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35-515: (Redirected from Kallipolis ) Callipolis is the Latinized form of Kallipolis (Καλλίπολις), which is Greek for "beautiful city", from κάλλος kallos (beauty) and πόλις polis (city). It was the name of several ancient cities, notably: Callipolis (Aetolia) , town of ancient Aetolia, Greece Callipolis (Caria) , town of ancient Caria, Asia Minor Callipolis (Mysia) , town of ancient Mysia, Asia Minor

70-406: A common currency and adopting a uniform system of weights and measures. There may not have been any central archive of state documents. However, the constituent communities of the league enjoyed substantial autonomy. At times the league was unable (or unwilling) to prevent its members from undertaking military actions against states that had treaties with it. The league members were grouped together in

105-536: A minor post, became the General's deputy from the late 260s BC, but his exact responsibilities are not clear. The third in command was the Grammateus ( Secretary ). These three officials were Eponymous archons (eponymous magistrates), which is to say that they were named in the dating formula for all decrees of the league. From around 260 BC, there were also seven tamiai (Treasurers) and seven epilektarchoi (Commanders of

140-442: A number of tele (districts), which seem to have had administrative and juridical powers of some sort. The league's central administrative apparatus consisted of an assembly, a council, and a number of magistrates. The Ekklesia (Assembly) was open to all citizens of all member communities of the league. The assembly was the ultimate authority within the league, with responsibility for declarations of war and peace, but its power

175-699: A peninsula in the Thracian Chersonesus, modern Gallipoli Gallipoli, Apulia (Kallipolis) in Apulia, southern Italy, a port on a peninsula into the Tarentine Gulf Callipolis (Thrace) , a port on the Hellespont, the modern Gelibolu, Turkey a titular bishopric, Gelibolu#Bishopric ; i.e., the Roman Catholic Diocese of Callipolis  [ it ] Kallipolis (Plato) ,

210-453: A wealthy city, with civic organization and sanctuaries. However, the inhabitants seem to have taken part in the political frictions of the 2nd century BCE regarding the advent of ancient Rome . After the Battle of Pydna (167 BCE) it seems that Callium was destroyed by a fire, possibly due to arson. In the 9th century CE, Lidoriki appears to have succeeded Callium as it features in

245-524: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Callipolis (Aetolia) Its site is located near the modern Veloukhovos , at the site called "Steno", where the castle of Velouhovo was later built. Thucydides mentions its inhabitants (Callienses or Kallieis) as the easternmost part of the Aetolian tribe of the Ophioneis. It was their chief town, and it

280-505: Is possible that Callium constituted the administrative centre of all the Ophioneis, as attested by Pausanias . In the Hellenistic period, as attested by the inscriptions, the city was called Callipolis, as cited by Stephanus of Byzantium . Despite the fact that traces of habitation exist since the Geometric period, Callium was permanently settled in the 4th century BCE. Its prosperity

315-589: Is possibly related to the rise of the Aetolian League into an important power in Greece. Its geographic location was particularly important and it is perhaps the reason why it was ravaged and completely destroyed by the Galatians in 279 BCE. Following their campaign, the city was rebuilt. Several of its citizens, as attested epigraphically, rose to the political hierarchy of the Aetolian League . Excavations revealed

350-674: The Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC, during the Second Macedonian War . However, it grew increasingly hostile to Roman involvement in Greek affairs and only a few years later sided with Antiochus III , the anti-Roman king of the Seleucid Empire , during the Roman-Syrian War . The defeat of Antiochus in 189 BC robbed the league of its principal foreign ally and made it impossible to stand alone in continued opposition to Rome. The league

385-697: The Aetolians alone and in 280 BC, they took control of Heraclea in Trachis , which gave them control over the crucial pass at Thermopylae . In 279 BC, they were victorious in battle against the Gauls , who had invaded Greece and were threatening the sanctuary of Delphi . After their victory they earned the appreciation of the rest of the Greeks and they were admitted as a new member into the Amphictyonic League . In 232 BC,

