Kashar is a village and former municipality in the Tirana County , central Albania . Its population in the 2011 census was 89,395.
60-507: The village was first attested in 1456 as the battlefield between the League of Lezhë and the Ottoman Empire . In the 2015 local government reform, it became a subdivision of the municipality Tirana . Kashar consists of ten communities with a total population of almost 90,000. Kashar is the industrial hub of Tirana with many large companies located there. The biggest Albanian company that
120-403: A Muslim under the influence of Timur. First references to a disrespectful attitude towards Bayazid appear in the works of ibn Arabshah (1389–1450) and Constantine of Ostrovica . Ibn Arabshah wrote that "Bayezid's heart was broken to pieces" when he saw that his wives and concubines were serving at a banquet. Ibn Arabshah wrote the following about the captivity of Bayezid: Ibn Usman became
180-551: A new army without difficulty. Only in 1460 and 1463 did ceasefires interrupt the fighting. In 1462, Skanderbeg succeeded in taking the important city of Ohrid . In 1466 the second siege of Kruje Castle was knocked down. However, the Ottomans founded the fortress Elbasan south in the valley of the Shkumbin and thus finally settled in Albania. In 1467 a third siege of Kruje failed. By 1468,
240-495: A prey and was locked up like a bird in a cage. However, this is just a "flowery style", and not a real cell. According to literary historian H.A.R. Gibb , "the flowery elegance of style has also affected historiography. Most of the authors of the Timurid era succumbed to its influence ." Constantine of Ostrovica wrote neither about the cell, nor about the nudity of Bayezid's wife; though he did write that Bayezid committed suicide. In
300-534: A ruler and play down the significance of his military successes. This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to the Ottoman sultan: Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet. Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us? But your rodomontades [ braggadocio ] are not extraordinary; for a Turcoman never spoke with judgement. If you don't follow our counsels you will regret it. In
360-564: A specific location in Tirana County , Albania, is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . League of Lezh%C3%AB Outside of the League's territories: Skanderbeg's Rebellion (1443–1468) Contemporaneous Campaigns (1447–1462) Resistance until the Fall of Shkodra (1468–1479) The League of Lezhë ( Albanian : Lidhja e Lezhës ), also commonly referred to as
420-530: Is a bad answer." He ordered to prepare the cage and the Sultan was put into it. The complete set of legends may perhaps be found in the work of Pope Pius II Asiae Europaeque elegantissima descriptio , written in 1450–1460 (published in 1509): Bayezid is kept in a cage, fed with garbage under the table, Timur uses Bayezid as a support to get on or off a horse. Further development can be found in later authors, such as Theodore Spandounes . The first version of his story
480-566: Is a main character in the novel The Walls of Byzantium (2013) by James Heneage . Sultan Bayezid was portrayed in the Serbian 1989 historical drama film Battle of Kosovo , as a participant of the Battle of Kosovo by actor Branislav Lečić , and in the Romanian historical drama Mircea (Proud heritage) by Ion Ritiu as a young Sultan who fought in the battles of Rovine , Nicopolis and Angora . In
540-557: Is located there is ALBtelecom , a privately-owned company that offers telecommunication services. There is also the Coca-Cola Bottling Shqipëria . Kashar's economy also relies on agriculture and housing due to a huge influx of people coming to Tirana . Kashar hosts one of Tirana's main parks, Kashar Park, around the Kus village reservoir and the television station Top Channel . Kashar is twinned with: This article about
600-560: The Albanian League ( Albanian : Lidhja Arbërore ), was a military and diplomatic alliance of the Albanian aristocracy , created in the city of Lezhë on 2 March 1444. The League of Lezhë is considered the first unified independent Albanian country in the Medieval age , with Skanderbeg as leader of the regional Albanian chieftains and nobles united against the Ottoman Empire . Skanderbeg
