The Kathleen Ferrier Award is a prestigious contest for opera singers held each April in London, England . The first competition was held in 1956. According to the Telegraph , the competition has a record of "spotting winners".
136-450: Originally conceived to offer a prize equivalent to a year's tuition plus support, the competition now offers a first prize of £10,000, a second prize of £5,000 and a Song Prize of £2,500. The competition is open to singers of any nationality who have completed at least one year of study at a UK conservatoire or with a recognised vocal coach in the UK. They must be under 29 years of age at the time of
272-544: A Cramer upright piano as a prize. On 10 March 1929, she made a well-received appearance as an accompanist in a concert at Blackburn's King George's Hall. After further piano competition successes, she was invited to perform a short radio recital at the Manchester studios of the BBC , and on 3 July 1930 made her first broadcast, playing works by Brahms and Percy Grainger . Around this time she completed her training and she became
408-498: A breast implant or transferring excess tissue from another part of the body. Chemotherapy reduces the chance of cancer recurring in the next ten years by around a third. However, 1-2% of those on chemotherapy experience life-threatening or permanent side effects. To balance these benefits and risks, chemotherapy is typically offered to those with a higher risk of cancer recurrence. There is no established risk cutoff for offering chemotherapy; determining who should receive chemotherapy
544-609: A lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, milk rejection , fluid coming from the nipple , a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease , there may be bone pain , swollen lymph nodes , shortness of breath , or yellow skin . Risk factors for developing breast cancer include obesity , a lack of physical exercise , alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy during menopause , ionizing radiation , an early age at first menstruation , having children late in life (or not at all), older age, having
680-601: A telephonist with the General Post Office . She did not take up singing seriously until 1937, when after winning a prestigious singing competition at the Carlisle Festival she began to receive offers of professional engagements as a vocalist. Thereafter she took singing lessons, first with J. E. Hutchinson and later with Roy Henderson . After the outbreak of the Second World War Ferrier was recruited by
816-404: A 30–50% increased risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer themselves. In those with zero, one or two affected relatives, the risk of breast cancer before the age of 80 is 7.8%, 13.3%, and 21.1% with a subsequent mortality from the disease of 2.3%, 4.2%, and 7.6% respectively. Women with certain genetic variants are at higher risk of developing breast cancer. The most well known are variants of
952-472: A 50% increased risk of developing breast cancer. Variants in other tumor suppressor genes can also increase one's risk of developing breast cancer, namely p53 (causes Li–Fraumeni syndrome ), PTEN (causes Cowden syndrome ), and PALB1 . Breast changes like atypical ductal hyperplasia found in benign breast conditions such as fibrocystic breast changes , are correlated with an increased breast cancer risk. Diabetes mellitus might also increase
1088-433: A biopsy reveals cells that are cancerous but have not yet spread beyond their original location. This condition, called carcinoma in situ , is often considered "precancerous" rather than a dangerous cancer itself. Those with ductal carcinoma in situ (in the mammary ducts) are at increased risk for developing true invasive breast cancer – around a third develop breast cancer within five years. Lobular carcinoma in situ (in
1224-617: A colourless, monotonous singer". In December she sang in the BBC's Christmas Messiah , the last time she would perform this work. On New Year's Day 1953, she was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the Queen's New Year Honours List . As 1953 began, Ferrier was busy rehearsing for Orpheus , an English language version of Orfeo ed Euridice to be staged in four performances at
1360-530: A concert performance of Orfeo ed Euridice that won uniform critical praise from the New York critics. On the tour which followed, her accompanist was Arpád Sándor [ hu ] (1896–1972), who was suffering from a depressive illness that badly affected his playing. Unaware of his problem, in letters home, Ferrier berated "this abominable accompanist" who deserved "a kick in the pants". When she found out that he had been ill for months, she turned her fury on
1496-401: A few very close friends, and, although there were short periods of respite, her decline was unremitting. She died at University College Hospital on 8 October 1953, aged 41; the date for which, while still hopeful of recovery, she had undertaken to sing Frederick Delius 's A Mass of Life at the 1953 Leeds Festival . Ferrier was cremated a few days later, at Golders Green Crematorium , after
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#17331065756451632-575: A fully fledged telephonist. In 1931, aged 19, Ferrier passed her Licentiate examinations at the Royal Academy of Music . In that year she started occasional singing lessons, and in December sang a small alto role in a church performance of Mendelssohn 's oratorio Elijah . However, her voice was not thought to be exceptional; her musical life centred on the piano and on local concerts, at King George's Hall and elsewhere. Early in 1934 she transferred to
1768-527: A number of visits to continental Europe and a third American tour between December 1949 and April 1950. This American trip broke new ground for Ferrier—the West Coast —and included three performances in San Francisco of Orfeo ed Euridice , with Pierre Monteux conducting. At the rehearsals Ferrier met the renowned American contralto Marian Anderson , who reportedly said of her English counterpart: "My God, what
1904-405: A performance which earned her the festival's top vocal award. Ferrier was awarded a special rose bowl as champion of the festival. After her Carlisle victories, Ferrier began to receive offers of singing engagements. Her first appearance as a professional vocalist, in autumn 1937, was at a harvest festival celebration in the village church at Aspatria . She was paid one guinea . After winning
2040-685: A person's age can also impact prognosis. Breast cancer before age 35 is rare, and is more likely to be associated with genetic predisposition to aggressive cancer. Conversely, breast cancer in those aged over 75 is associated with poorer prognosis. Up to 80% of the variation in breast cancer frequency across countries is due to differences in reproductive history that impact a woman's levels of female sex hormones ( estrogens ). Women who begin menstruating earlier (before age 12) or who undergo menopause later (after 51) are at increased risk of developing breast cancer. Women who give birth early in life are protected from breast cancer – someone who gives birth as
2176-465: A pianist, and had lessons with Frances Walker , a noted North of England piano teacher who had been a pupil of Tobias Matthay . Kathleen's talent developed quickly; in 1924, she came fourth out of 43 entrants at the Lytham St Annes Festival piano competition, and in the following year at Lytham she achieved second place. Because of William's impending retirement and the consequent fall in
2312-651: A prior history of breast cancer, and a family history of breast cancer. About five to ten percent of cases are the result of an inherited genetic predisposition, including BRCA mutations among others. Breast cancer most commonly develops in cells from the lining of milk ducts and the lobules that supply these ducts with milk. Cancers developing from the ducts are known as ductal carcinomas , while those developing from lobules are known as lobular carcinomas . There are more than 18 other sub-types of breast cancer. Some, such as ductal carcinoma in situ , develop from pre-invasive lesions . The diagnosis of breast cancer