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420-549: The Aetolians forced them to retreat. In the course of the fourth century, the league offered passive support to more powerful states and was rewarded for it, receiving Aeolis from the Thebans in 367 BC and Naupactus from Philip II of Macedon in 338 BC. Sometime in this century, the Koinon tōn Aitōlōn (League of the Aetolians) was founded, but it is uncertain when. One suggestion is that

455-462: The Aetolians took control of Parnassus , including the panhellenic sanctuary of Delphi , which they would continue to control for over a century. Demetrius Poliorcetes launched the Fifth Sacred War , 289-287 BC, in an attempt to remove them, but was defeated and driven from Macedonia altogether with the help of Pyrrhus of Epirus . A Sixth Sacred War , 281 BC, led by Areus I was rebuffed by

490-461: The Aetolians were not highly regarded by other Greeks, who considered them to be semi-barbaric and reckless. Their League had a complex political and administrative structure, and their armies were easily a match for the other Greek powers. However, during the Hellenistic period , they emerged as a dominant state in central Greece and expanded by the voluntary annexation of several Greek city-states to

525-518: The Assembly are not clear. It consisted of delegates elected by each of the constituent communities of the league in proportion to their size. By the late third century BC it had around 1500 members - too large for it to have been in continuous session. A small portion of the council's members, known as the apokletoi ("Select-men"), conducted day-to-day business, such as sending and receiving embassies. The league's archons (magistrates) were elected by

560-504: The Elite), who managed financial and military matters respectively. There were a number of boularchoi (Council Commanders) who seem to have been a steering committee for the Council. When these first appear in the 260s, there were two of them, but by the end of the third century BC they had risen to six or more, presumably as a result of the continued expansion of the league's membership (and thus of

595-655: The Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153733/http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=4923 [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Smith, William , ed. (1854–1857). "Callium". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray. 38°33′13″N 22°10′18″E  /  38.553535°N 22.171569°E  / 38.553535; 22.171569 Aetolian League The Aetolian (or Aitolian ) League ( Ancient Greek : Κοινὸν τῶν Αἰτωλῶν )

630-571: The Illyrians under Agron attacked the Aetolians, and managed to take many prisoners and booty. In 229 BC, the Aetolians participated in a naval battle off the island of Paxos in a coalition with Korkyra and the Achaean League , and were defeated by a coalition of Illyrians and Acarnanians ; as a result, the Korkyreans were forced to accept an Illyrian garrison in their city, which was put under

665-751: The League. Still, the Aetolian League had to fight against Macedonia and were driven to an alliance with Rome , which resulted in the final conquest of Greece by the Romans. The Aetolians were a recognised ethnic group with a religious centre at Thermos from at least the seventh century BC. During the Peloponnesian War , the Aetolians were initially neutral, but when the Athenians tried to invade Aetolia in 426 BC ,

700-459: The archaeological finds counted the fortification precinct, the sanctuaries of Demeter and Kore and possibly of Eileithyia or Artemis , the bouleuterion, the agora, the theatre and the necropolis. In the renowned "house of the Archive" were discovered about 600 clay sealings, small pieces of clay with which the sender of a letter would stick on the ribbon which held it tied. This piece of clay bore

735-467: The assembly each year at the Thermica. The chief executive was the strategos (General), who commanded the league's armies, received all diplomatic contacts from other states in first instance, and presided over meetings of the assembly, the council, and the select-men. The office could be held multiple times, but only after an interval of, probably, four years. The hipparchos (Cavalry Commander), originally

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770-727: The command of Demetrius of Pharos. In the Social War , 220-217 BC, the Aetolian League fought against the Kingdom of Macedonia . Philip V of Macedon invaded Aetolia and sacked the city of Thermos as a response to the Aetolians' invasion at the city of Dodona in Epirus. The league was the first Greek ally of the Roman Republic , siding with the Romans during the First Macedonian War , 215-205 BC, and helping to defeat Philip V of Macedon at

805-574: The conclusion that Callium or at least the receiver of the documents bearing them maintained relations with the political authorities of large part of mainland Greece, of the islands as well as of the Hellenistic kingdoms. Several of the movable artifacts and finds are displayed in the Archaeological Collection of Lidoriki, whereas some have been transferred also into the Archaeological Museum of Amphissa . Odysseus: internet portal of

