Misplaced Pages

#416583

75-685: Kambo is usually used in a group setting, called a kambo circle or kambo ceremony . The effects on humans usually include tachycardia , nausea , vomiting , and diarrhea . A meta-review of 50 studies in which 11 cases of acute intoxication were examined found that extreme cases have included psychosis (occasionally severe), SIADH , kidney damage (including acute renal failure), pancreas damage, liver damage including toxic hepatitis , dermatomyositis , esophageal rupture , and seizures, in some cases leading to death, although such incidents are limited in number and some evidence suggests precipitation by medical contraindications. Kambo, which originated as

150-501: A folk medicine practice among some indigenous peoples in the Amazon basin , is also administered as a complementary medicine and alternative medicine treatment in the West, often as a pseudoscientific cleanse or detox . The ceremony involves burning an arm or leg and applying the kambo secretion directly to the burn. Promoters claim that kambo helps with several illnesses or injuries. There

225-448: A neoclassical compound built from the combining forms tachy- + -cardia , which are from the Greek ταχύς tachys , "quick, rapid" and καρδία, kardia , "heart". As a matter both of usage choices in the medical literature and of idiom in natural language , the words tachycardia and tachyarrhythmia are usually used interchangeably, or loosely enough that precise differentiation

300-498: A patriotic duty to help increase their country's birthrate. Even the government was reluctant in its support to the movement. It was only between 1938 and 1939 that the French government became directly and permanently involved in the pronatalist effort. Although the birthrate started to surge in late 1941, the trend was not sustained. Falling birthrate once again became a major concern among demographers and government officials beginning in

375-404: A car accident in 1997 from which he had to learn to walk and talk again, he was left with lasting impediments, the inquest heard, which may have contributed to the esophageal rupture. The frog secretes a range of small chemical compounds of a type called peptides , which have several different effects. Peptides found in the frog secretions include the opioid peptides dermorphin and deltorphin ,

450-459: A condition perceived as unfavorable by the Noke Kuin as the person stops participating socially. Joaquim Luz, a Yamanawa leader, criticized internet sales and kambo's use without the preparation or permission of indigenous peoples, saying that such users are at risk, even of death. Other native groups have also expressed concerns. Outside South America, a kambo ceremony can involve just two people:

525-512: A lesser degree) increased male age . The "Three-step Analysis" of the fertility process was introduced by Kingsley Davis and Judith Blake in 1956 and makes use of three proximate determinants: The economic analysis of fertility is part of household economics , a field that has grown out of the New Home Economics . Influential economic analyses of fertility include Becker (1960), Mincer (1963), and Easterlin (1969). The latter developed

600-467: A long QT interval. Both of these rhythms normally last for only a few seconds to minutes ( paroxysmal tachycardia ) , but if VT persists it is extremely dangerous, often leading to ventricular fibrillation . This is a type of tachycardia that originates from above the ventricles, such as the atria. It is sometimes known as paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT). Several types of supraventricular tachycardia are known to exist. Atrial fibrillation

675-404: A narrow complex tachycardia, intravenous adenosine may be attempted. In all others, immediate cardioversion is recommended. If the problem is a simple acceleration of the heart rate that worries the patient, but the heart and the general patient's health remain stable enough, it is possible to correct it by a simple deceleration using some physical maneuvers called vagal maneuvers . But, if

750-446: A popular treatment since the 1800s. "Detox" has been described by Edzard Ernst , emeritus professor of complementary medicine, as a term for conventional medical treatments for addiction , which has been "hijacked by entrepreneurs, quacks, and charlatans to sell a bogus treatment." In Brazil, given the growth in the consumption of kambo in urban centers, there has been criticism by indigenous people, academics and communicators regarding

825-1111: A year, while a study in 2013 of 2,820 Danish women saw 78% of 35- to 40-year-olds conceive within a year. According to an opinion by the Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, specific coital timing or position, and resting supine after intercourse have no significant impact on fertility. Sperm can be found in the cervical canal seconds after ejaculation, regardless of coital position. Successful pregnancies facilitated by fertility treatment have been documented in women as old as 67 . Some research suggests that older males have decreased semen volume, sperm motility , and impaired sperm morphology. In studies that controlled for female partner's age, comparisons between men under 30 and men over 50 found relative decreases in pregnancy rates between 23% and 38%. Sperm count declines with age, with men aged 50–80 years producing sperm at an average rate of 75% compared with men aged 20–50 years and larger differences exist in