2448-546: A relatively new singer, but after her audition his fears were allayed; "I recognised with delight that here potentially was one of the greatest singers of our time", he later wrote. Das Lied von der Erde was at that time largely unknown in Britain, and some critics found it unappealing; nevertheless, the Edinburgh Evening News thought it "simply superb". In a later biographical sketch of Ferrier, Lord Harewood described
2584-596: A result, she missed her CBE investiture ; the ribbon was brought to her at the hospital by a friend. Meanwhile, her sister found her a ground-floor apartment in St John's Wood , since she would no longer be able to negotiate the many stairs at Frognal Mansions. She moved to her new home in early April, but after only seven weeks was forced to return to hospital where, despite two further operations, her condition continued to deteriorate. Early in June she heard that she had been awarded
2720-407: A role in the development of breast cancer. Smoking tobacco appears to increase the risk of breast cancer, with the greater the amount smoked and the earlier in life that smoking began, the higher the risk. In those who are long-term smokers, the relative risk is increased by 35% to 50%. A lack of physical activity has been linked to about 10% of cases. Sitting regularly for prolonged periods
2856-514: A second "diagnostic" mammogram and ultrasound – to confirm its presence and location. A biopsy is then taken of the suspected tumor. Breast biopsy is typically done by core needle biopsy , with a hollow needle used to collect tissue from the area of interest. Suspected tumors that appear to be filled with fluid are often instead sampled by fine-needle aspiration . Around 10–20% of breast biopsies are positive for cancer. Most biopsied breast masses are instead caused by fibrocystic breast changes ,
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#17331065756452992-817: A second one. Some respond to a third sequential therapy as well. Adding an mTOR inhibitor , everolimus , can further slow the tumors' progression. Those with HER2-positive metastatic disease can benefit from continued use of trastuzumab, alone, in combination with pertuzumab, or in combination with chemotherapy. Those whose tumors continue to progress on trastuzumab benefit from HER2-targeted antibody drug conjugates (HER2 antibodies linked to chemotherapy drugs) trastuzumab emtansine or trastuzumab deruxtecan . The HER2-targeted antibody margetuximab can also prolong survival, as can HER2 inhibitors lapatinib , neratinib , or tucatinib . Certain therapies are targeted at those whose tumors have particular gene mutations: Alpelisib or capivasertib for those with mutations activating
3128-627: A series of Bach and Handel arias with Sir Adrian Boult and the London Philharmonic Orchestra in October. In November, after a Royal Festival Hall recital, she was distressed by a review in which Neville Cardus criticised her performance for introducing "distracting extra vocal appeals" designed to please the audience at the expense of the songs. However, she accepted his comments with good grace, remarking that "... it's hard to please everybody—for years I've been criticised for being
3264-410: A short private service. She left an estate worth £15,134 (equivalent to £533,744 in 2023), which her biographer Maurice Leonard observes was "not a fortune for a world-famous singer, even by the standards of the day". The news of Ferrier's death came as a considerable shock to the public. Although some in musical circles knew or suspected the truth, the myth had been preserved that her absence from
3400-643: A short series of concerts to raise funds for Britten's English Opera Group, including the premiere of Britten's Canticle II: Abraham and Isaac . Writing later, Britten recalled this tour as "perhaps the loveliest of all" of his artistic associations with Ferrier. Despite continuing health problems, she sang in Bach's St Matthew Passion at the Royal Albert Hall on 30 March, Messiah at the Free Trade Hall on 13 April, and Das Lied von der Erde with Barbirolli and
3536-486: A small part of her St John Passion was captured on disc. The recording of the unaccompanied Northumbrian folk song " Blow the Wind Southerly ", initially made by Decca in 1949, has been reissued many times and frequently played on radio in shows such as Desert Island Discs , Housewives' Choice and Your Hundred Best Tunes . Another signature aria, first recorded in 1944 and on numerous subsequent occasions,
3672-597: A teenager has around a 70% lower risk of developing breast cancer than someone who does not have children. That protection wanes with higher maternal age at first birth, and disappears completely by age 35. Breastfeeding also reduces one's chance of developing breast cancer, with an approximately 4% reduction in breast cancer risk for every 12 months of breastfeeding experience. Those who lack functioning ovaries have reduced levels of estrogens, and therefore greatly reduced breast cancer risk. Hormone replacement therapy for treatment of menopause symptoms can also increase
3808-403: A term that encompasses benign pockets of fluid, cell growth, or fibrous tissue . Breast cancers are classified by several grading systems, each of which assesses a tumor characteristic that impacts a person's prognosis. First, a tumor is classified by the tissue it arises from, or the appearance of the tumor tissue under a microscope. Most breast cancers (85%) are ductal carcinoma – derived from
3944-542: A voice—and what a face!" On Ferrier's return home the hectic pace continued, with a rapid succession of concerts in Amsterdam, London and Edinburgh followed by a tour of Austria, Switzerland and Italy. In Vienna, the soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf was Ferrier's co-soloist in a recorded performance of Bach's Mass in B minor, with the Vienna Symphony under Herbert von Karajan . Schwarzkopf later recalled Ferrier's singing of
4080-463: A woman's risk of developing breast cancer, though the effect depends on the type and duration of therapy. Combined progesterone /estrogen therapy increases breast cancer risk – approximately doubling one's risk after 6–7 years of treatment (though the same therapy decreases the risk of colorectal cancer ). Hormone treatment with estrogen alone has no effect on breast cancer risk, but increases one's risk of developing endometrial cancer , and therefore
4216-472: Is "What is Life?" ( Che farò ) from Orfeo ed Euridice . These records sold in large numbers rivalling those of other stars of the time, such as Frank Sinatra and Dame Vera Lynn . In the early 21st century, Ferrier's recordings were still selling hundreds of thousands of copies each year. Breast cancer This is an accepted version of this page Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include
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4352-412: Is T3. Tumors that extend to the chest wall or to the skin are designated T4. N scores are based on whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. N0 indicates no spread to the lymph nodes. N1 is for tumors that have spread to the closest axillary lymph nodes (called "level I" and "level II" axillary lymph nodes, in the armpit). N2 is for spread to the intramammary lymph nodes (on the other side of
4488-412: Is another preventive measure in some high risk women. In those who have been diagnosed with cancer, a number of treatments may be used, including surgery, radiation therapy , chemotherapy , hormonal therapy , and targeted therapy . Types of surgery vary from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy . Breast reconstruction may take place at the time of surgery or at a later date. In those in whom
4624-401: Is assigned a grade based on how distinct it appears from healthy breast. Breast tumors are graded on three features: the proportion of cancer cells that form tubules, the appearance of the cell nucleus , and how many cells are actively replicating. Each feature is scored on a three-point scale, with a higher score indicating less healthy looking tissue. A grade is assigned based on the sum of
