54-407: The karyenda is a traditional African drum . It was the main symbol of Burundi and its Mwami (King) and had semi-divine status. The Mwami was said to interpret the beatings of the karyenda into rules for the kingdom . When Burundi gained independence from Belgium in 1962, the karyenda was the symbol on the national flag and its coat of arms from 1962 to 1966. It was replaced after
108-643: A considerable range, from the music of ancient Egypt to the Berber and the Tuareg music of the desert nomads. The region's art music has for centuries followed the outline of Arabic and Andalusian classical music : its popular contemporary genres include the Algerian Raï . With these may be grouped the music of Sudan and of the Horn of Africa, including the music of Eritrea , Ethiopia , Djibouti and Somalia . Somali music
162-485: A different area of the continent, which means that they ate different foods, faced different weather conditions, and came in contact with different groups than other societies did. Each group moved at different rates and to different places than others, and thus each was influenced by different people and circumstances. Furthermore, each society did not necessarily operate under the same government, which also significantly influenced their music styles. African music has been
216-568: A form of media to communicate about important demographic issues, politics, and morals. Music in Africa is embedded into every aspect of life and at every social transitions. Many other cultures have studied African music though time, hence the mass influence that it has had on others. For instance, in December 2002, the Swiss Society for Ethnomusicology held multiple conferences in an attempt to study
270-588: A fusion of an African blue note scale with European twelve tone musical instruments. The musical traditions of the Irish and Scottish settlers merged with African-American musical elements to become old-time and bluegrass , among other genres. On his album Graceland , the American folk musician Paul Simon employs South African bands, rhythms and melodies as a musical backdrop for his own lyrics; especially Miriam Makeba , Ladysmith Black Mambazo and Ray Phiri . In
324-491: A large variety of instruments from all across the continent. The music and dance of the African diaspora , formed to varying degrees on African musical traditions, include American music like Dixieland jazz , blues , jazz , and many Caribbean genres, such as calypso (see kaiso ) and soca . Latin American music genres such as cumbia , salsa music , son cubano , rumba , conga , bomba , samba and zouk were founded on
378-565: A major factor in the shaping of what we know today as Dixieland , the blues , and jazz . These styles have all borrowed from African rhythms and sounds, brought over the Atlantic Ocean by enslaved Africans. African music in Sub-Saharan Africa is mostly upbeat polyrhythmic and joyful, whereas the blues should be viewed as an aesthetic development resulting from the conditions of slavery in the new world. The blues has likely evolved as
432-414: A native speaker of a language can often perceive a text or texts in the music. This effect also forms the basis of drum languages ( talking drums ). Historically, several factors have influenced the traditional music of Africa . The music has been influenced by language, the environment, a variety of cultures, politics, and population movement, all of which are intermingled. Each African group evolved in
486-466: A result of international attention to the demise of apartheid and Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday concert in Wembley Stadium, London in 1988. According to Ambrose Ehirim, a US-based Nigeria specialist, township music dates to the 1950s when it was proscribed by South African police. This has been contradicted by anti-apartheid activist/musician Johnny Clegg , who has claimed that "by the 1960s,
540-447: A very diverse scale of her vocal range and could hit almost any note. "The Empress of African Music" died at the age of 76. In West Africa, Fela Kuti and Tony Allen performed Afrobeat music. Femi Kuti and Seun Kuti followed their father Fela Kuti . The Afro-Euro hybrid style, the Cuban son , has had an influence on certain popular music in Africa. Some of the first guitar bands on
594-462: A wide array of musical instruments are also used. African musical instruments include a wide range of drums , slit gongs , rattles and double bells , different types of harps , and harp-like instruments such as the kora and the ngoni , as well as fiddles , many kinds of xylophone and lamellophone such as the mbira , and different types of wind instrument like flutes and trumpets . Additionally, string instruments are also used, with
