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62-561: Daoud was born in Mostaganem , Algeria on June 17, 1970. The oldest of six children, he was raised in an Arabic-speaking Muslim family in Algeria. Daoud studied French literature at the University of Oran . Daoud was married but divorced in 2008, after the birth of his daughter as his wife had become increasingly religious (and started wearing the hijab). He is a father to two children (the eldest,

124-625: A Christian bishopric, and by which it is referred to in the Catholic Church 's list of episcopal sees . It also underlies the modern name of Mostaganem. The town was ruled by the Zirid dynasty between 973–1146. Then, it was conquered by the Almoravid dynasty , and reached its high point of power under Yusuf ibn Tashfin (c. 1061–1106). Mostaganem was later ruled by the Zayyanid dynasty of Tlemcen and it

186-445: A ceasefire and accords with France, the FLN entered Oran and were shot at by Europeans. A mob attacked pied-noir neighborhoods in response to the incident and during the subsequent Oran massacre of 1962 at least 95 and as many as 365 were killed; many others are reported to have "disappeared." This triggered a larger exodus of Europeans to France, which was already underway. Shortly after

248-642: A complaint in Algerian court and the judiciary delivered a judgment on March 8, 2016 that Daoud's attorney called "unprecedented": Zeraoui was sentenced to three to six months in prison and a 50,000- dinar fine. However, the judgment was set aside in June 2016 by the Oran Court of Appeal on the basis of a jurisdiction challenge. Daoud's debut novel , The Meursault Investigation (in French, Meursault, contre-enquête ) (2013), won

310-902: A distance of 17.7 km (11 mi) going to Es-Sénia, in the South and Sidi Maarouf in the east side, while passing by the centre town The tramway should serve Haï Sabbah, University of Sciences and Technology (USTO), the Crossroads of the Three Private clinics, the Law courts, Dar El Baïda, the Plate-Saint Michel, the Place of the 1st November, Saint-Anthony, Boulanger, Saint-Hubert, the 3rd Ring road and finally The University of Es-Sénia. The Ahmed Ben Bella Airport , also known as Es-Senia Airport, serves both domestic and international flights, with frequent connections to

372-498: A son, the youngest, a daughter) and dedicated his novel The Meursault Investigation to them. In 1994, he entered Le Quotidien d'Oran , a French-language Algerian newspaper. He published his first column three years later, titled "Raina raikoum" ("Our opinion, your opinion"). He was the Editor in Chief of the newspaper for eight years. He is a Columnist in various media, an editorialist in

434-470: A variety of cinemas, arts centres, the regional theatre, an open-air theatre, the Museum, the historic city centre of Oran, the district of Sidi El Houari, the municipal gardens, Médina Djedida with its artisanal products, the cathedral, Djebel Murdjadjo, and nearby seaside resorts. Ahmed Ben Bella Airport is 11.9 km ( 7 + 3 ⁄ 8  mi) from the town centre. One can also reach Oran by ferries from

496-487: Is 17.9 °C (64.2 °F). About 347 mm (13.66 in) of precipitation falls annually. The city is divided in two by a ravine of the river Aïn Sefra , with the modern town to southwest, and the old Muslim city, Tidgit , to the northeast. In 2010 a tunnel under the city and towards the city centre is expected to change traffic flow significantly. Also, new buildings, some modern and some in colonial style, are being added to this growing city. The new autoroute from

558-531: Is a large historical and popular district. It was one of the Muslim quarters during the French colonial period. In this district, there is one of the biggest markets in the country, called Le Marché de Medina Jedida (Medina Jedida Market). El Hamri is a large and popular district in the center of Oran, known under French rule as Lamur. The football club Mouloudia d'Oran is found there. Neighborhood streets The historical district Sidi El Houari  [ es ]

620-456: Is a port city in and capital of Mostaganem province , in the northwest of Algeria . The city, founded in the 11th century lies on the Gulf of Arzew, Mediterranean Sea and is 72 km ENE of Oran . It is considered as the second-largest city in the country's northwest, after Oran, and as Algeria's fourth-largest port city with its 457,986 inhabitants as of the 2018 census. The city was founded in