4760-796: Is associated with higher mortality from breast cancer. The risk is not negated by regular exercise, though it is lowered. Actions to prevent breast cancer include not drinking alcoholic beverages , maintaining a healthy body composition , avoiding smoking and eating healthy food . Combining all of these (leading the healthiest possible lifestyle) would make almost a quarter of breast cancer cases worldwide preventable. The remaining three-quarters of breast cancer cases cannot be prevented through lifestyle changes. Other risk factors include circadian disruptions related to shift-work and routine late-night eating. A number of chemicals have also been linked, including polychlorinated biphenyls , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , and organic solvents . Although
4896-643: Is binary: M0 indicates no evidence metastases; M1 indicates metastases have been detected. TNM scores are then combined with tumor grades and ER/PR/HER2 status to calculate a cancer case's "prognostic stage group". Stage groups range from I (best prognosis ) to IV (worst prognosis), with groups I, II, and III further divided into subgroups IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In general, tumors of higher T and N scores and higher grades are assigned higher stage groups. Tumors that are ER, PR, and HER2 positive are slightly lower stage group than those that are negative. Tumors that have metastasized are stage IV, regardless of
5032-462: Is commonplace in most wealthy nations, but remains uncommon in the world's poorer countries. Still, mammography has its disadvantages. Overall, screening mammograms miss about 1 in 8 breast cancers, they can also give false-positive results, causing extra anxiety and making patients overgo unnecessary additional exams, such as bioposies . Those who have a suspected tumor from a mammogram or physical exam first undergo additional imaging – typically
5168-509: Is confirmed by taking a biopsy of the concerning tissue. Once the diagnosis is made, further tests are carried out to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the breast and which treatments are most likely to be effective. Breast cancer screening can be instrumental, given that the size of a breast cancer and its spread are among the most critical factors in predicting the prognosis of the disease. Breast cancers found during screening are typically smaller and less likely to have spread outside
5304-783: Is controversial. Chemotherapy drugs are typically given in two- to three-week cycles, with periods of drug treatment interspersed with rest periods to recover from the therapies' side effects. Four to six cycles are given in total. Many classes of chemotherapeutic agents are effective for breast cancer treatment, including the DNA alkylating drugs ( cyclophosphamide ), anthracyclines ( doxorubicin and epirubicin ), antimetabolites ( fluorouracil , capecitabine , and methotrexate ), taxanes ( docetaxel and paclitaxel ), and platinum-based chemotherapies ( cisplatin and carboplatin ). Chemotherapies from different classes are typically given in combination, with particular chemotherapy drugs selected based on
5440-425: Is highest among heavy drinkers. Globally, about one in ten cases of breast cancer is caused by women drinking alcoholic beverages. Alcohol use is among the most common modifiable risk factors. Obesity and diabetes increase the risk of breast cancer. A high body mass index (BMI) causes 7% of breast cancers while diabetes is responsible for 2%. At the same time the correlation between obesity and breast cancer
5576-442: Is injected near the tumor site, and several hours later the lymph node the dye accumulates in is removed. After surgery, many undergo radiotherapy to decrease the chance of cancer recurrence . Those who had lumpectomies receive radiation to the whole breast. Those who had a mastectomy and are at elevated risk of tumor spread – tumor greater than five centimeters wide, or cancerous cells in nearby lymph nodes – receive radiation to
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5712-413: Is low-dose X-ray imaging of the breast, called mammography . Each breast is pressed between two plates and imaged. Tumors can appear unusually dense within the breast, distort the shape of surrounding tissue, or cause small dense flecks called microcalcifications . Radiologists generally report mammogram results on a standardized scale – the six-point Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS)
5848-424: Is not at all linear. Studies show that those who rapidly gain weight in adulthood are at higher risk than those who have been overweight since childhood. Likewise, excess fat in the midriff seems to induce a higher risk than excess weight carried in the lower body. Dietary factors that may increase risk include a high-fat diet and obesity-related high cholesterol levels. Dietary iodine deficiency may also play
5984-486: Is only given to women who have undergone hysterectomies . In the 1980s, the abortion–breast cancer hypothesis posited that induced abortion increased the risk of developing breast cancer. This hypothesis was the subject of extensive scientific inquiry, which concluded that neither miscarriages nor abortions are associated with a heightened risk for breast cancer. The use of hormonal birth control does not cause breast cancer for most women; if it has an effect, it
6120-400: Is placed into a device inserted at the surgical site the tumor was removed from. Fresh radioactive material is added twice a day for five days, then the device is removed. Surgery plus radiation typically eliminates a person's breast tumor. Less than 5% of those treated have their breast tumor grow back. After surgery and radiation, the breast can be surgically reconstructed , either by adding
6256-462: Is small (on the order of 0.01% per user–year), temporary, and offset by the users' significantly reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers. Among those with a family history of breast cancer, use of modern oral contraceptives does not appear to affect the risk of breast cancer. Drinking alcoholic beverages increases the risk of breast cancer, even among very light drinkers (women drinking less than half of one alcoholic drink per day). The risk
6392-526: Is the leading type of cancer in women, accounting for 25% of all cases. In 2018, it resulted in two million new cases and 627,000 deaths. It is more common in developed countries, and is more than 100 times more common in women than in men . For transgender individuals on gender-affirming hormone therapy , breast cancer is 5 times more common in cisgender women than in transgender men , and 46 times more common in transgender women than in cisgender men. Most people with breast cancer have no symptoms at
6528-401: Is the most common globally – where a higher number corresponds to a greater risk of a cancerous tumor. A mammogram also reveals breast density; dense breast tissue appears opaque on a mammogram and can obscure tumors. BI-RADS categorizes breast density into four categories. Mammography can detect around 90% of breast tumors in the least dense breasts (called "fatty" breasts), but just 60% in
6664-411: Is typically recommended for at least five years after surgery and chemotherapy, and is sometimes continued for 10 years or longer. Women with breast cancer who had a lumpectomy or a mastectomy and kept their other breast have similar survival rates to those who had a double mastectomy. There seems to be no survival advantage to removing the other breast, with only a 7% chance of cancer occurring in
6800-571: The Agnus Dei from the Mass as her highlight of the year. Early in 1951, while on tour in Rome, Ferrier learned of her father's death at the age of 83. Although she was upset by this news, she decided to continue with the tour; her diary entry for 30 January reads: "My Pappy died peacefully after flu and a slight stroke". She returned to London on 19 February, and was immediately busy rehearsing with Barbirolli and
6936-492: The BRCA genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 . Women with pathogenic variants in either gene have around a 70% chance of developing breast cancer in their lifetime, as well as an approximately 33% chance of developing ovarian cancer . Pathogenic variants in PALB2 – a gene whose product directly interacts with that of BRCA2 – also increase breast cancer risk; a woman with such a variant has around