660-607: The Christian allies, under the leadership of the King of Hungary and future Holy Roman Emperor (in 1433) Sigismund , were defeated in the Battle of Nicopolis . Bayezid built the magnificent Ulu Cami in Bursa, to celebrate this victory. Thus the siege of Constantinople continued, lasting until 1402. The beleaguered Byzantines had their reprieve when Bayezid fought the Timurid Empire in
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#1732845227386720-455: The Dukagjini family concluded peace with the Ottoman Empire and even began to plot against Skanderbeg. For 25 years, from 1443–68, Skanderbeg's 10,000-strong army marched through Ottoman territory, winning against increasingly larger and better-supplied Ottoman forces. Threatened by Ottoman advances in their homeland, Hungary, and later Naples and Venice – their former enemies – provided
780-536: The Ottoman Interregnum . Bayezid was the son of Murad I and his Greek wife, Gülçiçek Hatun . His first major role was as governor of Kütahya , a city that he earned by marrying the daughter of a Germiyanid ruler, Devletşah . He was an impetuous soldier, earning the nickname "Thunderbolt" in a battle against the Karamanids . Bayezid ascended to the throne following the death of his father, Murad I, who
840-624: The 10,000-strong Skanderbeg army could withstand the Ottomans. The Albanians received financial support from Venice and from the kings of Hungary and Naples. After Skanderbeg died in 1468, the Lezha League began to disintegrate. Following the Venetians, the Northern Albanians in particular continued the fight against the Ottomans. When the Shkodra , which until then had been dominated by the Venetians,
900-563: The Danube. In 1394, Bayezid laid siege to Constantinople , the capital of the Byzantine Empire . Anadoluhisarı fortress was built between 1393 and 1394 as part of preparations for the second Ottoman siege of Constantinople , which took place in 1395. On the urgings of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaeologus , a new crusade was organized to defeat him. This proved unsuccessful: in 1396
960-452: The European frontier. Thus Bayezid began the practice of first securing fatwas , or legal rulings from Islamic scholars, to justify wars against these Muslim states. However, Bayezid doubted the loyalty of his Muslim Turkish followers, so he relied heavily on his Serbian and Byzantine vassal troops in these conquests. In a single campaign over the summer and fall of 1390, Bayezid conquered
1020-468: The Karaman. At this point, Bayezid accepted peace proposals from Karaman (1391), concerned that further advances would antagonize his Turkoman followers and lead them to ally with Kadi Burhan al-Din. Once peace had been made with Karaman, Bayezid moved north against Kastamonu which had given refuge to many fleeing from his forces, and conquered both that city as well as Sinop . However, his subsequent campaign
1080-507: The Ottoman advance as a threat to their power. Although a civil war broke out between Bayezid I 's sons in 1402–13, none of the Christian noblemen in the Balkans at the time seized the opportunity to repel the Ottomans; on the contrary, Bulgarians, Serbs, and Hungarians even helped the future Sultan Mehmed I seize power by participating as his allies in the final battle against his brother. After
1140-819: The Ottoman civil war was over in favor of Mehmed I, his forces captured Kruja from the Thopia in 1415, Berat in 1417 from the Muzaka, Vlora and Kanina in 1417 from the widow of Balša III , and Gjirokastër in 1418 from the Zenevisi . Under pressure from the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice, the Albanian Principalities began to vacillate. Some Albanian nobility revolted in 1432–36 . In November 1443, Skanderbeg captured Kruja with his troops and declared its independence from
1200-469: The Ottoman forces in Albania was that of Balša II , the Lord of Zeta , when Karl Thopia invited the Ottomans, who defeated and killed Balša II in the battle of Savra , which happened on September 18, 1385. In the 15th century, the Ottoman Empire established itself in the Balkans with no significant resistance offered by local Christian nobles. Many of them were still fighting among themselves and did not see
1260-664: The Ottomans was at the Battle of Torvioll, and the news of the victory of the Albanians over the Turks spread very quickly in Europe. In the two years that followed, the Albanian-Tetan coalition won over the Ottomans. On May 14, 1450, the first siege of Kruja began, which the Ottomans had to end the following year without success. In 1451, Skanderbeg formed an alliance with the Kingdom of Naples for