682-404: Is a seaside town which includes several hotels and other tourist attractions. Es Sénia , located in the south of Oran, is home to industrial parks, several university institutes (Oran-Es-Sénia University, Institut of Communication, ENPO "National Polytechnic School of Oran", CRASC "Research center in social sciences" etc.) and the international airport. Bir El Djir is a commune that represents

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744-505: Is a small city located to the southwest of Oran. The city's public transportation is centered on the Oran Metro covering coastal neighborhoods with the connecting Oran tramway covering suburbs not yet served by the metro. There is an extensive network of "clandestine" taxis in the city. A project started in 2008/9 and lasted approximately two to three years, to deliver the first line of the tramway in 2010. It should comprise 31 stations over

806-548: Is a suburb in the north of the d'Oran city. The Saint-Louis college is there, as well as the old mosque of the Pasha dating from the 17th century. In this district the skin of Saint-Patron of the city in the name of " Sidi El Houari " rests. Other tourist curiosities: one ancient prefecture of the data base Stalingrad, the Spanish vestiges dating from the 16th century, and especially the Palate of

868-517: Is another favorite spot for tourists, situated in Sidi al-Houari in the city center. It is an Ottoman era palace built of Islamic architecture , consists of harem , guard towers and stucco -painted halls. Water supply in Oran has historically been stressed because of the lack of consistent rainfall. The regional government invested in hydraulic projects in the 2010s to increase retention of water, and installing

930-611: Is home to important specialists of Andalusian classical music ( Moulay Benkrizi ), Chaabi ( Maazouz Bouadjadj , Habib Bettahar ), masters of traditional Bedouin music ( Sheikh Hamada , Sheikh Djilali Ain Tedeles ) and poets such as Sheikh Abdelkader Bentobdji and Sidi Lakhdar Benkhelouf who are authors of well-known qasida of Malhun poetry bequeathed as much to the Chaabi legacy as to Bedouins such as Emir `Abd al-Qādir al-Jazā'irī . The poet Ahlam Mostaghanemi Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi

992-502: Is not allowed to sailors to exit the port and visit the city. The port is being shared by large transport vessels and fishing boats alike. A new, smaller port for fishing boats has been constructed, but is currently not used. Mostaganem has given birth to illustrious figures such as playwright Ould Abderrahmane Abdelkader AKA Kaki, cinema director Mohamed Chouikh , historians such as Moulay Belhamissi , and lyricists such as Kadda Medjeded . A major centre of popular and amateur theater, it

1054-490: Is referred to as La Ville Nouvelle and was built after 1831; this section contrasts with the older section, La Blanca. Oran features a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSh ). Oran's climate does show influences of a Mediterranean climate ; however, the combination of the city's relatively high average annual temperature and relatively low annual precipitation precludes it from falling under that climate category. Oran averages 326 mm (13 in) of precipitation annually,

1116-411: Is represented in association football by MC Oran . Oran held its first international marathon on November 10, 2005. The event, sponsored by Toyota of Algeria, attracted runners from Morocco, Libya, Spain, France and Kenya. The marathon served to publicize the health benefits of running and to provide a novel form of public entertainment for the city's residents. The Championnat d'Afrique d'Athlétisme

1178-581: The Almohad Caliph Abd al-Mu'min for a lengthy period of time when he built thirty vessels to connect it with Andalusia. It endured a long, prosperous reign under the zayyanid of Tlemcen and used its ports as a key outlet to Spain in particular. It was captured by the Castilians under Cardinal Cisneros in 1509, and Spanish sovereignty lasted until 1708 when the city was conquered by the Algerians during

1240-669: The Crémieux Decree . Later, despite a World War II sentiment that favored acceptance, Oran still had a history marked by intolerance. There was a decrease in the Jewish population as Muslims were the only group granted citizenship protection in 1963, one year after Algerian independence. Before the Spaniards, the Portuguese launched a failed expedition to capture the city in July 1501. Four years later,