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#17331065756457072-580: The Bishop of Croydon , in his eulogy, said of Ferrier's voice: "She seemed to bring into this world a radiance from another world." From time to time commentators have speculated on the directions Ferrier's career might have taken had she lived. In 1951, while recovering from her mastectomy, she received an offer to sing the part of Brangäne in Wagner 's opera Tristan und Isolde at the 1952 Bayreuth Festival . According to Christiansen she would have been "glorious" in
7208-564: The Blackpool telephone exchange and took lodgings nearby, to be close to her new boyfriend, a bank clerk named Albert Wilson. While at Blackpool she auditioned for the new "speaking clock" service which the GPO was preparing to introduce. In her excitement, Ferrier inserted an extra aspirate into her audition, and was not chosen for the final selection in London. Her decision in 1935 to marry Wilson meant
7344-772: The Concertgebouw Orchestra . Britten had written this work specifically for her. At the Edinburgh Festival in September she gave two recitals in which Bruno Walter acted as her piano accompanist. Ferrier felt that these recitals represented "a peak to which I had been groping for the last three years". A broadcast of one of the recitals was issued on record many years later; of this, the critic Alan Blyth wrote: "Walter's very personal and positive support obviously pushes Ferrier to give of her very best". The following 18 months saw almost uninterrupted activity, encompassing
7480-611: The Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts (CEMA), and in the following years sang at concerts and recitals throughout the UK. In 1942 her career was boosted when she met the conductor Malcolm Sargent , who recommended her to the influential Ibbs and Tillett concert management agency. She became a regular performer at leading London and provincial venues, and made numerous BBC radio broadcasts. In 1946 Ferrier made her stage debut in
7616-609: The Glyndebourne Festival premiere of Benjamin Britten 's opera The Rape of Lucretia . A year later she made her first appearance as Orfeo in Gluck 's Orfeo ed Euridice , a work with which she became particularly associated. By her own choice, these were her only two operatic roles. As her reputation grew, Ferrier formed close working relationships with major musical figures, including Britten, Sir John Barbirolli , Bruno Walter and
7752-484: The HER2 -targeted antibody trastuzumab to chemotherapy reduces the chance of cancer recurrence and death by at least a third. Trastuzumab is given weekly or every three weeks for twelve months. Adding a second HER2-targeted antibody, pertuzumab slightly enhances treatment efficacy. In rare cases, trastuzumab can disrupt heart function, and so it is typically not given in conjunction with anthracyclines, which can also damage
7888-571: The Hallé Orchestra in a performance of Messiah together with Isobel Baillie , the distinguished soprano . However, her application to the BBC's head of music in Manchester for an audition was turned down. Ferrier had better fortune when she was introduced to Malcolm Sargent after a Hallé concert in Blackpool. Sargent agreed to hear her sing, and afterwards recommended her to Ibbs and Tillett ,
8024-585: The Holland Festival , where she gave four performances of Orfeo , and sang in Mahler's Second Symphony with Otto Klemperer and the Concertgebouw Orchestra. Through the summer her concert schedule was interspersed with hospital visits; however, she was well enough to sing at the Edinburgh Festival in September, where she performed two recitals with Walter and sang Chausson's Poème with Barbirolli and
8160-525: The Pembrokeshire Regiment ) settled in the area after being stationed near Blackburn during a period of industrial unrest. Kathleen Ferrier was born on 22 April 1912, in the Lancashire village of Higher Walton where her father William Ferrier (the fourth child of Thomas and Elizabeth, née Gorton) was the head of the village school. Although untrained musically, William was an enthusiastic member of
8296-602: The Royal Opera House in February. Barbirolli had instigated this project, with Ferrier's enthusiastic approval, some months previously. Her only other engagement in January was a BBC recital recording, in which she sang works by three living English composers: Howard Ferguson , William Wordsworth and Edmund Rubbra . During her regular hospital treatment, she discussed with doctors the advisability of an oophorectomy (removal of
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#17331065756458432-513: The Vienna Philharmonic ; singer and conductor had long sought to preserve their partnership on disc. Despite considerable suffering, Ferrier completed the recording sessions between 15 and 20 May. During the remainder of 1952, Ferrier attended her seventh successive Edinburgh Festival , singing in performances of Das Lied , The Dream of Gerontius , Messiah and some Brahms songs. She undertook several studio recording sessions, including
8568-580: The Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society , the first female vocalist to receive this honour since Muriel Foster in 1914. In a letter to the secretary of the Society she wrote that this "unbelievable, wondrous news has done more than anything to make me feel so much better". This letter, dated 9 June, is probably the last that Ferrier signed herself. As she weakened she saw only her sister and
8704-560: The Hallé a work that was new to her: Ernest Chausson 's Poème de l'amour et de la mer . This was performed at Manchester on 28 February, to critical acclaim. Two weeks later Ferrier discovered a lump on her breast. She nevertheless fulfilled several engagements in Germany, the Netherlands and at Glyndebourne before seeing her doctor on 24 March. After tests at University College Hospital , cancer of
8840-507: The Hallé on 23 and 24 April. On 30 April Ferrier attended a private party at which the new Queen, Elizabeth II , and her sister, Princess Margaret , were present. In her diary, Ferrier notes: "Princess M sang— very good!". Her health continued to deteriorate; she refused to consider a course of androgen injections, believing that this treatment would destroy the quality of her voice. In May 1952, she travelled to Vienna to record Das Lied and Mahler's Rückert-Lieder with Walter and
8976-513: The Hallé. In November, she sang " Land of Hope and Glory " at the reopening of Manchester's Free Trade Hall , a climax to the evening which, wrote Barbirolli, "moved everyone, not least the conductor, to tears". After this, Ferrier rested for two months while she underwent radiation therapy ; her only work engagement during December was a three-day recording session of folk songs at the Decca studios. In January 1952, Ferrier joined Britten and Pears in
9112-614: The Kathleen Ferrier Cancer Research Fund was launched in May 1954. The Kathleen Ferrier Scholarship Fund , administered by the Royal Philharmonic Society , has since 1956 made annual awards to aspiring young professional singers. The Ferrier family originally came from Pembrokeshire in South West Wales . The Lancashire branch originated in the 19th century, when Thomas Ferrier (youngest son of Private Thomas Ferrier of
9248-584: The Kathleen Ferrier Chair of Clinical Oncology at University College Hospital , in 1984. As of 2012 , it was continuing to fund oncology research. As the result of a separate appeal, augmented by the sales proceeds of a memoir edited by Neville Cardus, the Kathleen Ferrier Memorial Scholarship Fund was created to encourage young British and Commonwealth singers of either sex. The Fund, which has operated from 1956 under
9384-661: The London-based concert management agency. John Tillett accepted her as a client without hesitation after which, on Sargent's advice, Ferrier decided to base herself in London. On 24 December 1942, she moved with her sister Winifred into a flat in Frognal Mansions, Hampstead . Ferrier gave her first London recital on 28 December 1942 at the National Gallery , in a lunch-time concert organised by Dame Myra Hess . Although she wrote "went off very well" in her diary, Ferrier