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#1732858930800648-854: Is a genre of Klassikan, African, lingual (multicultured), and popular music that originated in its modern form during the mid-1990s in Kenya and later spread to the United States and the United Kingdom. Kalpop music has found a home to a growing fan base and with a number of locally established as well as emerging Kalpop bands (there are over thirteen active local Kalpop bands in Nairobi alone) further cementing this genre by engaging in different as well as mutually organised Kalpop themed events. DON SANTO, Badman Killa, Blessed Paul, Cash B, Jay Nuclear, Rekless, G-Youts (Washu B and Nicki Mulla), Sleek Whizz, Chizei, are among
702-588: Is a heritage of that large region of West Africa that had been in contact with the Arabic - Islamic world of the Maghreb since the seventh and eighth centuries." In terms of instrumentation, Kubik notes that stringed instruments (including ancestors of the banjo ) were traditionally favored by Muslim West Africans, while drumming was traditionally favored by non-Muslim West Africans. Besides vocalisation, which uses various techniques such as complex hard melisma and yodel ,
756-488: Is associated with a particular dance. Some of it, performed by professional musicians, is sacral music or ceremonial and courtly music performed at royal courts. Musicologically, Sub-Saharan Africa may be divided into four regions: Southern , Central and West Africa are similarly in the broad Sub-Saharan musical tradition. They also have several ancillary influences, from the Muslim regions of Africa, and in modern times,
810-418: Is frequently functional in nature. Performances may be long and often involve the participation of the audience. There are, for example, specialized work songs , songs accompanying childbirth , marriage , hunting and political activities, music to ward off evil spirits and to pay respects to good spirits, the dead and the ancestors. None of this is performed outside its intended social context and much of it
864-460: Is many artists' opinion, can potentially dilute the substance kwaito was originally based on. On the upside, critical awareness of TJ has enhanced appreciation of fusion artists and others influenced by its style. For instance, Vibration Bookings bills its artist Nomfusi as a proponent of "a new style where South African Township Jive ("Jaiva") meets Motown". And the Boyoyo Boys have, subsequent to
918-407: Is more closely associated with emergent international trends and not as insular and rooted in tradition. Christopher Ballantine traces the "shift from imitating American jazz to localizing the sound with African features. This he connects to the emergence of the ideology of New Africanism". While the international market was absorbing Township Jive under the swirl of commercial activity culminating in
972-471: Is synonymous with none of these. To the extent that marabi influences TJ, it may be somewhat sanitised as TJ broke into the international commercial arena. The Boyoyo Boys received additional press coverage when Malcolm McLaren allegedly plagiarised their song "Puleng" and released it as the hit " Double Dutch ", capitalising on the emergence of breakdance and hip-hop . Additional momentum for world beat attention to South African music developed as
1026-472: Is typically pentatonic , using five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic (seven note) scale such as the major scale . The music of the Ethiopian highlands uses a fundamental modal system called qenet , of which there are four main modes: tezeta , bati , ambassel , and anchihoy . Three additional modes are variations on the above: tezeta minor, bati major, and bati minor. Some songs take
1080-465: Is typically played, with drummers then improvising new patterns over the static original patterns. Traditional music in most of the continent is passed down through oral tradition . There are subtle differences in pitch and intonation that do not easily translate to Western notation. African music most closely adheres to Western tetratonic (four-note), pentatonic (five-note), hexatonic (six-note), and heptatonic (seven-note) scales. Harmonization of
1134-544: Is vast and varied. Most contemporary genres of African popular music build on cross-pollination with western popular music. Many genres of popular music , including blues , jazz and rumba , derive to varying degrees from musical traditions from Africa, taken to the Americas by enslaved Africans. These rhythms and sounds have subsequently been adapted by newer genres like rock , soul music, and rhythm and blues . Similarly, African popular music has adopted elements, particularly
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#17328589308001188-569: The Americas and Western Europe . Afrobeat, juju, fuji, highlife, makossa, and kizomba are performed in West Africa. West African music has regional variations, with Muslim regions incorporating elements of Islamic music and non-Muslim regions more influenced by indigenous traditions, according to the historian Sylviane Diouf and ethnomusicologist Gerhard Kubik . According to Diouf, traditional Muslim West African Music incorporates elements of