840-411: The episcopal lists of that time. In the 14th and 15th centuries only the castle of Lidoriki (Velouhovo) is mentioned, possibly identified with the remains of buildings and fortifications preserved on the ancient acropolis . The site underwent systematic excavation in the period 1977-1979 by Petros Themelis . Following the excavations, the site was inundated by the waters of the dam lake of Mornos. Among

875-461: The imprint of the sender's seal as a token that the letter was genuinely written by him. The sealings, which were probably not fired, were preserved due to the fire which destroyed the house. On the imprints one discerns symbols of city-states, such as Chios, Lamia, Delphi, mythological creatures and profiles of male figures, recognised as prominent kings, such as Ptolemy Philopator, Attalus I, Prusias of Bithynia etc. The entire group of sealings leads to

910-663: The league to implode. Over the next decade it seems to have been reconstituted and in the later years of Alexander's reign the Aetolians seized Oeniadae against his will. The Aetolian League joined the Athenians in the Lamian war against Antipater which broke out after Alexander's death in 323 BC and continued to oppose Macedonian power throughout the Wars of the Diadochi , participating in invasions of Macedon in 320, 316/5 and 313 BC. Around 301 BC,

945-521: The league was founded by Epaminondas in 367 BC. Grainger believes that it was founded much later, around the time of the rise of Philip II of Macedon. Archaeology indicates that settlements in Aetolia began to grow in size and complexity over the course of this century. After the death of Philip II in 336 BC, the Aetolians joined the Thebans in opposing Alexander the Great and the stress of their defeat caused

980-445: The other magistrates at the Thermica, but their relative rank is not clear. The Aetolian League acquired a reputation for piracy and brigandage . Though some historians recognize a pro- Achaean bias in the portrayal of the League by Polybius , many modern historians also accept his portrayal as largely justified. For example, Walbank is explicit in seeing the Aetolians as systematically using piracy to supplement their income due to

1015-456: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Callipolis . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callipolis&oldid=1182291371 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1050-517: The size of the Council). From 278 the league sent delegates to the Amphictyonic League (Delphic Amphictyony), gradually increasing over time until the league held a majority of the seats on the council, which increasingly became an instrument of Aetolian power projection. From the 260s, the secretary of the Amphictyonic council was always an Aetolian. These delegates seem to have been elected along with

1085-487: The utopian city-state ruled by a philosopher-king, presented by Socrates in Plato's dialogue The Republic Some historians believe that there was an ancient Greek colony, named Kallipolis, at the place of modern Barcelona, Spain; see History of Barcelona Greek mythology [ edit ] Callipolis, son of Alcathous, son of Pelops See also [ edit ] Gallipoli (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

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1120-502: The whole of central Greece with the exception of Attica and Boeotia . At its peak, the league's territory included Locris , Malis , Dolopes, parts of Thessaly , Phocis , and Acarnania . In the latter part of its power, certain Greek city-states joined the Aetolian League such as the Arcadian cities of Mantineia , Tegea , Phigalia and Kydonia on Crete . During the classical period

1155-525: Was a confederation of tribal communities and cities in ancient Greece centered in Aetolia in Central Greece . It was probably established during the early Hellenistic era , in opposition to Macedon and the Achaean League . Two annual meetings were held at Thermon and Panaetolika. The league occupied Delphi from 290 BC and steadily gained territory until, by the end of the 3rd century BC, it controlled

1190-427: Was forced to sign a peace treaty with Rome that made it a subject ally of the republic. Although it continued to exist in name, the power of the league was broken by the treaty and it never again constituted a significant political or military force. The league had a federal structure, which could raise armies and conduct foreign policy on a common basis. It also implemented economic standardization, levying taxes, using

1225-475: Was limited by the infrequency with which it met. Two meetings took place a year, one at the Thermica festival which was held at Thermos on the autumnal equinox and another in spring at the Panaetolica festival which took place at a different site each year. Emergency meetings could also be called. The exact competencies of the Council, referred to as a boula or synedrion in different documents, relative to

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