9520-569: The Proms in August, and sang in Bach's Mass in B minor at that year's Edinburgh Festival. On 13 October 1948, she joined Barbirolli and the Hallé Orchestra in a broadcast performance of Mahler's song cycle Kindertotenlieder . She returned to the Netherlands in January 1949 for a series of recitals, then left Southampton on 18 February 1949 to begin her second American tour. This opened in New York with
9656-575: The accompanist Gerald Moore . She became known internationally through her three tours to the United States between 1948 and 1950 and her many visits to continental Europe. Ferrier was diagnosed with breast cancer in March 1951. In between periods of hospitalisation and convalescence she continued to perform and record; her final public appearance was as Orfeo, at the Royal Opera House in February 1953, eight months before her death. Among her many memorials,
9792-536: The affected person's health and the different chemotherapeutics' side effects. Anthrocyclines and cyclophosphamide cause leukemia in up to 1% of those treated. Anthrocyclines also cause congestive heart failure in around 1% of people treated. Taxanes cause peripheral neuropathy , which is permanent in up to 5% of those treated. The same chemotherapy agents can be given before surgery – called neoadjuvant therapy – to shrink tumors, making them easier to safely remove. For those whose tumors are HER2-positive, adding
9928-436: The age of 41. Ferrier had gained a large following despite having performed for only 12 years as a professional singer, and had a number of influential champions including conductors Sir John Barbirolli , Bruno Walter and Sir Malcolm Sargent . The initial appeal for a memorial fund was launched by Sir John Barbirolli , Roy Henderson , Gerald Moore , Sir Malcolm Sargent and Hamish Hamilton and seeded with proceeds from
10064-598: The army in 1940, Ferrier reverted to her maiden name, having until then sung as 'Kathleen Wilson'. In December 1940, she appeared for the first time professionally as 'Kathleen Ferrier' in a performance of Handel's Messiah , under Hutchinson's direction. In early 1941 she successfully auditioned as a singer with the Council for the Encouragement of the Arts (CEMA), which provided concerts and other entertainments to military camps, factories and other workplaces. Within this organisation Ferrier began working with artists with international reputations; in December 1941, she sang with
10200-580: The auspices of the Royal Philharmonic Society, initially provided an annual award covering the cost of a year's study to a single prizewinner. With the advent of additional sponsors, the number and scope of awards has expanded considerably since that time; the list of winners of Ferrier Awards includes many singers of international repute, among them Felicity Palmer , Yvonne Kenny , Lesley Garrett and Bryn Terfel . The Kathleen Ferrier Society, founded in 1993 to promote interest in all aspects of
10336-417: The book Kathleen Ferrier – a Memoir assembled by friends and colleagues. As of November 2014, the patrons were: Kathleen Ferrier Kathleen Mary Ferrier CBE (22 April 1912 – 8 October 1953) was an English contralto singer who achieved an international reputation as a stage, concert and recording artist, with a repertoire extending from folksong and popular ballads to
10472-553: The breast (nearly two thirds of cases) have the best prognoses – over 99% survive at least five years. Those whose tumors have metastasized to distant sites have relatively poor prognoses – 31% survive at least five years from the time of diagnosis. Triple-negative breast cancer (up to 15% of cases) and inflammatory breast cancer (up to 5% of cases) are particularly aggressive and have relatively poor prognoses. Those with triple-negative breast cancer have an overall five-year survival rate of 77% – 91% for those whose tumors are confined to
10608-431: The breast , with eczema -like red, scaly irritation on the nipple and areola . Advanced tumors can spread (metastasize) beyond the breast, most commonly to the bones, liver, lungs, and brain. Bone metastases can cause swelling, progressive bone pain , and weakening of the bones that leads to fractures . Liver metastases can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and skin problems – rash , itchy skin, or yellowing of
10744-570: The breast was diagnosed, and a mastectomy was performed on 10 April. All immediate engagements were cancelled; among these was a planned series of performances of The Rape of Lucretia by the English Opera Group , scheduled as part of the 1951 Festival of Britain . Ferrier resumed performing on 19 June 1951, in the Mass in B minor at the Royal Albert Hall . She then made her usual visit to
10880-444: The breast, near the chest center), or for axillary lymph nodes that appear attached to each other or to the tissue around them (a sign of more severely affected tissue). N3 designates tumors that have spread to the highest axillary lymph nodes (called "level 3" axillary lymph nodes, above the armpit near the shoulder), to the supraclavicular lymph nodes (along the neck), or to both the axillary and intramammary lymph nodes. The M score
11016-671: The breast. A 2013 Cochrane review found that it was unclear whether mammographic screening does more harm than good, in that a large proportion of women who test positive turn out not to have the disease. A 2009 review for the US Preventive Services Task Force found evidence of benefit in those 40 to 70 years of age, and the organization recommends screening every two years in women 50 to 74 years of age. The medications tamoxifen or raloxifene may be used in an effort to prevent breast cancer in those who are at high risk of developing it. Surgical removal of both breasts
11152-406: The breast; 12% for those with metastases. Those with inflammatory breast cancer are diagnosed after the cancer has already spread to the skin of the breast. They have an overall five-year survival rate of 39%; 19% for those with metastases. The relatively rare tumors with tubular, mucinous, or medullary growth tend to have better prognoses. In addition to the factors that influence cancer staging,
11288-460: The cancer has spread to other parts of the body, treatments are mostly aimed at improving quality of life and comfort. Outcomes for breast cancer vary depending on the cancer type, the extent of disease , and the person's age. The five-year survival rates in England and the United States are between 80 and 90%. In developing countries, five-year survival rates are lower. Worldwide, breast cancer
11424-788: The cancer, another is started. In addition to the chemotherapeutic drugs used for localized cancer, gemcitabine , vinorelbine , etoposide , and epothilones are sometimes effective. Those with bone metastases benefit from regular infusion of the bone-strengthening agents denosumab and the bisphosphonates ; infusion every three months reduces the chance of bone pain, fractures, and bone hypercalcemia . Up to 70% of those with ER-positive metastatic breast cancer benefit from additional endocrine therapy. Therapy options include those used in localized cancer, plus toremifene and fulvestrant , often used in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors ( palbociclib , ribociclib , or abemaciclib ). When one endocrine therapy fails, most will benefit from transitioning to
11560-570: The cavity at the back of her throat: "one could have shot a fair-sized apple right to the back of the throat without obstruction". However, this natural physical advantage was not in itself enough to ensure the quality of her voice; this was due, Henderson says, to "her hard work, artistry, sincerity, personality and above all her character". On 17 May 1943, Ferrier sang in Handel's Messiah at Westminster Abbey , alongside Isobel Baillie and Peter Pears , with Reginald Jacques conducting. According to
