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34-526: Traditionally, the term Copperbelt includes the mining regions of Zambia's Copperbelt Province (notably the towns of Ndola , Kitwe , Chingola , Luanshya , and Mufulira in particular) and the Congo's Haut-Katanga and Lualaba provinces (notably Lubumbashi , Kolwezi , and Likasi ). It arises because of the Katanga Supergroup , a Neoproterozoic sequence of geological formations . In some contexts

68-471: A sediment , sedimentary rock , or soil type which is formed from, or contains a high proportion of, calcium carbonate in the form of calcite or aragonite . Calcareous sediments are typically deposited in shallow water closer to land, as marine organisms that precipitate calcium carbonate primarily reside within shallow water ecosystems due to an inability to precipitate calcium carbonate at depth (see carbonate compensation depth ). Generally speaking,

102-450: A high pH . They are characterized by the presence of calcium carbonate in the parent material; the carbonate-ion is a base. Additionally, these soils may have a calcic horizon, a layer of secondary accumulation of carbonates (usually calciumcarbonate or magnesiumcarbonate) in excess of 15% calcium carbonate equivalent and at least 5% more carbonate than an underlying layer. Calcareous deposits can form in water pipes. An example of this

136-635: Is a 500 million year old mountain chain , the Lufilian Arc , which formed when two large pieces of continental crust , the Kalahari craton and the Congo craton , collided. This collision was one of the many that happened between 700 and 500 million years ago to form the Gondwana supercontinent . This collision is thought to have remobilised base metals , largely already present in the sediments that had accumulated in

170-661: Is a form of calcium carbonate sediment that consists of >30% biogenous material predominantly consisting of organisms such as coccolithophores and foraminifera . These oozes form slowly under low-energy environments, and necessitate higher seawater saturation states or a deeper CCD (see supersaturation and precipitation vs. undersaturation and dissolution ). Therefore, in shallow CCD conditions ( i.e. , undersaturation of calcium carbonate at depth), stable, non-calcareous sediments such as siliceous ooze or pelagic red clay will prevail in marine sediment records. Calcareous soils are relatively alkaline , in other words they have

204-419: Is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate ", in other words, containing lime or being chalky . The term is used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines. Calcareous is used as an adjectival term applied to anatomical structures which are made primarily of calcium carbonate, in animals such as gastropods , i.e.,  snails , specifically in relation to such structures as

238-625: Is correlated with the Sturtian glaciation, while another correlates with the Marinoan Glaciation, both global glaciation events that had profound influence on the history of the planet. The Lufilian Arc is correlated along trend to the west with the Damara Orogen in Namibia , which also hosts large mineral deposits. Copperbelt Province is rich with mineral finds and mines. The name of the province

272-406: Is given by the rich finds of copper ore (e.g. Chingola, Konkola, Nchanga Mines), but notable are also emerald mines along Kafubu River, which in the first 6 months of 2011 yielded 3.74 tons of high quality emeralds. There are no national parks in this most urban and industrial of Zambia's provinces. Other parks with wildlife aspects: As 2004, the province had 856 basic schools, 71 high schools and

306-443: Is mined in the province. As per the 2010 Zambian census , Copperbelt Province had a population of 1,972,317 accounting to 15.21% of the total Zambian population of 13,092,666. There were 981,887 males and 990,430 females, making the sex ratio to 1,009 for every 1,000 males, compared to the national average of 1,028. The literacy rate stood at 83.10% against a national average of 70.2%. The rural population constituted 19.11%, while

340-699: The Falls on the Incalla river, and twelve miles from the Kafukwe [now known as the Kafue River ] and still on the high plateau is probably one of the greatest copper fields on the continent. The natives have worked this ore for ages, as can be seen by their old dumps, and they work it to-day. The field is very extensive, and reaches away to Katanga ... The natives inhabiting this part of the country are skilled workmen, and have traded their handiwork with all comers, even as far afield as

374-610: The Lamba people . Both provinces are rich in mineral wealth. The Copperbelt was not inhabited before the arrival of the Lamba people from the Luba and Lunda kingdoms. The Lamba settled at Lake Kashiba , and from there the Lamba kingdom spread eastward, northward, southward and westward. The Western discovery of copper in Zambia is partly due to American scout Frederick Russell Burnham . In 1895 he led