1302-778: The Maghreb was conquered by a succession of regional powers, beginning with the Vandals in 435 , followed by the Berbers of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom , and finally the Arabs around the start of the 8th century . Present-day Oran was founded in 903 by the Azdadja  [ fr ] and Ajissa Berbers of the Maghrawa confederation who lived in the area. The city enjoyed a period of prosperity under

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1364-741: The New York Times featured a controversial second op-ed piece by Daoud, "The Sexual Misery of the Arab World" in English (translated by John Cullen), French, and Arabic. Both of these articles were republished in his 2017 collection of essays Mes Indépendances . In 2018, his Le Quotidien d'Oran articles (2010-2016) were translated into English. In 2024, his novel Houris was awarded the Prix Goncourt . ——————— Mostaganem Mostaganem ( Arabic : مستغانم , romanized :  Mustaghānim )

1426-760: The Prix Goncourt du Premier Roman (Goncourt Prize for a First Novel), as well as the prix François Mauriac and the Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie . It was also shortlisted for the Prix Renaudot . In April 2015, an excerpt from Meursault, contre-enquête was featured in the New Yorker magazine. The November 20, 2015, issue of the New York Times featured an op-ed opinion piece by Daoud titled "Saudi Arabia, an ISIS That Has Made It" in both English (translated by John Cullen) and French. The February 14, 2016, issue of

1488-587: The "revivers" of Islam in the 20th century due to his role in spreading the religion, and even influencing the West, including opening the first mosque in Paris. Al-Alawi's tomb is now a popular visitation sight in Mostaganem. Oran Oran ( Arabic : وَهران , romanized :  Wahrān ) is a major coastal city located in the northwest of Algeria . It is considered the second most important city of Algeria, after

1550-457: The 11th century as Murustage but has origins going back to Punic and Roman times. In 1516, it was captured by the Ottoman admiral Barbarossa and became a centre for Mediterranean sea corsairs, as well as a commercial port. By 1700, it had come under Ottoman rule. In 1833, the city was taken by France and a garrison established. Algeria became independent in 1962. Mostaganem corresponds to

1612-579: The 19th and 20th centuries, Oran was the capital of a département of the same name (number 92). In July 1940, the British navy shelled French warships in the port after they refused a British ultimatum to surrender; this action was taken to ensure the fleet would not fall into German hands, as the Nazis had defeated France and occupied Paris. The action increased the hatred of the Vichy regime for Britain but convinced

1674-469: The Arab world. We must slice it, we must think about it in order to move forward". Three days later, Abdelfattah Hamadache Zeraoui, a Salafist imam at the time working on Echourouk News , responded to this statement by declaring that Daoud should be put to death for saying it , writing that "if Islamic sharia were applied in Algeria, the penalty would be death for apostasy and heresy." He specified: "He questioned

1736-585: The Bey d'Oran. The Oranian metropolis comprises several communes . Mers El Kébir ("The Great Port") is a municipality northwest of Oran, about seven kilometres ( 4 + 1 ⁄ 2  mi) from the city centre. As its name indicates, it is a major port and has an important naval base, home to the Algerian Navy. Aïn El Turk ("Fountain of the Turks") is also northwest of Oran, at a distance of 15 km (9 mi). It

1798-604: The Institute of medical sciences, the Court of Justice and the National Centre of Research in Social and Cultural Anthropology . There is as well a sports complex with an Olympic stadium of 50000 places created for the 2022 Mediterranean Games . Bir El Djir is an urban extension east of Oran, 8 km (5 mi) from the city center, with a population of 118,000 inhabitants. Misserghin

1860-626: The Qur'an as well as the sacred Islam; he wounded the Muslims in their dignity and praised the West and the Zionists. He attacked the Arabic language [...]. We call on the Algerian regime to condemn him to death publicly, because of his war against God, his Prophet, his book, Muslims and their countries." Zeraoui then reiterated his threats on Ennahar TV , an extension of the Arabic daily Ennahar newspaper . Daoud filed

1922-554: The Spanish defences, the forces of the new Bey of Oran, Mohammed el Kebir besieged the city. By the end of 1790, there was a clear Algerian advantage. The Spanish, not wanting to risk their troops, signed an agreement with the Algerians on 12 September in Algiers, and on 12 December in Madrid , which recognized Algerian control over the city. By February all Spanish troops evacuated. The capital

