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30-597: The first modern KBBI dictionary was published during the 5th Indonesian Language Congress on 28 October 1988. The first edition contains approximately 62,000 entries. The dictionary was compiled by a team led by the Head of the Language Center, Anton M. Moeliono , with chief editors Sri Sukesi Adiwimarta and Adi Sunaryo. Although many praised the first issue of the KBBI, it was not without criticism. In response to fulfil for criticism,

60-525: A language , including norms of spelling , punctuation , word boundaries , capitalization , hyphenation , and emphasis . Most national and international languages have an established writing system that has undergone substantial standardization, thus exhibiting less dialect variation than the spoken language. These processes can fossilize pronunciation patterns that are no longer routinely observed in speech (e.g. would and should ); they can also reflect deliberate efforts to introduce variability for

90-682: A byproduct of work by Indonesian scholars who persistently show their commitment to the development of the Indonesian lexicon". Anton Moeliono Anton Moedardo Moeliono (21 February 1929 in Bandung – 25 July 2011 in Jakarta ) was an Indonesian linguist . He is notable for his contribution into codification of the Indonesian language and orthography , and also in the field of Indonesian terminology. In 1958, he completed his undergraduate studies at

120-426: A language without judgement as to right and wrong, with a scientific understanding that orthographic standardization exists on a spectrum of strength of convention. The original sense of the word, though, implies a dichotomy of correct and incorrect, and the word is still most often used to refer specifically to a standardized prescriptive manner of writing. A distinction is made between emic and etic viewpoints, with

150-471: A language. Continual work is done towards future versions, to ensure the dictionary remains relevant to changes in the Indonesian language, and the authors are open to criticism and advice on how the work might accurately reflect Indonesian. Endang Aminudin Aziz revealed that KBBI contains just a minuscule fraction of total actual current Indonesian words. As he revealed on 28 October 2023, Indonesian language contain

180-460: A number of detailed classifications have been proposed. Japanese is an example of a writing system that can be written using a combination of logographic kanji characters and syllabic hiragana and katakana characters; as with many non-alphabetic languages, alphabetic romaji characters may also be used as needed. Orthographies that use alphabets and syllabaries are based on the principle that written graphemes correspond to units of sound of

210-474: A second edition was released immediately.The second edition was compiled under the leadership of Lukman Ali with Chief Editor Harimurti Kridalaksana with about 72,000 entries and was published in 1991. The rapid development of Indonesian vocabulary has pushed the government to document new vocabularies and update the previous edition of the dictionary. Therefore, the then Head of the Language Center, who also acted as Editor-in-Chief, Hasan Alwi, decided to publish

240-485: A total of 2 billion words which are listed and maintained by Korpus, an in-house language analytics tool developed by linguists and researchers of the Language Development and Fostering Agency. The tool later ranked the specific word usage in current Indonesian literatures, or any source collected by the agency. With certain criteria established by the agency, the specific word will be selected to be new word added to

270-429: Is currently completely online. Endang Aminudin Aziz, Head of Language Development and Fostering Agency, expected that the final form of 6th KBBI will contain 200,000 words, the deadline first being October 2024 (when 180,000 words were eventually ready), with an updated estimate being December 2024. Enlargement of KBBI was established as a national policy, with the budget support of 14 billion Indonesian rupiah . To achieve

300-554: Is discussed further at Phonemic orthography § Morphophonemic features . The syllabaries in the Japanese writing system ( hiragana and katakana ) are examples of almost perfectly shallow orthographies—the kana correspond with almost perfect consistency to the spoken syllables, although with a few exceptions where symbols reflect historical or morphophonemic features: notably the use of ぢ ji and づ zu (rather than じ ji and ず zu , their pronunciation in standard Tokyo dialect) when

330-517: Is first attested in the 15th century, ultimately from Ancient Greek : ὀρθός ( orthós 'correct') and γράφειν ( gráphein 'to write'). Orthography in phonetic writing systems is often concerned with matters of spelling , i.e. the correspondence between written graphemes and the phonemes found in speech. Other elements that may be considered part of orthography include hyphenation , capitalization , word boundaries , emphasis , and punctuation . Thus, orthography describes or defines

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360-576: Is placed between slashes ( /b/ , /bæk/ ), and from phonetic transcription , which is placed between square brackets ( [b] , [bæk] ). The writing systems on which orthographies are based can be divided into a number of types, depending on what type of unit each symbol serves to represent. The principal types are logographic (with symbols representing words or morphemes), syllabic (with symbols representing syllables), and alphabetic (with symbols roughly representing phonemes). Many writing systems combine features of more than one of these types, and

390-433: Is published in three forms: print, offline (iOS and Android applications), and online ( kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id ). Online access allows anybody to find the meaning and propose new vocabularies conveniently. The latest online dictionary also provides the etymology of some Indonesian lexicon. The sixth edition was launched on 26 October 2023 during the 12th Indonesian Language Congress. The sixth edition contained 120,000 words and

420-687: The caron on the letters | š | and | č | , which represent those same sounds in Czech ), or the addition of completely new symbols (as some languages have introduced the letter | w | to the Latin alphabet) or of symbols from another alphabet, such as the rune | þ | in Icelandic. After the classical period, Greek developed a lowercase letter system with diacritics to enable foreigners to learn pronunciation and grammatical features. As pronunciation of letters changed over time,