11696-427: The chance of detecting potentially dangerous tumors. Regularly feeling one's own breasts for lumps or other abnormalities, called breast self-examination , does not reduce a person's chance of dying from breast cancer. Clinical breast exams, where a health professional feels the breasts for abnormalities, are common; whether they reduce the risk of dying from breast cancer is not known. Regular breast cancer screening
11832-423: The classical works of Bach , Brahms , Mahler and Elgar . Her death from cancer, at the height of her fame, was a shock to the musical world and particularly to the general public, which was kept in ignorance of the nature of her illness until after her death. The daughter of a Lancashire village schoolmaster, Ferrier showed early talent as a pianist, and won numerous amateur piano competitions while working as
11968-518: The composer's widow, was present at the first of these, on 15 January. In a letter written the following day, Ferrier told her sister: "Some of the critics are enthusiastic, others unimpressed". After the second performance, which was broadcast from coast to coast, Ferrier gave recitals in Ottawa and Chicago before returning to New York and embarking for home on 4 February. During 1948, amid many engagements, Ferrier performed Brahms's Alto Rhapsody at
12104-525: The concert scene was temporary. The opera critic Rupert Christiansen , writing as the 50th anniversary of Ferrier's death approached, maintained that "no singer in this country has ever been more deeply loved, as much for the person she was as for the voice she uttered". Her death, he continued, "quite literally shattered the euphoria of the Coronation" (which had taken place on 2 June 1953). Ian Jack , editor of Granta , believed that she "may well have been
12240-573: The critic Neville Cardus , it was through the quality of her singing here that Ferrier "made her first serious appeal to musicians". Her assured performance led to other important engagements, and to broadcasting work; her increasingly frequent appearances on popular programmes such as Forces Favourites and Housewives' Choice soon gave her national recognition. In May 1944, at EMI's Abbey Road Studios with Gerald Moore as her accompanist, she made test recordings of music by Brahms, Gluck and Elgar. Her first published record, made in September 1944,
12376-462: The dancers on stage. However, she was physically weakened from her prolonged radiation treatment; during the second performance, three days later, her left femur partially disintegrated. Quick action by other cast members, who moved to support her, kept the audience in ignorance. Although virtually immobilised, Ferrier sang her remaining arias and took her curtain calls before being transferred to hospital. This proved to be her final public appearance;
12512-439: The end of her employment with the telephone exchange, since at that time the GPO did not employ married women. Of Ferrier's career to this point, the music biographer Humphrey Burton wrote: "For more than a decade, when she should have been studying music with the best teachers, learning English literature and foreign languages, acquiring stage craft and movement skills, and travelling to London regularly to see opera, Miss Ferrier
12648-475: The event was overshadowed by the death of her mother at the beginning of February. At the 1939 Carlisle Festival, Ferrier sang Richard Strauss 's song All Souls' Day , a performance which particularly impressed one of the adjudicators, J. E. Hutchinson, a music teacher with a considerable reputation. Ferrier became his pupil and, under his guidance, began to extend her repertoire to include works by Bach , Handel , Brahms and Elgar . When Albert Wilson joined
12784-644: The family's income, Ferrier's hopes of attending a music college could not be realised. In August 1926, she left school to start work as a trainee at the GPO telephone exchange in Blackburn. She continued her piano studies under Frances Walker, and in November 1928 was the regional winner in a national contest for young pianists, organised by the Daily Express . Although unsuccessful in the London finals which followed, Ferrier won
12920-450: The festival it failed to attract the public and incurred heavy financial losses. By contrast, when the opera reached Amsterdam it was greeted warmly by the Dutch audiences who showed particular enthusiasm for Ferrier's performance. This was Ferrier's first trip abroad, and she wrote an excited letter to her family: "The cleanest houses and windows you ever did see, and flowers in the fields all
13056-428: The final audition. There is also an MBF Accompanist's prize, provided in 2005 by Arthur & Gwyneth Harrison. Pianists competing for the accompanist's award must also be under 29. The first recipient of the award was British-born Barbara Anne Robinson. The Kathleen Ferrier Memorial Scholarship Fund , which funds the award, was founded in 1953 in memory of Kathleen Ferrier following her untimely death from cancer at
13192-422: The first night, 19 June 1947, attracted warm critical praise. Ferrier's association with Glyndebourne bore further fruit when Rudolf Bing , the festival's general manager, recommended her to Bruno Walter as the contralto soloist in a performance of Mahler 's symphonic song cycle Das Lied von der Erde . This was planned for the 1947 Edinburgh International Festival . Walter was initially wary of working with
13328-463: The gold cup at the 1938 Workington Festival, Ferrier sang "Ma Curly-Headed Babby" in a concert at Workington Opera House . Cecil McGivern , producer of a BBC Northern radio variety show, was in the audience and was sufficiently impressed to book her for the next edition of his programme, which was broadcast from Newcastle on 23 February 1939. This broadcast—her first as a vocalist—attracted wide attention, and led to more radio work, though for Ferrier
13464-835: The heart. After their chemotherapy course, those whose tumors are ER-positive or PR-positive benefit from endocrine therapy , which reduces the levels of estrogens and progesterones that hormone receptor-positive breast cancers require to survive. Tamoxifen treatment blocks the ER in the breast and some other tissues, and reduces the risk of breast cancer death by around 40% over the next ten years. Chemically blocking estrogen production with GnRH -targeted drugs ( goserelin , leuprolide , or triptorelin ) and aromatase inhibitors ( anastrozole , letrozole , or exemestane ) slightly improves survival, but has more severe side effects. Side effects of estrogen depletion include hot flashes , vaginal discomfort, and muscle and joint pain. Endocrine therapy
13600-443: The lining of the mammary ducts . 10% are lobular carcinoma – derived from the mammary lobes – or mixed ductal/lobular carcinoma. Rarer types include mucinous carcinoma (around 2.5% of cases; surrounded by mucin ), tubular carcinoma (1.5%; full of small tubes of epithelial cells ), medullary carcinoma (1%; resembling "medullary" or middle-layer tissue), and papillary carcinoma (1%; covered in finger-like growths). Oftentimes
13736-423: The local operatic society and of several choirs, and his wife Alice (née Murray), whom he married in 1900, was a competent singer with a strong contralto voice. Kathleen was the third and youngest of the couple's children, following a sister and a brother; when she was two the family moved to Blackburn, after William was appointed headmaster of St Paul's School in the town. From an early age Kathleen showed promise as
13872-421: The mammary lobes) rarely causes a noticeable lump, and is often found incidentally during a biopsy for another reason. It is commonly spread throughout both breasts. Those with lobular carcinoma in situ also have an increased risk of developing breast cancer – around 1% develop breast cancer each year. However, their risk of dying of breast cancer is no higher than the rest of the population. Invasive tumor tissue
14008-506: The marriage took place on 19 November 1935. Shortly afterwards the couple moved to Silloth , a small port town in Cumberland , where Wilson had been appointed as manager of his bank's branch. The marriage was not successful; the honeymoon had revealed problems of sexual incompatibility, and the union remained unconsummated. Outward appearances were maintained for a few years, until Wilson's departure for military service in 1940 effectively ended
