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64-456: The sites are made up of distinctive pottery styles and impressive burial mounds containing stone vault tombs. It is however uncertain whether this culture developed locally when people adopted Hopewell traits, or if westward migrating Hopewell people brought it all with them. The Hopewell Exchange system began in the Ohio and Illinois river valleys about 300 BCE. The culture is referred to more as

128-400: A model , model variant , or model number (often abbreviated as MN , M/N or model no. , and sometimes as M- or Mk ). For example, Dyson Ltd , a manufacturer of appliances (mainly vacuum cleaners), requires customers to identify their model in the support section of the website. Brand and model can be used together to identify products in the market. The model number is not necessarily

192-427: A "Classification of Products by Activity" among other product classifications. The United Nations also classifies products for international economic activity reporting. The Aspinwall Classification System classifies and rates products based on five variables: The National Institute of Governmental Purchasing (NIGP) developed a commodity and services classification system for use by state and local governments,

256-408: A Sears item number and a manufacturer's model number. Sears uses the departments and product groupings with the intention of helping customers browse products by function or brand within a traditional department-store structure. A product line is "a group of products that are closely related, either because they function in a similar manner, are sold to the same customer groups, are marketed through

320-407: A book on the subject of "astronomers, geometers, and magicians" at the earthworks. Many of the mounds also contain various types of human burials, some containing precious grave goods such as ornaments of copper , mica and obsidian imported from hundreds of miles away. Stone and ceramics were also fashioned into intricate shapes. The Hopewell created some of the finest craftwork and artwork of

384-544: A means to bring people together for important ceremonies. Today, the best-surviving features of the Hopewell tradition era are earthwork mounds. Researchers have speculated about their purposes and debate continues. Great geometric earthworks are one of the most impressive Native American monuments throughout American prehistory, and were built by cultures following the Hopewell. Eastern Woodlands mounds typically have various geometric shapes and rise to impressive heights. Some of

448-578: A more circular economy . Product information management (PIM) is the process of managing all the information required to market and sell products through distribution channels . This product data is created by an internal organization to support a multichannel marketing strategy. A central hub of product data can be used to distribute information to sales channels such as e-commerce websites, print catalogues, marketplaces such as Amazon and Google Shopping , social media platforms like Instagram and electronic data feeds to trading partners. Moreover,

512-511: A northern section consisting of a number of circular enclosures, two large, horseshoe-shaped enclosures, and three sets of parallel-walled roads leading away from this location. One set of walls went to the southwest and may have linked to a large square enclosure located on the Kentucky side of the Ohio River. Another set of walls led to the southeast, where it crossed the Ohio River and continued to

576-532: A retail location where it is purchased by consumers. In the EU, under the renewed Sustainable Product Policy Initiative , the inclusion of a Digital Product Passport has been proposed. A material passport is a document consisting of all the materials that are included in a product or construction. It consists of a set of data describing defined characteristics of materials in products, useful for recovery, recycling , re-use and various evaluations. They may contribute to

640-403: A single large mound. Little studied are their four reported village sites, which appear to have been abandoned by about 500 CE. As of 2009, new local researchers are looking at this area period and may provide future insight. Around 500 CE, the Hopewell exchange ceased, mound building stopped, and characteristic art forms were no longer produced. War is a possible cause, as villages dating to

704-683: A specific unit of a product is often (and in some contexts must be) identified by a serial number , which is necessary to distinguish products with the same product definition. In the case of automotive products, it is called the vehicle identification number (VIN), an internationally standardised format. Product information, beyond currency price information, can include: Many of these types of product information are regulated to some degree, such as to some degree prohibiting false or misleading product information or requiring sellers or manufacturers to specify various information such as ingredients of food-, pharmaceutical- and hygiene-products. There also

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768-661: A system of interaction among a variety of societies than as a single society or culture. Hopewell trading networks were quite extensive, as has been found by the evidence of goods such as obsidian from the Yellowstone area, copper from Lake Superior , and shells from the Gulf Coast in locations distant from their origins. The Kansas City Hopewell period is divided by archaeologists into three phases based on radiocarbon dates and changes in projectile point styles and ceramic decoration. The Kansas City Hopewell peoples grew