1242-463: The Islamic call to prayer (originating from Bilal ibn Rabah , an Abyssinian African Muslim in the early 7th century), including lyrics praising God, melody, note changes, "words that seem to quiver and shake" in the vocal chords, dramatic changes in musical scales , and nasal intonation . According to Kubik, the vocal style of Muslim West African singers "using melisma , wavy intonation, and so forth
1296-568: The ancient Greek and Roman cultures . Eventually, Egypt fell under Persian rule followed by Greek and Roman rule , while Carthage was later ruled by Romans and Vandals . North Africa was later conquered by the Arabs , who established the region as the Maghreb of the Ar Africa (sky-blue and dark green region on map) , its music has close ties with Middle Eastern music and utilizes similar melodic modes ( maqamat ). North African music has
1350-419: The gravi-kora and gravikord which are new modern examples. Many languages spoken in Africa are tonal languages , leading to a close connection between music and language in some local cultures. These particular communities use vocal sounds and movements with their music as well. In singing, the tonal pattern or the text puts some constraints on the melodic patterns. On the other hand, in instrumental music
1404-456: The lute -like oud and Ngoni serving as musical accompaniment in some areas. There are five groups of Sub-Saharan African musical instruments: membranophones, chordophones, aerophones, idiophones, and percussion. Membranophones are the drums, including kettles, clay pots, and barrels. Chordophones are stringed instruments like harps and fiddles. Aerophones are another name for wind instruments. These can include flutes and trumpets, similar to
1458-435: The mbira or "thumb piano." Another distinguishing form of African music is its call-and-response style: one voice or instrument plays a short melodic phrase, and that phrase is echoed by another voice or instrument. The call-and-response nature extends to the rhythm, where one drum will play a rhythmic pattern, echoed by another drum playing the same pattern. African music is also highly improvised. A core rhythmic pattern
1512-552: The Disney film incorporates numerous words from the Bantu Swahili language . The phrase hakuna matata , for example, is an actual Swahili phrase that does in fact mean "no worries". Characters such as Simba , Kovu, and Zira are also Swahili words, meaning "lion", "scar", and "hate", respectively. Miriam Makeba , Hugh Masekela and Babatunde Olatunji were among the earliest African performing artists to develop sizable fan bases in
1566-726: The McLaren copyright infringement lawsuit, the subsequent release of BBoys' new album was preferred by a more elite audience closely associated with the black diaspora consciousness movements. The homogenisation of Township Jive with US and UK culture, due to globalisation , is viewed by African artists as a threat to the preservation of their local tradition and credibility. Thus, artists focus on maintaining an emotional link between customer and brand. This explains why transnational corporations are much less interested in homogenising or Americanizing kwaito music because true kwaito represents and dictates South African experience. Americanizing kwaito, as
1620-449: The United States. Non-commercial African-American radio stations promoted African music as part of their cultural and political missions in the 1960s and 1970s. African music also found eager audiences at Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and appealed particularly to activists in the civil rights and Black Power movements. African popular music commonly referred to as African pop or afro-pop like African traditional music
1674-413: The category of Community Music, where active community and public participation in music making is encouraged. It is this importance of community that establishes Christopher Small's idea of Social Happiness and musicking, which is wildly important in this culture. North Africa is the seat of ancient Egypt and Carthage , civilizations with strong ties to the ancient Near East and which influenced
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1728-448: The continent played covers of Cuban songs. The early guitar-based bands from the Congo called their music rumba (although it was son rather than rumba-based). The Congolese style eventually evolved into what became known as soukous . In 1972, Cameroonian songwriter and saxophonist Manu Dibango 's, internationally innumerably sampled " Soul Makossa " was released. " Soul Makossa" is
1782-446: The creative industries worldwide. Jaiva Jaiva , Township jive ( TJ ), Soweto jive , Soweto sound or Soweto beat is a subgenre of South African township music and African dance form that influenced Western breakdance and emerged from the shebeen culture of the apartheid-era townships . While closely associated with mbaqanga , township jive more broadly incorporates influences from mariba and kwaito , and
1836-403: The development of mbaqanga hadn't even really started". Mbaqanga (or umbaquanga) has been characterised as urban pop music "with high-pitched, choppy guitar and a powerful bass line" influenced by "funk, reggae, American R&B, soul and drawing on South African Marabi, gospel music". It draws on both kwela and marabi. Township Jive is closely associated with the development of mbaqanga but