SECTION 10

#1732855232417

900-514: Is 51%, while in salamanders it is 13%. Individuals who want to have them as pets are obligated and encouraged to get them examined to detect gastrointestinal parasites that could potentially be harmful. Neocosmocercella fisherae is the first nematode species found parasitising Phyllomedusa bicolor from the Brazilian Amazon region. A 40-year-old businessman was charged in Brazil in 2008 with

975-453: Is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate . In general, a resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute is accepted as tachycardia in adults. Heart rates above the resting rate may be normal (such as with exercise ) or abnormal (such as with electrical problems within the heart). Tachycardia can lead to fainting . When the rate of blood flow becomes too rapid, or fast blood flow passes on damaged endothelium , it increases

1050-565: Is a common name of Phyllomedusa bicolor , an Amazonian tree frog, also known as the blue-and-yellow frog, bicolored tree-frog, giant monkey frog, giant leaf frog, or waxy-monkey tree frog. "Sapo" means "toad" in Spanish and Portuguese. The frog is an anuran amphibian that inhabits the Amazon and Orinoco basins in South America . Natives who practice kambo are Panoan -speaking indigenous groups in

1125-465: Is also claimed that kambo removes negative energy . There is currently no scientific evidence to support positive health effect claims.. There is no solid medical evidence on how the frog toxins work, whether they are useful for treating anything, and whether they can be used safely: no clinical trials have tested them on humans, as of November 2019. Reports of adverse effects are numerous, including for use with experienced guidance. Kym Jenkins of

1200-449: Is based on age. Cutoff values for tachycardia in different age groups are fairly well standardized; typical cutoffs are listed below: Heart rate is considered in the context of the prevailing clinical picture. When the heart beats excessively or rapidly, the heart pumps less efficiently and provides less blood flow to the rest of the body, including the heart itself. The increased heart rate also leads to increased work and oxygen demand by

1275-622: Is called reflex tachycardia. This can happen in response to a decrease in blood volume (through dehydration or bleeding ), or an unexpected change in blood flow . The most common cause of the latter is orthostatic hypotension (also called postural hypotension ). Fever , hyperventilation , diarrhea and severe infections can also cause tachycardia, primarily due to increase in metabolic demands. Upon exertion, sinus tachycardia can also be seen in some inborn errors of metabolism that result in metabolic myopathies , such as McArdle's disease (GSD-V) . Metabolic myopathies interfere with

1350-576: Is illegal in Chile . Outside of South America, it first became known as an alternative therapy in the late 2010s. In 2021, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) of Australia banned the use of kambo in Australia and classified it as a schedule-10 poison . It is listed in the category for "substances of such danger to health as to warrant prohibition of sale, supply and use". To collect

1425-426: Is needed, that phrase aptly conveys it. Fertility Fertility in colloquial terms refers the ability to have offspring . In demographic contexts, fertility refers to the actual production of offspring, rather than the physical capability to reproduce, which is termed fecundity . The fertility rate is the average number of children born during an individual's lifetime. In medicine, fertility refers to

1500-515: Is no scientific evidence that it is an effective treatment and causal evidence is limited. It seems to be particularly dangerous to take kambo with large quantities of water. Doing that is associated with SIADH and severe electrolyte imbalances: changes in plasma and urine osmolarity, hypokalemia , hypomagnesemia and hypophosphatemia . Naloxone is under study as a possible antidote; hospital treatment also includes medicines to protect organs from damage and restore electrolyte function. "Kambô"

1575-436: Is no such term as "healthy/physiologic supraventricular tachycardia". The same themes are also true of AVRT and AVNRT . Thus this pair is an example of when a particular prescription (which may have been tenable 50 or 100 years earlier) can no longer be invariably enforced without violating idiom. But the power to differentiate in an idiomatic way is not lost, regardless, because when the specification of physiologic tachycardia