14144-476: The marriage. The couple divorced in 1947, though they remained on good terms. Wilson subsequently married a friend of Ferrier's, Wyn Hetherington; he died in 1969. In 1937 Ferrier entered the Carlisle Festival open piano competition and, as a result of a small bet with her husband, also signed up for the singing contest. She won the piano trophy; in the singing finals she sang Roger Quilter 's To Daisies ,
14280-441: The mastectomy scar and chest wall. If cancerous cells have spread to nearby lymph nodes, those lymph nodes will be irradiated as well. Radiation is typically given five days per week, for up to seven weeks. Radiotherapy for breast cancer is typically delivered via external beam radiotherapy , where a device focuses radiation beams onto the targeted parts of the body. Instead, some undergo brachytherapy , where radioactive material
14416-451: The most celebrated woman in Britain after the Queen." Among the many tributes from her colleagues, that of Bruno Walter has been highlighted by biographers: "The greatest thing in music in my life has been to have known Kathleen Ferrier and Gustav Mahler—in that order." Very few singers, Lord Harewood writes, "have earned so powerful a valedictory from so senior a colleague." At a memorial service at Southwark Cathedral on 14 November 1953,
14552-677: The most dense breasts (called "extremely dense"). Women with particularly dense breasts can instead be screened by ultrasound , magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or tomosynthesis , all of which more sensitively detect breast tumors. Regular screening mammography reduces breast cancer deaths by at least 20%. Most medical guidelines recommend annual screening mammograms for women aged 50–70. Screening also reduces breast cancer mortality in women aged 40–49, and some guidelines recommend annual screening in this age group as well. For women at high risk for developing breast cancer, most guidelines recommend adding MRI screening to mammography, to increase
14688-489: The nipple. Some may experience unusual discharge from the breasts, or swelling of the lymph nodes under the arms or along the collar bone . Some less common forms of breast cancer cause distinctive symptoms. Up to 5% of people with breast cancer have inflammatory breast cancer , where cancer cells block the lymph vessels of one breast, causing the breast to substantially swell and redden over three to six months. Up to 3% of people with breast cancer have Paget's disease of
14824-438: The other breast over 20 years. For around 1 in 5 people treated for localized breast cancer, their tumors eventually spread to distant body sites – most commonly the nearby bones (67% of cases), liver (41%), lungs (37%), brain (13%), and peritoneum (10%). Those with metastatic disease can receive further chemotherapy, typically starting with capecitabine, an anthracycline, or a taxane. As one chemotherapy drug fails to control
14960-452: The other scored characteristics. The management of breast cancer depends on the affected person's health, the cancer case's molecular characteristics, and how far the tumor has spread at the time of diagnosis. Those whose tumors have not spread beyond the breast often undergo surgery to remove the tumor and some surrounding breast tissue. The surgery method is typically chosen to spare as much healthy breast tissue as possible, removing just
15096-409: The ovaries), but on learning that the impact on her cancer would probably be insignificant and that her voice might be badly affected, she chose not to have the operation. The first Orpheus performance, on 3 February, was greeted with unanimous critical approval. According to Barbirolli, Ferrier was particularly pleased with one critic's comment that her movements were as graceful as any of those of
15232-669: The part of the Angel in Elgar's choral work The Dream of Gerontius , her first performance in what became one of her best-known roles. In December she met John Barbirolli while working on another Elgar piece, Sea Pictures ; the conductor later became one of her closest friends and strongest advocates. On 15 September 1945, Ferrier made her debut at the London Proms , when she sang L'Air des Adieux from Tchaikovsky 's opera The Maid of Orleans . Although she often sang individual arias , opera
15368-480: The part with Nancy Evans . Despite her initial misgivings, by early July Ferrier was writing to her agent that she was "enjoying [the rehearsals] tremendously and I should think it's the best part one could possibly have". Ferrier's performances in the Glyndebourne run, which began on 12 July 1946, earned her favourable reviews, although the opera itself was less well received. On the provincial tour which followed
15504-498: The partnership between Walter and her, which endured until the singer's final illness, as "a rare match of music, voice and temperament." On 1 January 1948, Ferrier left for a four-week tour of North America, the first of three transatlantic trips she would make during the next three years. In New York City, she sang two performances of Das Lied von der Erde , with Bruno Walter and the New York Philharmonic . Alma Mahler ,
15640-663: The protein PIK3CA . PARP inhibitors ( olaparib and talazoparib ) for those with mutations that inactivate BRCA1 or BRCA2 . The immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody atezolizumab for those whose tumors express PD-L1 . And the similar immunotherapy pembrolizumab for those whose tumors have mutations in various DNA repair pathways. Many breast cancer therapies have side effects that can be alleviated with appropriate supportive care. Chemotherapy causes hair loss , nausea , and vomiting in nearly everyone who receives it. Antiemetic drugs can alleviate nausea and vomiting; cooling
15776-518: The quality of life. Physical activity interventions, yoga and meditation may also have beneficial effects on health related quality of life, cognitive impairment, anxiety, fitness and physical activity in women with breast cancer following adjuvant therapy. Breast cancer prognosis varies widely depending on how far the tumor has spread at the time of diagnosis. Overall, 91% of women diagnosed with breast cancer survive at least five years from diagnosis. Those whose tumor(s) are completely confined to
15912-425: The radiation from mammography is a low dose, it is estimated that yearly screening from 40 to 80 years of age will cause approximately 225 cases of fatal breast cancer per million women screened. Around 10% of those with breast cancer have a family history of the disease or genetic factors that put them at higher risk. Women who have had a first-degree relative (mother or sister) diagnosed with breast cancer are at
16048-559: The role, and was being equally sought by the Bayreuth management to sing Erda in the Ring cycle . Christiansen further suggests that, given the changes of style over the past 50 years, Ferrier might have been less successful in the 21st century world: "We dislike low-lying voices, for one thing—contraltos now sound freakish and headmistressy, and even the majority of mezzo-sopranos should more accurately be categorised as almost-sopranos". However, she
16184-866: The scalp with a cold cap during chemotherapy treatments may reduce hair loss. Many complain of cognitive issues during chemotherapy treatment . These usually resolve within a few months of the end of chemotherapy treatment. Those on endocrine therapy often experience hot flashes , muscle and joint pain, and vaginal dryness/discomfort that can lead to issues having sex. Around half of women have their hot flashes alleviated by taking antidepressants ; pain can be treated with physical therapy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ; counseling and use of personal lubricants can improve sexual issues. In women with non-metastatic breast cancer, psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy can have positive effects on outcomes such as cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression and mood disturbance, and can also improve