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1984-411: The Spanish took Mers-el-Kébir , located just six kilometres (four miles) west of Oran. Thus began the first organized incursions against the city which, at the time, numbered 25,000 inhabitants and counted 6,000 fueros . Count Pedro Navarro , on the orders of Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros , finally captured the city on May 17, 1509. The occupying forces set fire to the books and archives of

2046-469: The ancient Punic port of Murustaga . After becoming part of the Roman Empire , it was, according to some sources, officially renamed Cartennae under the emperor Gallienus (253–268). However, according to more weighty sources, Cartennae (or Cartenna or Cartennas ) corresponds instead to modern Ténès , 50 km to the east. In any case, Murustaga is the name by which the town was known when it became

2108-428: The area which led to arrests, injuries, and assassinations. Many notable Raï musicians (including Cheb Hasni , Cheb Khaled , and Rachid Taha ) hail from Oran. The violinist Akim el Sikameya was also born in Oran. One of Oran's most famous emigrants is Yves Saint Laurent . The traditional Algerian lemon sorbet creponne originated in Oran. Oran has become a major trading centre for the wider area, serving Arzew ,

2170-450: The area's oil/gas port as well as Sonatrach, the country's biggest oil and gas company. Sonelgaz has built a new congress centre in Oran and in 2010 the 16th International Conference & Exhibition on Liquefied Natural Gas was held in the city of Oran, which attracted around 3,000 visitors and major companies from around the world. To accommodate all visitors, new hotels are currently being constructed and floating hotels will be used in

2232-488: The bulk of which falls between November and May. Summers are the warmest times of the year, with average high temperatures in the warmest month (August) approaching 32 degrees Celsius. Winters are the coolest times of the year in Oran, with high temperatures in the coolest month (January) at around 17 degrees Celsius. As Oran is located in Northern Algeria, it faces the threat of earthquakes that can cause damage. However,

2294-438: The capital Algiers towards Oran will make it easier also to access Mostaganem by road from the capital, as Mostaganem has no public airport. The road connecting Oran (around 80 km from Mostaganem to the west) will remain the same, a crowded 2 lane in each direction highway. The port of Mostaganem is being used for unloading of all sorts of cargo, ranging from provisions to cars and pipelines. As in most ports of Algeria, it

2356-415: The capital Algiers, served by the public airline company Air Algerie . The same company also has flights to many French cities (Marseille, Paris, Lyon, etc.) and other European and EMEA cities. The Es Senia Airport also serves passengers from most smaller towns in proximity to Oran (Sig, Mostaganem, Arzew, etc.). The airport building is a fairly limited construction and does not operate on a 24-h basis. Oran

2418-512: The capital, Algiers , because of its population and commercial, industrial and cultural importance. It is 432 km (268 mi) west-southwest from Algiers. The total population of the city was 803,329 in 2008, while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 1,500,000, making it the second-largest city in Algeria. The word Wahran comes from the Berber expression wa - iharan (place of lions). A locally popular legend tells that in

2480-470: The city from Bouchelaghem . Spain maintained its hold over Oran for the next six decades. In the night after October 8, 1790, a violent earthquake claimed more than 3,000 victims in less than seven minutes. Charles IV saw no advantage in continuing the occupation of the city, which had become increasingly expensive and perilous. He initiated discussions with the Dey of Algiers . After another earthquake damaged

2542-611: The city were allowed to join the French Army starting October 24, 1870, while Muslims were forced to do military service . Algerian Jews were granted citizenship while Algerian Muslims were not. Jews would soon be targeted after the war for not supporting the struggle for independence against France. Before the Algerian War of 1954–1962, Oran had one of the highest proportions of Europeans of any city in North Africa. In July 1962, after

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2604-662: The city. Pedro Garcerán de Borja, Grand Master of the Order of Montesa , was captain of Oran when, on July 14, 1568, John of Austria (the illegitimate son of Charles I and paternal half-brother of King Philip II ), led a flotilla of 33 galleys against the Algerians. In April 1669 the Spanish governor, the 6th Marquess of Los Vélez , expelled all the Jews who lived in Oran and Mers El Kébir sending them to be resettled in either Nice , or Livorno . The Spanish rebuilt Santa Cruz Fort to accommodate their city governors. "The fortifications of