832-492: A vanguard of Hopewellian tradition that had probably peacefully absorbed the local Adena in the Kanawha River Valley. Their culture and very Late Adena (46PU2) is thought to have slowly evolved into the later Buck Garden people. The Copena culture was a Hopewellian culture in northern Alabama , Mississippi, and Tennessee , as well as in other sections of the surrounding region including Kentucky. Researchers developed

896-473: A variety of domesticated plants, including squash and marsh elder . The majority of their diet seems to have come from wild resources such as seeds, nuts, deer, raccoon, and turkey. Their exploitation of the resources of the oak-hickory forest allowed them to establish permanent villages. The Renner Village Archeological Site in Riverside, Missouri is one of several sites near the junction of Line Creek and

960-400: Is standardization . Marketing to entice the shopper is often prioritized over accurate, high-quality or extensive and relevant information. Product information is often a key element in the buyer decision process . Relevant factors include trust in the accuracy of the information and social normative pressure. Easily accessible and up-to-date medicinal product information can contribute to

1024-521: Is also regarded as a type of product. In project management , products are the formal definition of the project deliverables that make up or contribute to delivering the objectives of the project. A related concept is that of a sub-product, a secondary but useful result of a production process. Dangerous products, particularly physical ones, that cause injuries to consumers or bystanders may be subject to product liability . A product can be classified as tangible or intangible . A tangible product

1088-534: Is an actual physical object that can be perceived by touch such as a building, vehicle, gadget, or clothing. An intangible product is a product that can only be perceived indirectly such as an insurance policy. These services can be broadly classified under intangible products, which can be durable or nondurable . In its online product catalog, retailer Sears, Roebuck and Company divides its products into "departments", then presents products to potential shoppers according to (1) function or (2) brand. Each product has

1152-717: Is close to the western limit of the Hopewell. "Hopewell-style" pottery and stone tools, typical of the Illinois and Ohio River valleys, are abundant at the Trowbridge site. Decorated Hopewell-style pottery rarely appears further west. The Cloverdale site is situated at the mouth of a small valley that opens into the Missouri River Valley, near present-day Saint Joseph, Missouri . It is a multi-component site with evidence of Kansas City Hopewell (around 100 to 500 CE) and Steed-Kisker (around 1200 CE) occupation. The Laurel complex

1216-654: Is little evidence of large resident populations at the monument complexes. The Hopewell Culture National Historical Park , encompassing mounds for which the culture is named, is in the Paint Creek Valley just a few miles from Chillicothe, Ohio. Other earthworks in the Chillicothe area include Hopeton , Mound City , Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District , High Banks Works , Liberty, Cedar-Bank Works , Anderson, Frankfort , Dunlap, Spruce Hill , Story Mound , and Shriver Circle . When colonial settlers first crossed

1280-646: Is situated at the mouth of a small valley that opens into the Missouri River Valley, near St.Joseph, Missouri . It is a multi-component site with Kansas City Hopewell (ca. 100 to 500 CE) and Steed Kisker (ca. 1200 CE) occupation. After 500 CE until about 1000 CE, the ( Late Woodland period ), the Kansas City Hopewell culture changed and evolved into different cultures. The people of this period started to live in small hamlets with two to three families and began to rely on more on agriculture. These groups are

1344-554: The Biggs site , a complicated circular enclosure surrounding a conical mound. The third set of walls went to the northwest for an undetermined distance, in the direction of the Tremper site . The Point Peninsula complex was a Native American culture located in present-day Ontario, Canada and New York, United States, during the Middle Woodland period. It is thought to have been influenced by

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1408-668: The Central Plains Village culture known as the Steed-Kisker Phase. Hopewell tradition The Hopewell tradition , also called the Hopewell culture and Hopewellian exchange , describes a network of precontact Native American cultures that flourished in settlements along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern Eastern Woodlands from 100 BCE to 500 CE , in the Middle Woodland period . The Hopewell tradition