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#17328452273861320-501: The Sultan. The League of Lezhë was founded on 2 March 1444 by: Delegates from Venice were present at the meeting. The military alliance was made up of the feudal lords in Albania, who had to contribute to the league with men and money. Skanderbeg was proclaimed "Chief of the League of the Albanian People." Thus, he was the League's leader and commander-in-chief of its combined armed forces, which numbered 8,000 warriors. All
1380-629: The Thunderbolt (Ottoman Turkish: یلدیرم بايزيد ; Turkish: Yıldırım Bayezid ; c. 1360 – 8 March 1403), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1389 to 1402. He adopted the title of Sultan-i Rûm , Rûm being the Arabic name for the Eastern Roman Empire . In 1394, Bayezid unsuccessfully besieged Constantinople . Bayezid vanquished all the Beyliks and proceeded to conquer and vassalize
1440-422: The battlefield and later started a civil war for the Ottoman throne known as the Ottoman Interregnum . After Mehmed's victory, his coronation as Mehmed I , and the deaths of the other three, Bayezid's other son Mustafa Çelebi emerged from hiding and began two failed rebellions against his brother Mehmed and, after Mehmed's death, his nephew Murad II . In Europe, the legend of Bayezid's humiliation in captivity
1500-408: The beyliks of Aydin , Saruhan and Menteshe . His major rival Sulayman, the emir of Karaman , responded by allying himself with the ruler of Sivas , Kadi Burhan al-Din and the remaining Turkish beyliks. Nevertheless, Bayezid pushed on and overwhelmed the remaining beyliks ( Hamid , Teke , and Germiyan ), as well as taking the cities of Akşehir and Niğde , as well as their capital Konya from
1560-400: The conditions that Venice pay a yearly sum of 1,400 ducats and that some league members would benefit from certain trade privileges, etc. The alliance was precarious. Although an official date of dissolution is unknown, the League of Lezhë fragmented soon after its founding, with many of its members breaking away. By 1450, it had certainly ceased to function as originally intended, and only
1620-469: The core of the alliance under Skanderbeg and Arianiti continued to fight against the Ottomans. Some members preferred to act in line with their own interests. During the attack on the sultan in 1450, they kept changing their position between supporting the Ottomans and joining Skanderbeg. After Pjetër Spani and Gjergj Dushmani left the alliance, and after the Arianiti and Dukagjini left it in 1450, members of
1680-574: The crooked, and to me, the lame." Many writers claim that Bayezid was mistreated by the Timurids. However, writers and historians from Timur's own court reported that Bayezid was treated well, and that Timur even mourned his death. One of Bayezid's sons, Mustafa Çelebi , was captured with him and held captive in Samarkand until 1405. Four of Bayezid's sons, specifically Süleyman Çelebi , İsa Çelebi , Mehmed Çelebi , and Musa Çelebi , however, escaped from
1740-405: The descriptions of contemporaries and witnesses of the events, neither a cell nor humiliation is mentioned. German traveller and writer Johann Schiltberger did not write anything about the cell, bars or violent death. Another contemporary, Jean II Le Maingre , who witnessed Bayezid's captivity, wrote nothing about the cell or poisoning either. Clavijo, who came to Timur's court in 1404 as part of
1800-622: The east. At this time, the empire of Bayezid included Thrace (except Constantinople), Macedonia , Bulgaria , and parts of Serbia in Europe. In Asia, his domains extended to the Taurus Mountains . His army was considered one of the best in the Islamic world. In 1397, Bayezid defeated the emir of Karaman in Akçay, killing him and annexing his territory. In 1398, the sultan conquered the Djanik emirate and
1860-596: The embassy and visited Constantinople on his return trip, also did not mention the cell. All Greek sources of the first decade of the 15th century are equally silent about the cell. Sharafaddin Yazdi (d. 1454) in Zafar-nama wrote that Bayezid was treated with respect, and at his request, Turco-Mongols found his son among the captives and brought him to his father. Regarding Bayezid's wife, Sharafaddin wrote that Timur sent her and his daughters to her husband. Olivera allegedly became