SECTION 20

#1732855232417

1650-437: Is not explicit. Some careful writers have tried to maintain a logical differentiation between them, which is reflected in major medical dictionaries and major general dictionaries. The distinction is that tachycardia be reserved for the rapid heart rate itself, regardless of cause, physiologic or pathologic (that is, from healthy response to exercise or from cardiac arrhythmia ), and that tachyarrhythmia be reserved for

1725-456: Is not generally needed. Ventricular tachycardia (VT or V-tach) is a potentially life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia that originates in the ventricles. It is usually a regular, wide complex tachycardia with a rate between 120 and 250 beats per minute. A medically significant subvariant of ventricular tachycardia is called torsades de pointes (literally meaning "twisting of the points", due to its appearance on an EKG), which tends to result from

1800-739: Is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias. In general, it is an irregular, narrow complex rhythm. However, it may show wide QRS complexes on the ECG if a bundle branch block is present. At high rates, the QRS complex may also become wide due to the Ashman phenomenon . It may be difficult to determine the rhythm's regularity when the rate exceeds 150 beats per minute. Depending on the patient's health and other variables such as medications taken for rate control, atrial fibrillation may cause heart rates that span from 50 to 250 beats per minute (or even higher if an accessory pathway

1875-638: Is present). However, new-onset atrial fibrillation tends to present with rates between 100 and 150 beats per minute. AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common reentrant tachycardia. It is a regular narrow complex tachycardia that usually responds well to the Valsalva maneuver or the drug adenosine . However, unstable patients sometimes require synchronized cardioversion . Definitive care may include catheter ablation . AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) requires an accessory pathway for its maintenance. AVRT may involve orthodromic conduction (where

1950-473: Is thought to be 220 bpm minus age. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is a diagnosis of exclusion , a rare but benign type of cardiac arrhythmia that may be caused by a structural abnormality in the sinus node . It can occur in seemingly healthy individuals with no history of cardiovascular disease. Other causes may include autonomic nervous system deficits , autoimmune response, or drug interactions. Although symptoms might be distressing, treatment

2025-604: Is unproven. Australian researchers have found evidence to suggest obesity may cause subtle damage to sperm and prevent a healthy pregnancy. They reported fertilization was 40% less successful when the father was overweight. The American Fertility Society recommends an age limit for sperm donors of 50 years or less, and many fertility clinics in the United Kingdom will not accept donations from men over 40 or 45 years of age. The French pronatalist movement from 1919 to 1945 failed to convince French couples they had

2100-508: The Easterlin hypothesis to account for the Baby Boom. Bongaarts proposed a model where the total fertility rate of a population can be calculated from four proximate determinants and the total fecundity (TF). The index of marriage (Cm), the index of contraception (Cc), the index of induced abortion (Ca) and the index of postpartum infecundability (Ci). These indices range from 0 to 1. The higher

2175-562: The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists , in a Sydney Morning Herald article, said "people with mental illness are a more vulnerable group anyway for a variety of reasons. If you're feeling very anxious or very depressed, you're automatically more vulnerable, and you could be more susceptible to people advertising or marketing a quick fix. I do have concerns that people can be preyed upon when they are more vulnerable." The Australian Medical Association (AMA) supports

2250-442: The black market . Smuggling amphibians such as Phyllomedusa bicolor can spread parasites. Zoos keep frogs for conservation purposes, and there are many parasites present in these animals that naturally occur only in the native habitats. It is recommended for imported amphibians to go through a quarantine process to verify they are not spreading parasites that could damage other ecosystems . Parasite infection rates in frogs

2325-485: The cultural appropriation of indigenous knowledge, the process of extracting the secretion of the Phyllomedusa bicolor frog, the form of transmission of wisdom, and the price charged by the ritual and the mystification of the origin of the frog. There is also concern about pharmacological patents on the peptides identified in kambo (see biopiracy ), the commercialization of the kambo outside its place of origin, and

Kambo (drug) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2400-467: The rhythm method of contraception. The average age of menarche in the United States is about 12.5 years. In postmenarchal girls, about 80% of the cycles are anovulatory (ovulation does not actually take place) in the first year after menarche, 50% in the third and 10% in the sixth year. Menopause occurs during a woman's midlife between ages 48 and 55. During menopause, hormonal production by