1472-510: The Missouri River . The site contains Hopewell and Middle Mississippian remains. The Trowbridge site near Kansas City is close to the western limit of the Hopewell. "Hopewell"-style pottery and stone tools, typical of the Illinois and Ohio river valleys, are abundant at the Trowbridge site , and decorated Hopewell style pottery rarely appears further west. The Cloverdale archaeological site

1536-729: The NIGP Code . The NIGP Code is used by 33 states within the United States as well as thousands of cities, counties and political subdivisions. The NIGP Code is a hierarchical schema consisting of a 3 digit class, 5 digit class-item, 7 digit class-item-group, and an 11 digit class-item-group-detail. Applications of the NIGP Code include vendor registration, inventory item identification, contract item management, spend analysis, and strategic sourcing. A manufacturer usually provides an identifier for each particular design of product they make, known as

1600-636: The Northern Panhandle of West Virginia . They were contemporaneous to Armstrong central in the Big Sandy valley, nearly 200 miles downstream on the Ohio River. They were surrounded by peoples who made Watson-styled pottery, with a Z-twist cordage finished surface. Wilhelm pottery was similar to Armstrong pottery, but not as well made. Pipe fragments appear to be the platform-base type. Small earthwork mounds were built around individual burials in stone-lined graves (cists). These were covered over together under

1664-667: The Ohio River channel in southern Indiana , southern Illinois , and northwestern and western Kentucky. In the far western limits of Crab Orchard culture is the O'byams Fort site . This large earthwork, shaped like a tuning fork, is reminiscent of Ohio Hopewell enclosures. Examples of a type of pottery decoration found at the Mann site are also known from Hopewell sites in Ohio (such as Seip earthworks, Rockhold, Harness, and Turner ), as well as from Southeastern sites with Hopewellian assemblages, such as

1728-546: The Tremper site in Scioto County . Some artwork was made from carved human bones. A rare mask found at Mound City was created using a human skull as a face plate. Hopewell artists created both abstract and realistic portrayals of the human form. One tubular pipe is so accurate in form that the model was identified by researchers as an achondroplastic ( chondrodystropic ) dwarf . Many other figurines are highly detailed in dress, ornamentation, and hairstyles . An example of

1792-463: The health literacy . Online shopping is usually more informationally rich than shopping at physical stores traveled to and usually has higher comparability and customizability. Production information-related developments can be useful for enabling, facilitating, or shifting towards sustainable consumption and support more sustainable products . Environmental life-cycle assessment (LCA) has been widely used for to assess environmental impacts across

1856-531: The insurance industry, product lines are indicated by the type of risk coverage, such as auto insurance , commercial insurance and life insurance . Various classification systems for products have been developed for economic statistical purposes. The NAFTA signatories are working on a system that classifies products called NAPCS as a companion to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The European Union uses

1920-608: The Adena. Grizzly bear teeth, fresh water pearls , sea shells, sharks' teeth, copper , and small quantities of silver were crafted as elegant pieces. The Hopewell artisans were expert carvers of pipestone, and many of the mortuary mounds are full of exquisitely carved statues and pipes. Excavation of the Mound of Pipes at Mound City found more than 200 stone smoking pipes; these depicted animals and birds in well-realized three-dimensional form. More than 130 such artifacts were excavated from

1984-470: The Americas. Most of their works had some religious significance, and their graves were filled with necklaces, ornate carvings made from bone or wood, decorated ceremonial pottery , ear plugs, and pendants. Some graves were lined with woven mats, mica (a mineral consisting of thin glassy sheets), or stones. The Hopewell produced artwork in a greater variety and with more exotic materials than their predecessors

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2048-603: The Appalachians, after almost a century and a half in North America, they were astounded at these monumental constructions, some of which were as high as 70 feet and covering acres. The Portsmouth Earthworks were constructed from 100 BCE to 500 CE. It is a large ceremonial center located at the confluence of the Scioto and Ohio rivers. Part of this earthwork complex extends across the Ohio River into Kentucky. The earthworks included