450-570: The Faculty of Literature of the University of Indonesia . In 1965, he obtained his master's degree in general linguistics at Cornell University . In 1971, he undertook postgraduate studies at the University of Leiden . He obtained his doctorate in 1981 at the University of Indonesia. Since 1982, he was a professor there. Orthography An orthography is a set of conventions for writing

480-508: The Third Edition in 2000, containing about 78,000 entries. Then it followed by the fourth edition in 2008 with more than 90,000 entries under the monitor of Dendy Sugono. The fifth edition was published in 2016 and launched by the former minister of the Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia, Muhadjir Effendy , with around 112,000 entries. Unlike the previous editions, the fifth edition

510-467: The character is a voicing of an underlying ち or つ (see rendaku ), and the use of は, を, and へ to represent the sounds わ, お, and え, as relics of historical kana usage . Korean hangul and Tibetan scripts were also originally extremely shallow orthographies, but as a representation of the modern language those frequently also reflect morphophonemic features. An orthography based on a correspondence to phonemes may sometimes lack characters to represent all

540-430: The correspondences between spelling and pronunciation are highly complex or inconsistent is called a deep orthography (or less formally, the language is said to have irregular spelling ). An orthography with relatively simple and consistent correspondences is called shallow (and the language has regular spelling ). One of the main reasons why spelling and pronunciation diverge is that sound changes taking place in

570-443: The emic approach taking account of perceptions of correctness among language users, and the etic approach being purely descriptive, considering only the empirical qualities of any system as used. Orthographic units, such as letters of an alphabet , are conceptualized as graphemes . These are a type of abstraction , analogous to the phonemes of spoken languages; different physical forms of written symbols are considered to represent

600-475: The goal, the Agency engaged a team of 165 annotators, 46 editors and 15 validators, and sought assistance from Oxford University Press and Lexical Computing . The language it records is formal; it omits words that are considered slang or foreign, and its aim is prescriptive . The authors note that "the compilation of a dictionary constitutes an effort of language codification which becomes part of standardization of

630-663: The national language, including its orthography—such as the Académie Française in France and the Royal Spanish Academy in Spain. No such authority exists for most languages, including English. Some non-state organizations, such as newspapers of record and academic journals , choose greater orthographic homogeneity by enforcing a particular style guide or spelling standard such as Oxford spelling . The English word orthography

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660-481: The new version of KBBI. He also said that new loan words and/or slangs that become too frequently used, widespread, and eventually being commonly used in daily conversations may be considered to be added in the future KBBI. The dictionary has been criticized for being too selective, and excluding words that are in common use. Writing in The Jakarta Post , Setiono Sugiharto states the "KBBI should be appreciated as

690-530: The phonemic distinctions in the language. This is called a defective orthography . An example in English is the lack of any indication of stress . Another is the digraph | th | , which represents two different phonemes (as in then and thin ) and replaced the old letters | ð | and | þ | . A more systematic example is that of abjads like the Arabic and Hebrew alphabets, in which

720-481: The sake of national identity, as seen in Noah Webster 's efforts to introduce easily noticeable differences between American and British spelling (e.g. honor and honour ). Orthographic norms develop through social and political influence at various levels, such as encounters with print in education, the workplace, and the state. Some nations have established language academies in an attempt to regulate aspects of

750-475: The same grapheme if the differences between them are not significant for meaning. Thus, a grapheme can be regarded as an abstraction of a collection of glyphs that are all functionally equivalent. For example, in written English (or other languages using the Latin alphabet ), there are two different physical representations (glyphs) of the lowercase Latin letter a : ⟨a⟩ and ⟨ɑ⟩ . Since

780-552: The short vowels are normally left unwritten and must be inferred by the reader. When an alphabet is borrowed from its original language for use with a new language—as has been done with the Latin alphabet for many languages, or Japanese katakana for non-Japanese words—it often proves defective in representing the new language's phonemes. Sometimes this problem is addressed by the use of such devices as digraphs (such as | sh | and | ch | in English, where pairs of letters represent single sounds), diacritics (like

810-438: The spoken language are not always reflected in the orthography, and hence spellings correspond to historical rather than present-day pronunciation. One consequence of this is that many spellings come to reflect a word's morphophonemic structure rather than its purely phonemic structure (for example, the English regular past tense morpheme is consistently spelled -ed in spite of its different pronunciations in various words). This

840-538: The spoken language: phonemes in the former case, and syllables in the latter. In virtually all cases, this correspondence is not exact. Different languages' orthographies offer different degrees of correspondence between spelling and pronunciation. English , French , Danish , and Thai orthographies, for example, are highly irregular, whereas the orthographies of languages such as Russian , German , Spanish , Finnish , Turkish , and Serbo-Croatian represent pronunciation much more faithfully. An orthography in which

870-428: The substitution of either of them for the other cannot change the meaning of a word, they are considered to be allographs of the same grapheme, which can be written | a | . The italic and boldface forms are also allographic. Graphemes or sequences of them are sometimes placed between angle brackets, as in | b | or | back | . This distinguishes them from phonemic transcription, which

900-464: The symbols used in writing, and the conventions that regulate their use. Most natural languages developed as oral languages and writing systems have usually been crafted or adapted as ways of representing the spoken language. The rules for doing this tend to become standardized for a given language, leading to the development of an orthography that is generally considered "correct". In linguistics , orthography often refers to any method of writing

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