2475-414: The vagina . A woman's menstrual cycle begins, as arbitrarily assigned, with menses. Next is the follicular phase where estrogen levels build as an ovum matures (due to the follicular stimulating hormone, or FSH) within the ovary. When estrogen levels peak, it spurs a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) which completes maturation and enables the ovum to break through the ovary wall. This is ovulation. During

2550-526: The vasodilator sauvagine , and dermaseptin , which exhibits antimicrobial properties in vitro . Various other substances such as phyllomedusin, phyllokinin, caerulein , and adrenoregulin are also present. There is active medical research into the peptides found in the skin secretions of Phyllomedusa bicolor , focusing on discovering their biological effects. There have been some preclinical trials in mice and rats, but no phase-1 tests or clinical trials of safety in humans, as of November 2019. Most of

2625-507: The 1970s. In mid-2018, there was a bill introduced to legalize single women and lesbian couples to get fertility treatment. At the beginning of 2020, the Senate approved the bill 160 votes to 116. They are a step closer to legalizing fertility treatments for all women regardless of sexual orientation or marital status. Soon there will be no reason for lesbian couples or single women to travel to be able to start their own family. South Korea has

2700-414: The Baby Boom years (1946–1964), women married earlier and had their babies sooner; the number of children born to mothers after age 35 did not increase. After 1960, new methods of contraception became available, ideal family size fell, from 3 to 2 children. Couples postponed marriage and first births, and they sharply reduced the number of third and fourth births. This article incorporates material from

2775-510: The TGA's ban on the sale, supply, and use of kambo, saying it considers kambo to be a "significant health risk". In non-indigenous use, the frog secretion is described and marketed as a " detox " treatment, cleanse, purge, and as a "vaccine" that is "good for everything". Kambo has been marketed both as a "scientific" remedy, emphasizing the biochemistry, and as a "spiritual" remedy, emphasizing its indigenous origins. Purging (deliberate vomiting) has been

2850-444: The ability to have children, and infertility refers to difficulty in reproducing naturally. In general, infertility or subfertility in humans is defined as not being able to conceive a child after one year (or longer) of unprotected sex . The antithesis of fertility is infertility , while the antithesis of fecundity is sterility . In demographic contexts, fertility refers to the actual production of offspring, rather than

2925-433: The aforementioned activities and time frames. Those with GSD-V also experience " second wind ", after approximately 6–10 minutes of light-moderate aerobic activity, such as walking without an incline, where the heart rate drops and symptoms of exercise intolerance improve. An increase in sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes the heart rate to increase, both by the direct action of sympathetic nerve fibers on

3000-460: The autopsy was inconclusive due to pre-existing conditions. Medical literature reported a 2018 case in Italy of a man with obesity and ventricular hypertrophy , who, according to autopsy reports, died of cardiac arrhythmia while under the effects of kambo use. In March 2019, kambo practitioner Natasha Lechner suffered a cardiac arrest and died while receiving kambo. In April 2019, a homicide investigation

3075-445: The cause of the tachycardia is chronic (permanent), it would return after some time, unless that cause is corrected. Besides, the patient should avoid receiving external effects that cause or increase tachycardia. The same measures than in unstable tachycardia can also be taken, with medications and the type of cardioversion that is appropriate for the patient's tachycardia. The word tachycardia came to English from Neo-Latin as

Kambo (drug) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3150-441: The circulation), explaining why they are absorbed rapidly. Intoxication may occur immediately or within hours. Non-indigenous users and practitioners of kambo claim that the alternative medicine helps with a wide variety of issues and conditions. These claims include treating addiction , depression , and chronic pain , reducing fevers , increasing fertility, boosting energy and physical strength, and improving mental clarity. It

3225-619: The dark web". The effect of the increased use of kambo rituals, and trafficking of the frogs and their secretions, may have an effect on the population of Phyllomedusa bicolor in its natural habitats: the forests of Bolivia , Peru , Brazil , the Guianas , Colombia , and Venezuela . Phyllomedusa bicolor is not considered an endangered species by the IUCN . Besides Phyllomedusa (species?), other threatened endemic frog species of South America's neotropical regions have been poached and smuggled on