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408-699: The metamorphosed calcareous shales and arkoses of the Lower Roan Formation in the Katanga System. The Katanga Supergroup is a Neoproterozoic sequence of geological formations found in central Africa . The formation is well-studied for its rich stratiform copper-cobalt deposits mined extensively in from the Central African Copperbelt in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of

442-520: The operculum , the clausilium , and the love dart . The term also applies to the calcium carbonate tests of, often, more-or-less microscopic Foraminifera . Not all tests are calcareous; diatoms and radiolaria have siliceous tests. The molluscs are calcareous organisms, as are the calcareous sponges ( Calcarea ), that have spicules which are made of calcium carbonate. Additionally, reef-building corals, or Scleractinia , are calcareous organisms that form their rigid skeletal structure through

476-616: The Congo . Particularly rich outcrops of the Roan Group of the supergroup occur in eastern Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo where open-pit copper mining has occurred. The Katanga Supergroup nonconformably overlies the 883 Ma Nchanga Granite. The Katangan Supergroup is divided into four metasedimentary series, from the oldest siliclastic and dolomitic Roan Group conglomerates, sandstones, and shales, to Nguba Group of mostly carbonates and carbon-rich shales, to

510-521: The Copperbelt are Kitwe , Ndola , Mufulira , Luanshya , Chingola , Kalulushi and Chililabombwe . Roads and rail links extend north into the Congo to Lubumbashi , but the Second Congo War brought economic contact between the two countries to a standstill, now recovering. It is informally referred to at times as 'Copala' or 'Kopala', invoking the vernacular-like term of the mineral copper that

544-686: The East Coast at a less expense than the product of Montana and Arizona can be laid on the dock at New York . Many years later, the British South Africa Company built towns along the river and a railroad to transport the copper through Mozambique . During the 1950s, the Copperbelt was the largest copper-producing area in the world, including the Roan Antelope Mine , Nkana Mine, Nchanga Mines , Mufulira Mine, and Rokana Mine. Chalcopyrite , bornite , and chalcocite are found in

578-688: The Northern Territories (BSA) Exploration Co. expedition, which determined that major copper deposits existed in Central Africa. Along the Kafue River in then- Northern Rhodesia , Burnham saw many similarities to copper deposits he had worked in the United States , and he encountered natives wearing copper bracelets. In his report to the British South Africa Company Burnham said about the region: About 200 miles north of

612-613: The Portuguese of the West Coast and the Arabs of the East. These natives, being miners and workers of copper and iron, and being permanently located in the ground, would give the very element needed in developing these fields. The increasing use of copper bids fair to make it one of the most valuable products a country can have.... The copper mines of Montana and Arizona have proven of more value than

646-534: The basin between the two cratons. These brines then concentrated the base metals either along stratigraphic boundaries, or along fractures, faults or within structurally controlled 'traps' (such as the nose of a fold). The collision also produced crustal shortening , during which the stratigraphic sequence was tectonically pushed northwards on top of the Congo Craton. The Lufilian Arc contains two diamictites , megaconglomerates of glacial origin. One of those

680-595: The councils with the majority of them being infrastructure management and local administration. Councils are mandated to maintain each of their community centres, zoos, local parks, drainage system, playgrounds, cemeteries, caravan sites, libraries, museums and art galleries. They also work along with specific government departments for helping in agriculture, conservation of natural resources, postal service, establishing and maintaining hospitals, schools and colleges. The councils prepare schemes that encourage community participation. The Copperbelt region of Zambia and Congo D.R.

714-483: The district headquarters and has provincial local government officers and auditors. Each council is responsible for raising and collecting local taxes and the budgets of the council are audited and submitted every year after the annual budget. The elected members of the council do not draw salaries, but are paid allowances from the council. The Copperbelt province is a predominantly urban district and has three city councils. The government stipulates 63 different functions for

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748-415: The district headquarters are the same as the district names. There are ten councils in the province, each of which is headed by an elected representative, called councilor. Each councilor holds office for three years. The administrative staff of the council is selected based on Local Government Service Commission from within or outside the district. The office of the provincial government is located in each of

782-461: The farther from land sediments fall, the less calcareous they are, and deviations from this expectation arise if (a) the ocean floor is shallower than the CCD or (b) storms/ocean currents transport calcareous sediments away from their origin point, leading to the interbedding of calcareous sediments in alternative locations. An additional form of calcareous marine sediment consists of calcareous ooze, which