2112-558: The Copena name based on the first three letters of copper and the last three letters of the mineral galena , as copper and galena artifacts have often been found with Copena burials. During the Middle Woodland period, the Crab Orchard culture population increased from a dispersed and sparsely settled Early Woodland pattern to one consisting of small and large base camps. These were concentrated on terrace and floodplain landforms associated with

2176-658: The Fairground Circle in Newark, Ohio aligns to the sunrise on May 4, i.e. that it marks the May cross-quarter sunrise. In 1983, Turner demonstrated that the Hopeton earthworks encode various sunrise and moonrise patterns, including the winter and summer solstices , the equinoxes , the cross-quarter days , the lunar maximum events, and the lunar minimum events, due to their precise straight and parallel lines. William F. Romain has written

2240-644: The Havana Hopewell tradition was thought to have spread up the Illinois River and into southwestern Michigan, spawning Goodall Hopewell. (Dancey 114) American archaeologist Warren K. Moorehead popularized the term Hopewell after his 1891 and 1892 explorations of the Hopewell Mound Group in Ross County, Ohio . The mound group was named after Mordecai Hopewell, whose family then owned the property where

2304-521: The Hopewell exchange network. The Armstrong culture was a Hopewell group in the Big Sandy River Valley of northeastern Kentucky and western West Virginia from 1 to 500 CE. They are thought to have been a regional variant of the Hopewell tradition or a Hopewell-influenced Middle Woodland group who had peacefully mingled with the local Adena peoples. Archaeologist Edward McMichael characterized them as an intrusive Hopewell-like trade culture or

2368-615: The Hopewell traditions of the Ohio River valley. This influence seems to have ended about 250 CE, after which burial ceremonialism was no longer practiced. The Saugeen complex was a Native American culture located around the southeast shores of Lake Huron and the Bruce Peninsula , around the London, Ontario area, and possibly as far east as the Grand River in Canada. Some evidence exists that

2432-601: The Late Woodland period shifted to larger communities protected by palisade walls and ditches. Colder climatic conditions could have driven game animals north or west in search of grazing land. The introduction of the bow and arrow may have led to over-hunting of game populations, as well as making warfare more deadly. With fewer people using trade routes, the transmission of traditions may have dwindled away. The breakdown in social organization could also have resulted from adoption of full-scale agriculture. Conclusive reasons for

2496-528: The Midwest states and was less important here. The greatest concentration of Hopewell ceremonial sites is in the Scioto River Valley (from Columbus to Portsmouth, Ohio ) and adjacent Paint Creek valley, centered on Chillicothe, Ohio . These cultural centers typically contained a burial mound and a geometric earthwork complex that covers ten to hundreds of acres, with sparse residential settlements. There

2560-408: The Midwest. Although the origins of the Hopewell are still under discussion, the Hopewell culture can also be considered a cultural climax. Hopewell populations originated in western New York and moved south into Ohio , where they built upon the local Adena mortuary tradition. Or, Hopewell was said to have originated in western Illinois and spread by diffusion... to southern Ohio. Similarly,

2624-455: The Miller culture, such as Ingomar Mound and Pinson Mounds on its western periphery, built large platform mounds . Archaeologist speculate the mounds were for feasting rituals. With that purpose, they fundamentally differed from later Mississippian culture platform mounds, which were mortuary and substructure platforms. By the end of the Late Woodland period, about 1000CE, the Miller culture area

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2688-576: The Miner's Creek site, Leake Mounds , 9HY98, and Mandeville site in Georgia, and the Yearwood site in southern Tennessee. The Goodall focus culture occupied Michigan and northern Indiana from around 200 BCE to 500 CE. The Goodall pattern stretched from the southern tip of Lake Michigan , east across northern Indiana, to the Ohio border, then northward, covering central Michigan, almost reaching to Saginaw Bay on

2752-575: The Saugeen complex people of the Bruce Peninsula may have evolved into the historic Odawa people , also known as the Ottawa. The Swift Creek culture was a Middle Woodland period archaeological culture in the southeast of the United States (present-day Georgia, Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, and Tennessee) dating to around 100–700 CE. The Wilhelm culture (1 to 500 CE), Hopewellian influenced, appeared in