3300-609: The decline begins around the age of 32, and becomes precipitous at age 37. For men, potency and sperm quality begins to decline around the age of 40. Even if an older couple does manage to conceive a child, the pregnancy will be increasingly difficult for the mother, and carries a higher risk of birth defects and genetic disorders for the child. Pregnancy rates for sexual intercourse are highest when it occurs every 1 or 2 days, or every 2 or 3 days. Studies have found no significant difference between different sex positions and pregnancy rate, as long as it results in ejaculation into

3375-471: The declining fertility rate. From 1800 to 1940, fertility fell in the US. There was a marked decline in fertility in the early 1900s, associated with improved contraceptives, greater access to contraceptives and sexuality information and the "first" sexual revolution in the 1920s. After 1940 fertility suddenly started going up again, reaching a new peak in 1957. After 1960, fertility started declining rapidly. In

3450-495: The definition of fertility is "the capacity to establish a clinical pregnancy." Women have hormonal cycles which determine when they can achieve pregnancy . The cycle is approximately twenty-eight days long, with a fertile period of five days per cycle, but can deviate greatly from this norm. Men are fertile continuously, but their sperm quality is affected by their health, frequency of ejaculation, and environmental factors. Fertility declines with age in both sexes. For women,

3525-447: The emergency treatment of AVRT, because they may paradoxically increase conduction across the accessory pathway. Junctional tachycardia is an automatic tachycardia originating in the AV junction. It tends to be a regular, narrow complex tachycardia and may be a sign of digitalis toxicity. The management of tachycardia depends on its type (wide complex versus narrow complex), whether or not

3600-494: The existing medical literature ignores it even when the words stand alone but also because the terms for specific types of arrhythmia (standard collocations of adjectives and noun) are deeply established idiomatically with the tachycardia version as the more commonly used version. Thus SVT is called supraventricular tachycardia more than twice as often as it is called supraventricular tachyarrhythmia; moreover, those two terms are always completely synonymous—in natural language there

3675-449: The friction within vessels resulting in turbulence and other disturbances. According to the Virchow's triad , this is one of the three conditions (along with hypercoagulability and endothelial injury/dysfunction ) that can lead to thrombosis (i.e., blood clots within vessels). Some causes of tachycardia include: Drug related: The upper threshold of a normal human resting heart rate

3750-659: The heart and by causing the endocrine system to release hormones such as epinephrine (adrenaline) , which have a similar effect. Increased sympathetic stimulation is usually due to physical or psychological stress. This is the basis for the so-called fight-or-flight response , but such stimulation can also be induced by stimulants such as ephedrine , amphetamines or cocaine . Certain endocrine disorders such as pheochromocytoma can also cause epinephrine release and can result in tachycardia independent of nervous system stimulation. Hyperthyroidism can also cause tachycardia. The upper limit of normal rate for sinus tachycardia

3825-514: The heart, which can lead to rate related ischemia . An electrocardiogram (ECG) is used to classify the type of tachycardia. They may be classified into narrow and wide complex based on the QRS complex . Equal or less than 0.1s for narrow complex. Presented in order of most to least common, they are: Tachycardias may be classified as either narrow complex tachycardias (supraventricular tachycardias) or wide complex tachycardias. Narrow and wide refer to

SECTION 50

#1732855232417

3900-410: The illegal exercise of medicine and felony murder after administering kambo toxins to a business colleague who died; the deceased's son, who said his father had pressured him into participating, suffered more minor effects. In Chile, in 2009, Daniel Lara Aguilar, who suffered from chronic lumbar disc disease , died immediately after taking kambo administered by a local shaman in a mass healing ceremony;

3975-473: The impulse travels down the AV node to the ventricles and back up to the atria through the accessory pathway) or antidromic conduction (which the impulse travels down the accessory pathway and back up to the atria through the AV node). Orthodromic conduction usually results in a narrow complex tachycardia, and antidromic conduction usually results in a wide complex tachycardia that often mimics ventricular tachycardia . Most antiarrhythmics are contraindicated in