2666-496: The defences in 1707, only to see his army decimated. In 1739, trade with the surroundings was forbidden for years due to the plague. In 1744, king Philip V asked the governor Tomás du Rollet de la tour for dromedaries to replenish the stock at the Royal Palace of Aranjuez . However, the former bey of Oran had banned trade with the Spaniards and those dromedaries gradually sent to the king had been sold by thieving tribesmen. Most of

2728-720: The end of the war, most of the Europeans and Algerian Jews living in Oran fled to France. In less than three months, Oran lost about half its population. With its location as the closest port to Spain and its prominence on the Mediterranean, Jewish refugees first immigrated to Oran to flee persecution and conversion to Christianity in Spain in 1391. This refuge brought other religious refugees that included both Jews again and Muslims in both 1492 and 1502. On October 24, 1870, with French dominance, Algerian Jews were given French citizenship with

2790-485: The enemy ships were sunk or driven off, and Oran surrendered after heavy fire from British battleships. Due to the exodus of Pieds-Noirs , the Cathédrale du Sacré-Cœur d'Oran was converted into a public library, Aubert Library of Oran , in 1984. Today, Oran is a major port and a commercial centre, and has three universities. The old quarter of Oran has a casbah and an 18th-century mosque . The modern section of Oran

2852-576: The future. With a growth in urbanization, water quality and management is being harmed in Oran; this change in water quality is affecting marine life and the state of beaches in this tourism driven city. The city and region participates in the R20 Regions of Climate Action , with goals focused on reduced waste valorization and energy efficiency. Oran has numerous hotels in all categories, from luxury to basic, as well as many restaurants offering Algerian specialities and other foods. Tourists will also find

2914-470: The last major earthquake was in 1790; 3,000 people died as a result. Many of the existing older buildings in the city have been reinforced, and newer construction is designed to withstand earthquakes. While the city dates back to the 900s, rare are the still existing housing buildings older than the French occupation. Since 2019, Oran have 18 communal délégations (ex. districts) and 83 quarters. Medina Jedida  [ fr ] or, new city in English,

2976-778: The maintenance of the place was paid by the bull of the Crusade , a contribution of the Spanish Catholic church. The Spanish occupied the city until 1708, when the Bey of Mascara , Mustapha Ben Youssef ( Bouchelaghem ), vassal of the Deylik of Algiers , and who was an Arabized Berber from the Mascara region took advantage of the War of Spanish Succession to drive the Spanish out . In 1732, Spanish forces returned under José Carrillo de Albornoz , capturing

3038-456: The online newspaper Algérie-Focus and his articles are also published in Slate Afrique . On 13 December 2014, on On n'est pas couché on France 2, Kamel Daoud said of his relationship to Islam: "I still believe it: if we do not decide in the so-called Arab world the question of God, we will not rehabilitate the man, we will not move forward, he said. The religious question becomes vital in

3100-437: The period around AD 900, there were sightings of Barbary lions in the area. The last two lions were killed on a mountain near Oran, and it became known as la montagne des lions ("The Mountain of Lions"). Two giant lion statues stand in front of Oran's city hall, symbolizing the city. During the Roman Empire , a small settlement called Unica Colonia existed in the area of the current Oran, but this settlement disappeared as

3162-492: The place were composed of thick and continuous walls of over two and a half km in circumference, surmounted by strong towers spaced between them," with a central castle or kasbah where the Spanish governor had his headquarters. Under Spanish rule, the city continued to grow, requiring enlargement of the city walls. In spite of the improved fortifications, the city was the object of repeated attacks. Notable in this regard, Moroccan Sharif Moulay Ismail tried to force his way past

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3224-459: The ports of Marseilles , Sète , Alicante and Almería , via the national company Algérie Ferries . The Great Mosque is another attraction for tourists. The Great Mosque was built in 1796 to celebrate the end of Spanish rule of the city. The main museum in Oran is called Musée National Ahmend Zabana . Although often overlooked by tourists, it includes a natural history exhibit in addition to art pieces like mosaics and portraits. Bey's Palace