1890-637: The different types of ngoma drums (or engoma) in Central and Southern Africa . Other percussion instruments include many rattles and shakers , such as the kosika (kashaka), rain stick , bells and wood sticks. Also, Africa has many other types of drums, and many flutes and stringed and wind instruments. The playing of polyrhythms is one of the most universal characteristics of Sub-Saharan music, in contrast to polyphony in Western music. Several uniquely designed instruments have evolved there over time to facilitate
1944-451: The drums were much more than simple musical instruments. They were used in rituals, such as the umuganuro , or for special circumstances. Major events for the king, such as royal coronations , funerals , and weddings were announced through the drums. The beating of the drums also signalled certain rites, such as when the mwami rose in the morning or retired in the evening. Drums had various names, such as "dispenser of peace" or "lady of
1998-599: The drums were: Gishora Hill, near Gitega ; Higiro Hill, also near Gitega; Magamba Hill; and Banga . [REDACTED] Media related to Karyenda at Wikimedia Commons African music Given the vastness of the African continent, its music is diverse, with regions and nations having many distinct musical traditions. African music includes the genres makwaya, highlife , mbube , township music , jùjú , fuji , jaiva , afrobeat , afrofusion , mbalax , Congolese rumba , soukous , ndombolo , makossa , kizomba , taarab and others. African music also uses
2052-985: The early 1970s, Remi Kabaka , an Afro-rock avant-garde drummer, laid the initial drum patterns that created the Afro-rock sounds in bands such as Ginger Baker 's Airforce , The Rolling Stones , and Steve Winwood 's Traffic . He continued to work with Winwood, Paul McCartney , and Mick Jagger throughout the decade. Certain Sub-Saharan African musical traditions also had a significant influence on such works as Disney's The Lion King and The Lion King II: Simba's Pride , which blend traditional African music with Western music. Songs such as " The Lion Sleeps Tonight " " Circle of Life " and " He Lives in You " combine Zulu and English lyrics, as well as traditional African styles of music such as South African isicathamiya and mbube with more modern western styles. Additionally,
2106-662: The growth of new genres like Urban Grooves emerge in Zimbabwe. In 2016 Sony Music launched in Africa by opening an office in Nigeria. Traditionally services of western major international studios have not been available in Africa, the local demand for their music being met through piracy. SInce 2014, the festival Visa for Music has been held annually with growing success in Morocco, presenting musical artists with roots in Africa through showcases, music videos and marketing for professionals from
2160-754: The instruments one hears in American music. In Northern Nigeria , Niger Republic and Northern Cameroon , Algaita -a double reed instrument is very common for festive events and seasons. Idiophones are rattles and shakers, while percussion can be sounds like foot-stomping and hand-clapping. Many of the wooden instruments have shapes or pictures carved out into them to represent ancestry. Some are decorated with feathers or beads. Drums used in African traditional music include talking drums , bougarabou and djembe in West Africa , water drums in Central and West Africa, and
2214-524: The land". The Royal Order of Karyenda and the Royal Order of Rukinzo were founded by King Mwambutsa IV of Burundi on July 1, 1962. The Order of Karyanda was the principal order of the kingdom and was divided into five classes. The drums were normally kept in drum sanctuaries . These were a tight network of high places, as well as centres of political and religious power in pre-colonial Burundi. The sanctuaries were guarded mainly by Hutu families, who were
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2268-633: The many artists playing Kalpop music in Kenya. For African artists, concerts were one of the few ways to earn in the industry. Piracy and changing consumer behavior are behind declining sales of records. Enforcement of copyright law remains weak in Africa. MusikBi is the first legal music download website in Africa. It does not offer streaming and is limited by internet speeds in Africa. Some African countries, including Kenya, Gambia and South Africa, have seen protest over perceived excessive airtime given to American music. In Zimbabwe 75% of airtime has to be given to local music. Protective actions have seen
2322-428: The melody is accomplished by singing in parallel thirds, fourths, or fifths (see Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony ). Music is important to religion in Africa, where rituals and religious ceremonies use music to pass down stories from generation to generation as well as to sing and dance to. Additionally, music is important to the culture as a whole, not only as a form of religious and self-expression, but also as