4050-480: The index, the higher it will make the TFR, for example a population where there are no induced abortions would have a Ca of 1, but a country where everybody used infallible contraception would have a Cc of 0. TFR = TF × Cm × Ci × Ca × Cc These four indices can also be used to calculate the total marital fertility (TMFR) and the total natural fertility (TN). TFR = TMFR × Cm TMFR = TN × Cc × Ca TN = TF × Ci In medicine,

4125-458: The intrathecal route was "impressively superior" over the placebo and the reference compound morphine." Due to the numerous biological activities of these substances and the similarities with the amino acid sequences related to mammalian neuropeptides and hormones, many have aroused the interest from a medical and pharmacological perspective, such as in the production of new drugs. Tachycardia Tachycardia , also called tachyarrhythmia ,

4200-426: The kambo-related bioactive peptides so far characterized have displayed potential applications in medicine, such as phyllocaeruleins with hypotensive properties, tachykinins and phyllokinins as vasodilators, dermorphins and deltorphins with opiate-like properties, and adenoregulins with antibiotic properties. In a clinical trial of a randomized, placebo-controlled study in postoperative pain, dermorphin administered via

4275-480: The lowest fertility rate in the world at 0.78. A variety of explanations have been proposed, ranging from investment in education to birth control , abortion , a decline in the marriage rate, divorce , female participation in the labor force, and the 1997 Asian financial crisis . After being legal from the 1960s to the 1980s, abortion was again made illegal in South Korea in the early 2000s in an attempt to reverse

4350-465: The luteal phase following ovulation LH and FSH cause the post-ovulation ovary to develop into the corpus luteum which produces progesterone. The production of progesterone inhibits the LH and FSH hormones which (in a cycle without pregnancy) causes the corpus luteum to atrophy, and menses to begin the cycle again. Peak fertility occurs during just a few days of the cycle: usually two days before and two days after

4425-413: The muscle's ability to create energy. This energy shortage in muscle cells causes an inappropriate rapid heart rate in response to exercise. The heart tries to compensate for the energy shortage by increasing heart rate to maximize delivery of oxygen and other blood borne fuels to the muscle cells. "In McArdle's, our heart rate tends to increase in what is called an 'inappropriate' response. That is, after

4500-714: The number of seminiferous tubules in the testes containing mature sperm: Decline in male fertility is influenced by many factors, including lifestyle, environment and psychological factors. Some research suggests increased risks for health problems for children of older fathers, but no clear association has been proven. A large scale study in Israel suggested that the children of men 40 or older were 5.75 times more likely than children of men under 30 to have an autism spectrum disorder , controlling for year of birth, socioeconomic status, and maternal age. Increased paternal age has been suggested to correlate with schizophrenia but it

4575-417: The number of children that each person in the next generation will eventually have. Factors generally associated with increased fertility include religiosity , intention to have children, and maternal support. Factors generally associated with decreased fertility include wealth , education, female labor participation , urban residence, cost of housing, intelligence , increased female age and (to

SECTION 60

#1732855232417

4650-492: The ovaries is reduced, eventually causing a permanent cessation of the creation of the uterine lining (period). This is considered the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life. The predicted effect of age on female fertility in women trying to get pregnant, without using fertility drugs or in vitro fertilization: Studies of couples trying to conceive have yielded better results: one 2004 study of 770 European women found that 82% of 35- to 39-year-old women conceived within

4725-445: The ovulation date. This fertile window varies from woman to woman, just as the ovulation date often varies from cycle to cycle for the same woman. The ovule is usually capable of being fertilized for up to 48 hours after it is released from the ovary . Sperm survive inside the uterus between 48 and 72 hours on average, with the maximum being 120 hours (5 days). These periods and intervals are important factors for couples using

4800-468: The pathologic form (that is, an arrhythmia of the rapid rate type). This is why five of the previously referenced dictionaries do not enter cross-references indicating synonymy between their entries for the two words (as they do elsewhere whenever synonymy is meant), and it is why one of them explicitly specifies that the two words not be confused. But the prescription will probably never be successfully imposed on general usage , not only because much of