816-464: The gold mines, regardless of the fact that the copper had to be hauled two thousand miles by rail to the seaboard, and the coal and coke to smelt it hauled hundreds of miles to the mines. So far as natural difficulties are concerned, this northern field can be fed from the coal deposits of the valley of the Zambezi [Burnham had previously discovered massive coal fields at Hwange ], and the product shipped to

850-412: The number of school children out of school in ages between 7 and 15 stood at 856. The unemployment rate was 32 per cent and the general unemployment rate for youth stood at 55 per cent as of 2008. The province had 213 doctors as of 2005. There were 377 Malaria incidence for every 1,000 people in the province as of 2005 and there were 26,799 AIDS death as of 2010. The total area of crops planted during

884-463: The precipitation of aragonite ( i.e. , a polymorph of calcium carbonate). Calcareous grassland is a form of grassland characteristic of soils containing much calcium carbonate from underlying chalk or limestone rock. The term is used in pathology, for example in calcareous conjunctivitis , and when referring to calcareous metastasis or calcareous deposits , which may both be removed surgically. The term calcareous can be applied to

918-575: The province is the Permanent Secretary, appointed by the President. There is a Deputy Permanent Secretary, heads of government departments and civil servants at the provincial level. Copperbelt Province is divided into ten districts , namely, Chililabombwe District , Chingola District , Kalulushi District , Kitwe District , Luanshya District , Lufwanyama District , Masaiti District , Mpongwe District , Mufulira District and Ndola District . All

952-469: The province was 66.10%. The unemployment rate of the province was 22.10%. The total fertility rate was 5.0, complete birth rate was 5.8, crude birth rate was 29.0, child women population at birth was 587, general fertility rate was 112, gross reproduction rate was 1.8 and net reproduction rate was 1.7. The total labour force constituted 50.40% of the total population. Out of the labour force, 63.2% were men and 37.7% women. The annual growth rate of labour force

986-527: The south. It was the backbone of the Northern Rhodesian economy during British colonial rule and fuelled the hopes of the immediate post-independence period, but its economic importance was severely damaged by a crash in global copper prices in 1973. The province adjoins the Haut-Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , which is similarly mineral-rich. The main cities and towns of

1020-448: The term Copperbelt may exclude the Congo entirely. Zambia's Copperbelt became a province soon after independence in 1964, when it was named "Western province". President Kenneth Kaunda changed the name to its present-day "Copperbelt province" in 1969. From the time of the Bantu expansion , both the Congo's Katanga and Zambia's Copperbelt regions have been called "Ilamba" or "Lambaland", after

1054-469: The urban population was 80.89%. The total area of the province was 31,328 km and the population density was 63.00 per km . The population density during 2000 Zambian census stood at 63.00. The decadal population growth of the province was 2.20%. The median age in the province at the time of marriage was 21.7. The average household size was 5.3, with the families headed by females being 4.8 and 5.5 for families headed by men. The total eligible voters in

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1088-551: The year 2014 in the province was 122,525.52 hectares which constituted 6.46% of the total area cultivated in Zambia. The net production stood at 315,153 metric tonnes, which formed 7.74% of the total agricultural production in the country. Maize was the major crop in the province with 37,610 metric tonnes, constituting 17.56% of the national output. Ndola City Council 13°00′S 28°00′E  /  13.000°S 28.000°E  / -13.000; 28.000 Calcareous Calcareous ( / k æ l ˈ k ɛər i ə s / )

1122-505: The youngest, upper most Kundelungu Group including glacial metasediments and a cap carbonate . The Katanga Supergroup correlates with rocks of the Makuti Group in other parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo. 12°S 28°E  /  12°S 28°E  / -12; 28 Copperbelt Province Copperbelt Province is a province in Zambia which covers the mineral-rich Copperbelt , and farming and bush areas to

1156-509: Was 2.7%. Bemba was the most spoken language with 83.90% speaking it. The total population in the province with albinism stood at 2,912. The life expectancy at birth stood at 54 compared to the national average of 51. Provincial administration is set up purely for administrative purposes. The province is headed by a minister appointed by the President and there are ministries of central government for each province. The administrative head of

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