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1920-553: The entirety of Anatolia. In 1402, he once more besieged Constantinople, appearing to find success, but he ultimately withdrew due to the invasion of the Mongol conqueror Timur . He defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Nicopolis in what is now Bulgaria in 1396. He was later defeated and captured by Timur at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and died in captivity in March 1403, which triggered
1980-467: The fateful Battle of Ankara , on 20 July 1402, the Ottoman army was defeated. Bayazid tried to escape, but was captured and taken to Timur. Historians describe their first meeting as follows: When Timur saw Bayezid, he laughed. Bayezid, offended by this laugh, told Timur that it was indecent to laugh at misfortune; to which Timur replied: "It is clear then that fate does not value power and possession of vast lands if it distributes them to cripples: to you,
2040-477: The financial backbone and support for Skanderbeg's army. After Skanderbeg's death in 1468, the Sultan "easily subdued Albania", but Skanderbeg's death did not end the struggle for independence. The League of Lezhë was the basis for an Albanian state. The formation of the League meant that for the first time, Albania was united under an Albanian leader. Some historians regard the League as an independent Albanian state. Others do not accept this view, saying that it
2100-434: The ideological framework linked to that period. Nikola und Paul Dukagjin, Leka Zaharia von Dagno, Peter Span, Herr der Berge hinter Drivasto, Georg Strez Balsha sowie Johann und Gojko Balsha, die sich zwischen Kruja und Alessio festgesetzt hatten, die Dushman von Klein-Polatum sowie Stefan (Stefanica) Crnojevic, der Herr der Oberzeta Andrea Thopia of Scuria between Tirana and Durazzo with his nephew, Tanush Thopia Even this
2160-456: The league was put under King Alfonso V , with Skanderbeg as captain general. The League's forces had victories against the Ottomans at Torvioll (1444) , Mokra (1445) , Otonetë (1446) , Oranik (1448) , a loss at Svetigrad (1448) victory in Polog (1453) , victory at Krujë (1450) , Albulena (1457) , Ohrid (1464) , Mokra (1462) and many others. Skanderbeg's first big victory against
2220-547: The league with men and money while maintaining control of the internal affairs of their domains. Soon after its creation, the pro-Venetian Balsha and Crnojevići left the league in the events that led to the Albanian–Venetian War (1447–48). The peace treaty of the Albanian-Venetian war signed on October 4, 1448, is the first diplomatic document on which the league appears as an independent entity. Barleti referred to
2280-448: The meeting as the generalis concilium or universum concilium ("general council" or "whole council"); the term "League of Lezhë" was coined by subsequent historians. After the death of Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan in 1355, the magnates in Albania established their own dominions. When Ottoman forces entered Albania, they were faced with small principalities that were engaged in vicious fights among themselves. The first battle against
2340-463: The son of Lazar, as the new Serbian leader - later despot - with considerable autonomy. Upper Serbia resisted the Ottomans until Bayezid captured Skopje in 1391, converting the city into an important base of operations. Meanwhile, the sultan began unifying Anatolia under his rule. Forcible expansion into Muslim territories could have endangered the Ottoman relationship with the gazis , who were an important source of warriors for this ruling house on
2400-541: The story of Constantine, just like in that of ibn Arabshah, the sultan was so struck by the fact that his wife carried wine to a feast that he poisoned himself with a poison from his ring. Ottoman historian Mehmed Neshri (1450–1520) described Bayezid's imprisonment and mentioned the cell twice. According to him, Timur asked Bayezid what he would do in Timur's place with regard to the captive. "I would have planted him in an iron cage," Bayezid answered. To which Timur replied: "This
2460-564: The story, Bajazet , was written in 1735. Magnon had given Bayezid an intriguing wife and daughter; the Handel and Vivaldi renditions included, as well as Tamerlane and Bayezid and his daughter, a prince of Byzantium and a princess of Trebizond (Trabzon) in a passionate love story. A cycle of paintings in Schloss Eggenberg , near Graz in Austria , translated the theme to a different medium; this