4875-437: The person is stable or unstable, and whether the instability is due to the tachycardia. Unstable means that either important organ functions are affected or cardiac arrest is about to occur. Stable means that there is a tachycardia, but it does not seem an immediate threat for the patient's health, but only a symptom of an unknown disease, or a reaction that is not very dangerous in that moment. In those that are unstable with

4950-521: The physical capability to produce which is termed fecundity . While fertility can be measured, fecundity cannot be. Demographers measure the fertility rate in a variety of ways, which can be broadly broken into "period" measures and " cohort " measures. "Period" measures refer to a cross-section of the population in one year. "Cohort" data on the other hand, follows the same people over a period of decades. Both period and cohort measures are widely used. A parent's number of children strongly correlates with

5025-409: The practitioner and the participant, or many participants at once, which is known as a kambo circle. Participants are encouraged to bring plenty of water, a towel, and a bucket. There are usually yoga mats on the floor and the ceremony room, which is often the practitioner's living room, is heavily incensed . During the ceremony, the participant's skin is deliberately burnt multiple times, usually on

5100-447: The secretions from the frog's body, first, the frog has to be caught. A practitioner will tie the frog to four sticks placed in the ground with its limbs stretched. This causes the frog to become stressed enough to activate its defense mechanism and secrete a substance containing peptides from its skin. After these secretions are obtained, the frog is released back into the wild. The secretions are then left to dry. Small burns are created on

5175-559: The skin, and a small dose of the frog secretions is applied to the open wounds. In native practice, the secretions are removed from the wounds after 15 to 20 minutes, ending the acute symptoms. Traditional practitioners claim that it aids fertility , cleanses the body and soul, increases strength, and brings good luck to hunts, though there is no scientific evidence for these claims. It is used by natives to who attempt to expel "panema" (bad spirit) and to induce abortions . The secretions are also commonly used in people who suffer from laziness,

5250-544: The southeast Amazon rainforest , such as the Matsés , Marubo , Amahuaca , Kashinawa , Katukina , Yawanawá , and Kaxinawá . There are ethnographic studies on the use of kambo in traditional Noke Kuin medicine in the region of the state of Acre , in the Brazilian Amazon . Since the mid-20th century, kambo has also been practiced in urban regions of Brazil . In 2004, Brazil banned the sale and marketing of kambo. Import

5325-437: The start of exercise it increases much more quickly than would be expected in someone unaffected by McArdle's." As skeletal muscle relies predominantly on glycogenolysis for the first few minutes as it transitions from rest to activity, as well as throughout high-intensity aerobic activity and all anaerobic activity, individuals with GSD-V experience during exercise: sinus tachycardia, tachypnea , muscle fatigue and pain, during

5400-490: The unknown impact on frog populations, since many more are now removed from their natural habitats . In light of the chemical complexity of the frog toxins, and their complex and potentially fatal effects, the authors of a 2022 review on the diagnosis and treatment of kambo cases said they urged "strict surveillance of the websites that encourage the use of this substance and [we] urge greater control of e-commerce or illicit trafficking of animals and secretions, including through

5475-456: The upper arm or leg, by the practitioner using a smoldering stick or vine. The practitioner uses saliva or water to reconstitute the secretions and place it on top of the burnt skin. Participants may be encouraged to shout "Viva" whenever one of them vomits into their bucket. Short-term effects include violent nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, edema (swelling) of the face, headaches, and tachycardia . The secretions seem to be vasoactive (affecting

5550-477: The width of the QRS complex on the ECG . Narrow complex tachycardias tend to originate in the atria, while wide complex tachycardias tend to originate in the ventricles. Tachycardias can be further classified as either regular or irregular. The body has several feedback mechanisms to maintain adequate blood flow and blood pressure . If blood pressure decreases, the heart beats faster in an attempt to raise it. This

5625-512: Was opened into the death by "severe cerebral edema " of a young person who had taken kambo toxins in Chile; the import of the frog and its secretions is illegal in Chile. In October 2021, Australian man Jarred Antonovich died at a festival in New South Wales from a perforated esophagus suspected to be caused by excessive vomiting after being administered kambo and N , N -dimethyltriptamine . After

#416583