2816-463: The abstract human forms is the "Mica Hand" from the Hopewell Site in Ross County, Ohio . Delicately cut from a piece of mica 11 x 6 in, the hand carving was likely worn or carried for public viewing. They also made beaded work. In addition to the noted Ohio Hopewell, a number of other Middle Woodland period cultures are known to have been involved in the Hopewell tradition and participated in

2880-708: The earthworks are sited. What any of the various peoples now classified as Hopewellian called themselves is unknown; indeed, what language families they spoke is unknown. Archaeologists applied the term "Hopewell" to a broad range of cultures. Many of the Hopewell communities were temporary settlements of one to three households near rivers. They practiced a mixture of hunting, gathering, and horticulture. The Hopewell inherited from their Adena forebears an incipient social stratification . This increased social stability and reinforced sedentism , specialized use of resources, and probably population growth. Hopewell societies cremated most of their deceased and reserved burial for only

2944-570: The east and Grand Traverse Bay to the north. The culture is named for the Goodall site in northwest Indiana. The Havana Hopewell culture was a Hopewellian people in the Illinois and Mississippi river valleys in Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. They are considered ancestral to the groups who eventually formed the Mississippian culture that built Cahokia (in present-day southwestern Illinois) and influenced

3008-531: The emergence of " big-men ", leaders whose influence depended on their skill at persuasion in important matters such as trade and religion. They also perhaps augmented their influence by cultivating reciprocal obligations with other important community members. The emergence of "big-men" was a step toward the development of these societies into highly structured and stratified chiefdoms . The Hopewell settlements were linked by extensive and complex trading routes; these operated also as communication networks, and were

3072-518: The evident dispersal of the people have not yet been determined. Product (business) In marketing , a product is an object, or system, or service made available for consumer use as of the consumer demand; it is anything that can be offered to a domestic or an international market to satisfy the desire or need of a customer . In retailing , products are often referred to as merchandise , and in manufacturing , products are bought as raw materials and then sold as finished goods . A service

3136-509: The gigantic sculpted earthworks, described as effigy mounds , were constructed in the shape of animals, birds, or writhing serpents. Several scientists, including Bradley T. Lepper, hypothesize that the Octagon, in the Newark Earthworks at Newark, Ohio , was a lunar observatory . He believes that it is oriented to the 18.6-year cycle of minimum and maximum lunar risings and settings on

3200-682: The hinterlands of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, including into the Appalachian Mountains. The Toolesboro site is a group of seven burial mounds on a bluff overlooking the Iowa River near its confluence with the Mississippi River. The conical mounds were constructed between 100 BCE and 200 CE. At one time, as many as 12 mounds may have existed. Mound 2, the largest remaining, measures 100 feet in diameter and 8 feet in height. This mound

3264-607: The life cycle of products. There are LCA datasets that assess all products in some supermarkets in a standardized way. Consumers may seek reliable information to evaluate relevant characteristics of products such as durability and reliability. Development of 'transparency by design' scenarios have been suggested to "complement the physical product with layers of digital information", improving transparency and traceability (T&T). The app CodeCheck gives some smartphone users some capability to scan products for assessed ingredients. Many labels are considered to be flawed and few have

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3328-618: The local horizon. The Octagon covers more than 50 acres, the size of 100 football pitches. John Eddy completed an unpublished survey in 1978, and proposed a lunar major alignment for the Octagon. Ray Hively and Robert Horn of Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana , were the first researchers to analyze numerous lunar sightlines at the Newark Earthworks (1982) and the High Banks Works (1984) in Chillicothe, Ohio . Christopher Turner noted that

3392-577: The main transportation routes. Peoples within the Hopewell exchange system received materials from all over the territory of what now comprises the mainland United States. Most of the items traded were exotic materials; they were delivered to peoples living in the major trading and manufacturing areas. These people converted raw materials into products and exported them through local and regional exchange networks. Hopewell communities traded finished goods, such as steatite platform pipes, far and wide; they have been found among grave goods in many burials outside