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2520-488: The suicide of Bayezid. Allegedly, the Sultan committed suicide through hitting his head against the bars of his cell or taking poison. The version was promoted by Ottoman historians: Lutfi Pasha , Ashik Pasha-Zade . There was also a version where Bayezid was supposedly poisoned on Timur's order. This is considered unlikely, because there is evidence that the Turkic ruler entrusted the care of Bayezid to his personal doctors. In
2580-483: The territorial lords had their own domains and affairs; "Skanderbeg had no right to interfere with the affairs of the domains of other nobles", acting only as the supreme military leader, as primus inter pares. Barleti referred to the meeting as the generalis concilium or universum concilium ("general council" or "whole council"); the term "League of Lezhë" was coined by subsequent historians. Initiated and organized under Venetian patronage, through treaties,
2640-648: The territory of Burhan al-Din, violating the accord with the Turco-Mongol emir Timur. Finally, Bayezid occupied Elbistan and Malatya. In 1400, Timur succeeded in rousing the local Turkic beyliks who had been vassals of the Ottomans to join him in his attack on Bayezid, who was also considered one of the most powerful rulers in the Muslim world during that period. Years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as
2700-457: The time being; however, the Albanians received no help from there. In 1452, the Ottomans were defeated at Mokrra and Meçadi. After the fall of Constantinople , Albanians received financial aid from Naples and Venice as well as from the Pope. Until 1462, Skanderbeg's troops were able to defeat the Ottomans every year without significantly weakening their superiority. Every year, the sultan was able to send
2760-465: The words of the contemporary Greek historian Doukas: [Bayezid] was a feared man, precipitate in deeds of war, a persecutor of Christians as no other around him, and in the religion of the Arabs a most ardent disciple of Muhammad, whose unlawful commandments were observed to the utmost, never sleeping, spending his nights contriving intrigues and machinations against the rational flock of Christ.... His purpose
2820-660: The years. Christopher Marlowe 's play Tamburlaine the Great was first performed in London in 1587, three years after the formal opening of English-Ottoman trade relations when William Harborne sailed for Constantinople as an agent of the Levant Company . In 1648, the play Le Gran Tamerlan et Bejezet by Jean Magnon appeared in London, and in 1725, Handel 's Tamerlano was first performed and published in London; Vivaldi 's version of
2880-592: Was also a captive. They ripped off her clothes to the navel, exposing shameful areas. And he (Timur) made her serve food to him and his guests like that. Bayezid I had at least nine consorts: Bayezid I had at least twelve sons: Bayezid I had at least five daughters: According to the British orientalist, Lord Kinross, Bayezid was distinguished by haste, impulsivity, unpredictability and imprudence. He cared little for state affairs, which he entrusted to his governors. As Kinross writes, between campaigns Bayezid
2940-537: Was completed in the 1670s shortly before the Ottoman army attacked the Habsburgs in central Europe . The historical novel The Grand Cham (1921) by Harold Lamb focuses on the quest of its European hero to gain the assistance of Tamerlane in defeating Bayezid. Bayezid (spelled Bayazid) is a central character in the Robert E. Howard story Lord of Samarcand, where he commits suicide at Tamerlane's victory banquet. Bayazid
3000-510: Was divided between Bayezid's two sons by Timur and many beyliks regained their independence. The defeat at Ankara marked the beginning of the Ottoman interregnum , which lasted 10 years. The defeat of Bayezid became a popular subject for later Western European writers, composers, and painters. They embellished the legend that he was taken by Timur to Samarkand with a cast of characters to create an oriental fantasy that has maintained its appeal over
