therefore, arrested. In support of Weinberg, 3,000 students surrounded the police vehicle, and even used the car as a podium, from where they spoke about their right to engage in political protest on campus. This impromptu demonstration was the first of many protests, culminating in the institutionalization of Black studies. Two months later, students at UC Berkeley organized

8096-535: Was also created near San Juan de Lurigancho , Lima , Peru . Additionally, there has been some scholarship in Afro-Peruvian studies developed in the United States and a panel on Afro-Peruvian studies at a conference hosted on December 11, 2019, by the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research in the United States. Since 1996, the amount of scholarship of Afro-Uruguayan studies has increased as

8188-761: Was from Syracuse University , became the first African American to win the Heisman Trophy in college football, it renewed debates about race on college campuses in the country. Inspired by the Davis win, civil rights movement, and nationwide student activism, in 1969, black and white students, led by the Student African American Society (SAS), at Syracuse University , marched in front of the building at Newhouse and demanded for Black studies to be taught at Syracuse. It existed as an independent, underfunded non-degree offering program from 1971 until 1979. In 1979,

8280-522: Was given to Afro-Ecuadorian Etnoeducación. Juan Garcia, who was one of the founders of the Center of Afro-Ecuadorian Studies, is a leading scholar in Afro-Ecuadorian studies and has contributed considerably to the development of the programs in Chota Valley and Quito. In 1971, Carvalho Neto authored, Afro-Paraguayan studies . While the presence of Afro-Peruvian studies may not be strong in Peru,

8372-680: Was named after James Robinson Johnston , was created at Dalhousie University for the purpose of advancing the development and presence of Black studies in Canada . Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin was studied by the Black Canadian Studies chairman, John Barnstead. Through development of the publication, The black population in Mexico (1946), Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán made way for the development of Afro-Mexican studies. The development of Africana studies, as outlined by Robert Harris Jr., underscores

8464-471: Was recruited from graduate school at Northwestern on the heels of the student rebellions of 1969, first used the term to describe a global approach to Black studies and name the " Africana Studies and Research Center " at Cornell , where he acted as the founding director. Studia Africana , subtitled "An International Journal of Africana Studies", was published by the Department for African American Studies at

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