3286-487: The siege of Siege of Oran (1707–1708) . Spain recaptured the city in 1732. However, its value as a trading post had decreased greatly, so during the reign of King Charles IV the city was recaptured in 1790–1792 by a coalition of Algerian troops against Spain which resulted in victory for the bey of Oran despite the many attempts in 1563. The beylik lasted until 1831 when the city fell to the French . Under French rule during

3348-538: The suburbs of Oran (apart from the districts). It is the future beating heart of the Oranian agglomeration. It has several buildings which are the seats of institutions as the headquarters of Sonatrach 's downstream activity, the hospital Établissement Hospitalo-universitaire "November 1st, 1954", the convention center (Palais des Congrès), University of sciences and technology (conceived by the Japanese architect Kenzō Tange ),

3410-399: The town. By 1554, the Turks had reached Algiers. The governor of Oran, Count Alcaudete , allied himself with Moroccan Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh against them. Nine years later, in 1563, Álvaro de Bazán , Marquis de Santa Cruz, built the fort of Santa-Cruz , strategically placed at the top of a mountain, l'Aïdour, more than 300 m (1,000 ft) above the sea, directly to the west of

3472-458: The world that the British would fight alone against Nazi Germany and its allies. The Vichy government held Oran during World War II until its capture by the Allies in late 1942, during Operation Torch . Also, during French rule, Jews were encouraged to modernize and take on jobs they had not before, including agriculture, while Muslims were forced out of the city and their ancestral fertile lands were confiscated and given to Colons. Jews in

3534-428: Was conquered again by the Marinid dynasty of Fes . After that the Zayyanid dynasty took control of the city again. In the 16th century, the town resisted a Spanish invasion and came under the power of the Ottoman Hayreddin Barbarossa . Mostaganem has a mild Mediterranean climates ( Köppen climate classification Csa ). In winter there is more rainfall than in summer. The average annual temperature in Mostaganem

3596-425: Was in a wretched state. On January 4, 1831, the French commanded by General Damrémont occupied Oran. In September 1831, General Berthezène appointed Mr. Pujol as mayor of Oran; he had been captain of cavalry in retirement and was wounded in the right hand under the Empire. In 1832, leading a force of five thousand men, the young Emir Abd al-Qadir attacked Oran. In April 1833, commander-in-chief, General Boyer,

3658-463: Was moved there the same year. In 1792, the Bey settled a Jewish community there. In 1796, the Pasha Mosque (in honour of Hassan Pasha , Beylerbey of Algiers ) was built by the Bey with ransom money paid for the release of Spanish prisoners after Spain's final departure. The town of 10,000 inhabitants was still in the possession of the Ottoman Empire when a squadron under the command of captain Bourmand seized el-Kébir on December 14, 1830. The city

3720-455: Was originally from near Mostaganem. Furthermore, one of the most notable religious figures of the 20th century was also born and later buried in Mostaganem, the Great Sufi Master, Ahmad al-Alawi , who played a major role in spreading the Shadhili Darqawi tariqa (spiritual order) across the globe, such that this order is now considered one of the world's largest and most influential Sufi paths. Many modern Muslims consider al-Alawi to be one of

3782-509: Was replaced by the baron Louis Alexis Desmichels . The city's defenders, under attack by Abd al Qadir, held their ground. Many Europeans settled in Oran during the French period, and by the early 20th century they formed a majority of the city's population. In World War II , Oran was one of the landing points in Operation Torch , the first American action in the Europe-North Africa theatre in November 1942. The Task Force suffered some damage to its fleet, trying to land in shallow water, but

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3844-479: Was scheduled to be held in Oran in June 2021. The XIX Mediterranean Games was held in Oran in 2022. The folk music Raï ("opinion" in Arabic), had its beginnings in Oran. This genre of music was formulated by shepherds in the 1930s through Arab and European influences. This music was surrounded by controversy due to women's key role in public performances of the music, as well as the hedonistic lyrics about love and alcohol. This led to strict governmental control in

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