3060-570: Was killed by Serbian knight Miloš Obilić during (15 June), or immediately after (16 June), the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, soon after which Serbia became a vassal of the Ottoman Sultanate. Immediately after obtaining the throne, he had his younger brother strangled to avoid a plot. In 1390, Bayezid took as a wife Princess Olivera Despina , the daughter of Prince Lazar of Serbia , who also lost his life in Kosovo. Bayezid recognized Stefan Lazarević ,
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#17328452273863120-525: Was loose association of the territorial lords who felt free to go their own way if they so choose. The League functioned only in military domain, never as government, although it did provide the first rudiments of Albanian unity. Scanderbeg too kept his domain. As president of the League he was merely primus inter pares. He had no right to interfere with the affairs of the domains of other nobles. Bayezid I Bayezid I ( Ottoman Turkish : بايزيد اول ; Turkish : I. Bayezid ), also known as Bayezid
3180-520: Was often engaged in pleasures: gluttony, drunkenness and debauchery. The court of the sultan was famous for its luxury and was comparable to the Byzantine court during its heyday. At the same time, the sultan was a talented commander. Despite his lust for earthly pleasures, Bayezid was a religious man and used to spend hours in his personal mosque in Bursa . He also kept Islamic theologians in his circle. In
3240-418: Was only a military league. However, the League provided the basic elements of Albanian unity. Skanderbeg and the League of Lezhë have become part of Albanian historiography . That period of history, categorized as a pre-communist time, is seen by many as mythical and unchallengeable. In these cases, struggles against the Ottoman Empire and other foreign powers and processes of national self-definition support
3300-492: Was proclaimed "Chief of the League of the Albanian People," while Skanderbeg always signed himself as " Dominus Albaniae" ( Albanian : Zot i Arbërisë , English : Lord of Albania ). At the assembly of Lezha, members from the families Kastrioti , Arianiti , Zaharia , Muzaka , Spani , Thopia , Balsha and Crnojević which were linked matrilineally or via marriage to the Kastrioti, were present. The members contributed to
3360-618: Was stopped by Burhan al-Din at the Battle of Kırkdilim . From 1389 to 1395 he conquered Bulgaria and northern Greece . In 1394 Bayezid crossed the River Danube to attack Wallachia , ruled at that time by Mircea the Elder . The Ottomans were superior in number, but on 10 October 1394 (or 17 May 1395), in the Battle of Rovine , on forested and swampy terrain, the Wallachians won the fierce battle and prevented Bayezid's army from advancing beyond
3420-420: Was taken by the Ottomans in 1479, the resistance collapsed, and the entire Albanian settlement area was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire. There was also a short war between Albania and Venice in 1447–1448, but on October 4, 1448, the Albanian–Venetian War ended when Skanderbeg and Nicholas Dukagjini signed a peace treaty with Venice, which would keep its possessions in Albania, including Dagnum , under
3480-665: Was to increase the nation of the Prophet and to decrease that of the Romans. Many cities and provinces did he add to the dominion of the Muslims. Bayezid managed to expand the territory of the Ottoman empire to the Danube and the Euphrates . However, his reign culminated with a humiliating defeat at Ankara, whereby the empire was reduced to the size of a beylik from the time of Orhan . This small territory
3540-449: Was very popular. He was allegedly chained, and forced to watch how his beloved wife, Olivera , served Timur at dinner. According to a legend, Timur took Bayezid with himself everywhere in a barred palanquin or cage, humiliating him in various ways, used Bayezid as a support under his legs, and at dinner had him placed under the table where bones were thrown at him. Different versions on Bayezid's death existed, too. One of them mentioned
3600-479: Was written in Italian and completed in 1509, and a French translation was published in 1519. In these versions of the text, Spandounes wrote only about the golden chains and that the sultan was used as a stand. Spandounes added the cell only in later versions of the text. Later versions of the text also include a description of the public humiliation of Bayezid's wife: He had a wife of Ildrim [Yıldırım, i.e., Bayezid], who
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