3456-442: The most important people. In some sites, hunters apparently were given a higher status in the community: their graves were more elaborate and contained more status goods. The Hopewellian peoples had leaders, but they did not command the kind of centralized power to order armies of slaves or soldiers. These cultures likely accorded certain families a special place of privilege. Some scholars suggest that these societies were marked by

3520-727: The same as the manufacturer part number (MPN). Because of the huge amount of similar products in the automotive industry , there is a special kind of defining a car with options (marks, attributes) that represent the characteristics features of the vehicle. A model of a car is defined by some basic options like body, engine, gearbox, and axles. The variants of a model (often called the trim levels ) are built by some additional options like color, seats, wheels, mirrors, other trims, entertainment and assistant systems, etc. Options, that exclude each other (pairwise) build an option family. That means that you can choose only one option for each family and you have to choose exactly one option. In addition,

3584-475: The same types of outlets, or fall within given price ranges." Many businesses offer a range of product lines which may be unique to a single organisation or may be common across the business's industry. In 2002 the US Census compiled revenue figures for the finance and insurance industry by various product lines such as "accident, health and medical insurance premiums" and "income from secured consumer loans". Within

3648-410: The state. Montane Hopewell is a variant that is a considerable distance from Cole Culture and Peters Phase, or Hopewell central Ohio. According to McMichael, the culture built small, conical mounds in the late Hopewell period; this religion appeared to be waning in terms of being expressed in the daily living activities at these sites. The influence of an elite priest cult, burial phase was centered toward

3712-411: The time to "study the true environmental impact of every purchase". Full product transparency is a concept of making the full life-cycle impacts public. An important element that is required for various product information is supply chain transparency, which relates to human rights and supply chain sustainability . Produce traceability makes it possible to track produce from its point of origin to

3776-518: The upper Tombigbee River drainage areas of southwestern Tennessee, northeastern Mississippi, and west-central Alabama, best known from excavations at the Pinson Mounds , Bynum Mounds , Miller ( type site ), and Pharr Mounds sites. The culture is divided chronologically into two phases, Miller 1 and Miller 2, with a later Miller 3 belonging to the Late Woodland period . Some sites associated with

3840-695: Was a Hopewellian culture in the Lower Mississippi valley, Yazoo valley, and Tensas valley areas of present-day Louisiana , Mississippi, Missouri, and Arkansas . It evolved into the Baytown culture and later the Coles Creek and Plum Bayou cultures. It is named for the Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site in Marksville, Louisiana . The Miller culture was a Hopewellian culture located in

3904-505: Was a Native American culture in what is now southern Quebec , southern and northwestern Ontario , and east-central Manitoba in Canada; and northern Michigan , northwestern Wisconsin , and northern Minnesota in the United States. They were the first pottery-using people of Ontario north of the Trent-Severn Waterway . The complex is named after the former unincorporated community of Laurel, Minnesota . The Marksville culture

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3968-515: Was absorbed into the succeeding Mississippian culture. The Montane Hopewell on the Tygart Valley area, an upper branch of the Monongahela River of northern West Virginia , is similar to Armstrong. The pottery and cultural characteristics are also similar to late Ohio Hopewell. They occurred during the neighboring Watson through Buck Garden periods of peoples to the south and westerly in

4032-487: Was not a single culture or society but a widely dispersed set of populations connected by a common network of trade routes . At its greatest extent, the Hopewell exchange system ran from the northern shores of Lake Ontario south to the Crystal River Indian Mounds in modern-day Florida . Within this area, societies exchanged goods and ideas, with the highest amount of activity along waterways, which were

4096-529: Was possibly the largest Hopewell mound in Iowa. At the western edge of the Hopewell interaction sphere is the Kansas City Hopewell . The Renner Village archeological site in Riverside, Missouri , is one of several sites near the junction of Line Creek and the Missouri River. The site contains Hopewell and succeeding Middle Mississippian remains. The Trowbridge archeological site near Kansas City

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