16320-565: The singer's life and work, has since 1996 awarded annual bursaries to students at Britain's major music colleges. In 2012, the Society organised a series of events to commemorate the centenary of Ferrier's birth and in February 2012 Ferrier was one of ten prominent Britons honoured by the Royal Mail in the "Britons of Distinction" stamps set. Another was Frederick Delius. A biographic documentary film, Kathleen Ferrier , also known as La vie et l'art de Kathleen Ferrier – Le chant de la terre
16456-514: The skin ( jaundice ). Those with lung metastases experience chest pain , shortness of breath, and regular coughing . Metastases in the brain can cause persistent headache , seizures , nausea, vomiting, and disruptions to the affected person's speech, vision, memory, and regular behavior. Breast cancer screening refers to testing otherwise-healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to diagnose breast tumors early when treatments are more successful. The most common screening test for breast cancer
16592-865: The three scores. Combined scores of 3, 4, or 5 represent grade 1, a slower-growing cancer. Scores of 6 or 7 represent grade 2. Scores of 8 or 9 represent grade 3, a faster-growing, more aggressive cancer. In addition to grading, tumor biopsy samples are tested by immunohistochemistry to determine if the tissue contains the proteins estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Tumors containing either ER or PR are called "hormone receptor-positive" and can be treated with hormone therapies. Around 15 to 20% of tumors contain HER2; these can be treated with HER2-targeted therapies. The remainder that do not contain ER, PR, or HER2 are called "triple-negative" tumors, and tend to grow more quickly than other breast cancer types. After
16728-431: The time of diagnosis; their tumor is detected by a breast cancer screening test. For those who do have symptoms, a new lump in the breast is most common. Most breast lumps are not cancer, though lumps that are painless, hard, and with irregular edges are more likely to be cancerous. Other symptoms include swelling or pain in the breast; dimpling, thickening, redness, or dryness of the breast skin; and pain, or inversion of
16864-440: The tour's promoters: "What a blinking nerve to palm him on to me". Eventually, when Sándor was too ill to appear, Ferrier was able to recruit a Canadian pianist, John Newmark , with whom she formed a warm and lasting working relationship. Shortly after her return to Britain early in June 1949, Ferrier left for Amsterdam where, on 14 July, she sang in the world premiere of Britten's Spring Symphony , with Eduard van Beinum and
17000-434: The tumor ( lumpectomy ) or a larger part of the breast (partial mastectomy ). Those with large or multiple tumors, high genetic risk of subsequent cancers, or who are unable to receive radiation therapy may instead opt for full removal of the affected breast(s) (full mastectomy). To reduce the risk of cancer spreading, women will often have the nearest lymph node removed in a procedure called sentinel lymph node biopsy. Dye
17136-547: The tumor is evaluated, the breast cancer case is staged using the American Joint Committee on Cancer and Union for International Cancer Control 's TNM staging system . Scores are assigned based on characteristics of the tumor (T), lymph nodes (N), and any metastases (M). T scores are determine by the size and extent of the tumor. Tumors less than 2 centimeters (cm) across are designated T1. Tumors 2–5 cm across are T2. A tumor greater than 5 cm across
17272-668: The two remaining performances, at first rescheduled for April, were eventually cancelled. Still the general public remained unaware of the nature of Ferrier's incapacity; an announcement in The Guardian stated: "Miss Ferrier is suffering from a strain resulting from arthritis which requires immediate further treatment. It has been caused by the physical stress involved in rehearsal and performance of her role in Orpheus ". Ferrier spent two months in University College Hospital . As
17408-479: The way!" Following her success as Lucretia she agreed to return to Glyndebourne in 1947, to sing Orfeo in Gluck's opera Orfeo ed Euridice . She had often sung Orfeo's aria Che farò ("What is life") as a concert piece, and had recently recorded it with Decca. At Glyndebourne, Ferrier's limited acting abilities caused some difficulties in her relationship with the conductor, Fritz Stiedry ; nevertheless her performance on
17544-474: The world. To publicise the fund a special concert was given at the Royal Festival Hall on 7 May 1954, at which Barbirolli and Walter shared the conducting duties without payment. Among the items was a rendition of Purcell 's " When I am laid in earth ", which Ferrier had often sung; on this occasion the vocal part was played by a solo cor anglais . The Kathleen Ferrier Cancer Research Fund helped establish
17680-635: The years since her death, many of her recordings have received multiple reissues on modern media; between 1992 and 1996, Decca issued the Kathleen Ferrier Edition, incorporating much of Ferrier's recorded repertoire, on 10 compact discs. The discographer Paul Campion has drawn attention to numerous works which she performed but did not record, or for which no complete recording has yet surfaced. For example, only one aria from Elgar's Dream of Gerontius , and none of her renderings of 20th century songs by Holst , Bax , Delius and others were recorded. Only
17816-455: Was "a singer of, and for, her time—a time of grief and weariness, national self-respect and a belief in human nobility". In this context "her artistry stands upright, austere, unfussy, fundamental and sincere". Shortly after Ferrier's death an appeal was launched by Barbirolli, Walter, Myra Hess and others, to establish a cancer research fund in Ferrier's name. Donations were received from all over
17952-428: Was actually answering the telephone, getting married to a bank manager and winning tinpot competitions for her piano-playing." Ferrier met Albert Wilson in 1933, probably through dancing, which they both loved. When she announced that they were to marry, her family and friends had strong reservations, on the grounds that she was young and inexperienced, and that she and Wilson shared few serious interests. Nevertheless,
18088-572: Was directed by Diane Perelsztejn and produced by ARTE France in 2012. It featured interviews with her near relatives, friends and colleagues to produce a fresh view of her life and contributions to the arts. Kathleen Ferrier Crescent, in Basildon , Essex, is named in her honour. Ferrier's discography consists of studio recordings originally made on the Columbia and Decca labels, and recordings taken from live performances which were later issued as discs. In
18224-453: Was disappointed with her performance, and concluded that she needed further voice training. She approached the distinguished baritone Roy Henderson with whom, a week previously, she had sung in Mendelssohn's Elijah . Henderson agreed to teach her, and was her regular voice coach for the remainder of her life. He later explained that her "warm and spacious tone" was in part due to the size of
18360-534: Was issued under the Columbia label; it consisted of two songs by Maurice Greene , again with Moore accompanying. Her time as a Columbia recording artist was brief and unhappy; she had poor relations with her producer, Walter Legge , and after a few months she transferred to Decca . In the remaining wartime months, Ferrier continued to travel throughout the country, to fulfil the growing demands for her services from concert promoters. At Leeds in November 1944, she sang
18496-462: Was not Ferrier's natural forte; she had not enjoyed singing the title role in a concert version of Bizet 's Carmen at Stourbridge in March 1944, and generally avoided similar engagements. Nevertheless, Benjamin Britten , who had heard her Westminster Abbey Messiah performance, persuaded her to create the role of Lucretia in his new opera The Rape of Lucretia , which was to open the first postwar Glyndebourne Festival in 1946. She would share
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