2376-485: The most important 20th century singers of South African popular music was Miriam Makeba , who played a key-role, in the 60s, in drawing global audience's attention to African music and its meaning. Zenzile Miriam Makeba was said to have been one of the most influential and popular musicians of Africa, beginning in the 1950s. She was a part of three bands, including one all-woman band and two others. She performed all types of jazz music, traditional African music, and music that
2430-468: The most sampled African record, in history. The 2010 FIFA World Cup afro-fusion and soca theme-song, " Waka Waka (This Time for Africa) " featuring Shakira and Freshlyground sampled the makossa presumably soldier-tribute, melody Zamina mina (Zangaléwa) by Golden Sounds . Kalpop is a music genre that originated in the Klassikan royal communities under Klassik Nation record label. Kalpop
2484-495: The music of Ghana . The ethnomusicologists taking part in the study looked to learn aspects of history through music, along with its traditions. Additionally, some ethnomusicologists, such as John Collins, looked to study more specific aspects of music from Ghana, such as the presence of Christianity in popular music. African Music has a deep relationship with the community. African music is made for both public enjoyment and public participation; which makes African music fall under
2538-622: The music of enslaved Africans , and have in turn influenced African popular music . Like the music of Asia, India and the Middle East, it is a highly rhythmic music. The complex rhythmic patterns often involves one rhythm played against another to create a polyrhythm . The most common polyrhythm plays three beats on top of two, like a triplet played against straight notes. Sub-Saharan African music traditions frequently rely on percussion instruments of many varieties, including xylophones , djembes , drums , and tone-producing instruments such as
2592-430: The musical instruments and recording studio techniques of western music. In 1933, Solomon Linda's Original Evening Birds vocal group was formed by Solomon Linda . Linda was illiterate however created songs during his childhood whilst guarding cattle. Solomon Linda's Original Evening Birds' most internationally acclaimed hit released in 1939, " Mbube " was the first African record to sell over 100,000 copies. One of
2646-402: The name of their qenet, such as tizita , a song of reminiscence. The ethnomusicological pioneer Arthur Morris Jones (1889–1980) observed that the shared rhythmic principles of Bantu African music traditions constitute one main system . Similarly, master drummer and scholar C. K. Ladzekpo affirms the "profound homogeneity" of Bantu African rhythmic principles. African traditional music
2700-402: The only ones the king allowed to manufacture, play, and keep the drums or bring them to court for an occasion. They were called abatimbo , which is Rundi for drummers "who hit hard". A sacred drum was enthroned in each sanctuary and guarded by attendants. There were also ingendanyi (minor drums), and a set of drums that were played with the main drums. Some of the main sanctuaries for
2754-403: The playing of simultaneous contrasting rhythms. The mbira , kalimba , Kora , ngoni and dousn'gouni are examples of these instruments which organize notes not in the usual single linear order from bass to treble, but in two separated rank arrays which allows additional ease in playing cross rhythms . The continuing influence of this principle can be seen in the 20th century American instruments
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#17328589308002808-450: The republic was established. Traditionally the most important folk songs and dances were performed to extol the virtues of the kingship. A major festival was the annual umuganuro ( sorghum festival), which was a huge display of pomp, festivities, and dances for the royal court. Since the fall of the monarchy in 1966, and particularly after a massacre of Hutus in 1972, such cultural expressions have waned. The second most important drum
2862-541: Was popular in Western Africa at the time. Miriam played a majority of her music in the form of " mbube ", which was "a style of vocal harmony which drew on American jazz, ragtime , and Anglican church hymns , as well as indigenous styles of music." After she moved to the U.S., problems with Makeba's passport occurred and she had to stay in America, it was said that she put an American twist on most of her African music. She had
2916-506: Was the rukinzo . It accompanied the mwami wherever he went. The drums, despite many upheavals, have remained popular and are still revered. The old families who were wardens of the drums have tried to keep the ancient traditions alive. Some have an international outreach, such as the Royal Drummers of Burundi , or L. Ndoricimpa and C. Guillet, who recorded Les tambours du Burundi ( The Drums of Burundi ) in 1983. As sacred objects,
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