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53-463: Kali Bekasi serves as the main stem in the Bekasi river system , covering an area of 1,410 km (540 sq mi). The area includes parts of Bogor Regency in the upper reaches to the mid-section of the basin , parts of the city of Bekasi in the central section of the basin, and a significant portion of Bekasi Regency, extending from the central to the lower part of the basin. The Bekasi river basin

106-581: A Buddha seated on a throne, flanked by bodhissatvas and surrounded with tall stupas and topped by parasols. Besides this, a number of Buddhist votive tablets were discovered near Blandongan temple, also in the Batujaya archaeological site, confirming a Buddhist background of the site, and that the faith was indeed practiced in Tarumanagara. The stratigraphy of Blandongan temple revealed several layers of cultures dated between 2nd–12th century. This means after

159-464: A Buddhist pilgrim from Tang China that visited Tarumanagara in his journey to India; in the early 5th century there were three kinds of religions adhered by the population of Taruma kingdom; i.e. Buddhism just as adhered by Faxian himself, Hinduism, and a religion which he described as "impure" religion. The so-called "impure" religion probably refer to native animism beliefs practiced by local population prior of Hindu-Buddhist influence. Hinduism

212-505: A drainage basin. In the Strahler number , a modification of a system devised by Robert E. Horton in 1945, channels with no tributaries are called "first-order" streams. When two first-order streams meet, they are said to form a second-order stream; when two second-order streams meet, they form a third-order stream, and so on. In the Horton system, the entire mainstem of a drainage basin was assigned

265-628: A huge boulder of inscribed stone was spotted near Ciampea not far from Buitenzorg ( Bogor ). The stone inscription was discovered on the river bed of Ciaruteun river, a tributary of Cisadane River . It is today known as the Ciaruteun inscription , dated from the 5th century, written in Vengi letters (used in the Indian Pallava period) and in Sanskrit language. This is the earliest inscription that clearly mentioned

318-575: A message of peace to the local community. He urged that such incidents should not happen again, and the people of Bekasi should not engage in harmful acts of violence. The Indonesian government made efforts to rebuild peace by constructing a monument to commemorate the tragedy. The Bekasi River Monument, known as the Bekasi People's Struggle Front Monument, stands in the place that once witnessed these tragic events. When standing near this monument on Ir. H. Juanda Street, visitors can see visual depictions of

371-574: A new kingdom currently in Nagreg area, near modern Garut city. Kertawarman ruled c. 561 to 628. During this period the grandson of Manikmaya, Wretikandayun, in 612, established Galuh Kingdom , southeast of current Garut with its capital city located in Banjar Pataruman. Kertawarman's successor, King Linggawarman ruled from 628 to 650, he however produced no male heir. Linggawarman's eldest daughter Manasih, married to Tarusbawa, ruler of Sunda Sembawa. While

424-418: A number of well documented inscriptions. The records about Tarumanagara's later kings were scarce and obscure, most were known from later manuscripts and local traditions. Later series of Tarumanagara kings are only known from their names, all bears the name warman ( Sanskrit : varman means "shield" or "protector") which suggests that all of them belongs in the same dynasty. A rather detailed information

477-467: A refuge in the south and established a new capital near the Cipakancilan river upstream (today in modern Bogor ). It seems that he left the coastal areas of port of Sunda and Kalapa (today coastal areas of modern Banten and Jakarta ) under Srivijayan mandala's control. This capital centuries later became the city of Pakuan Pajajaran (or shortly called Pakuan or Pajajaran ). King Tarusbawa becomes

530-489: A thousand cows as gifts for Brahmins. These rituals demonstrate the Vedic Hinduism practice. The Ciaruteun inscription also demonstrated Vedic tradition; by equating the print of Purnawarman's soles with the foot of Hindu god Vishnu . Both Ciaruteun and Cidanghiang inscription mention vikkranta , which rever to Trivikrama or the "three steps" performed by of Vishnu avatar, Vamana . In Jambu inscription, Purnavarman

583-677: Is 6,122 fathoms long, and this work began on a auspicious day, the 8th Paro Evening of the Phalguna month. Then it was completed on the 13th Paro Bright of the Caitra month. So, it only took 21 days, and for this, a ceremony was held by the Brahmins . For this ceremony, King Purnawarman gave a gift of 1,000 cows." The Ancient Sunda region, which includes the areas of Banten , Jakarta , Bogor, Bekasi, Karawang , and Purbalingga in Central Java. The capital of

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636-472: Is a bloody event that occurred after Indonesia's declaration of independence on August 17, 1945. The event, known as the Bekasi River Tragedy, is one of the episodes of the tumultuous early days of Indonesian independence, demonstrating how political turmoil and wartime mentalities continued to influence post-conflict societal dynamics, significantly affecting the actions of the people of Bekasi towards

689-740: Is adjacent to the Citarum river basin on the eastern side, spanning from the upper to the lower reaches of the Bekasi river basin. In the upper southern region, the Bekasi river basin shares its boundary with the upper Ciliwung river basin extending to the west. It is further followed by the Sunter river basin and the Cakung river basin all the way to its lower part. The tragedy of the massacre of Japanese soldiers on October 19, 1945, around Bekasi Train Station and Bekasi River,

742-640: Is called prasasti in Indonesian . Numbers of stone inscriptions dated from Tarumanagara period were discovered in Western Java region. The historiography of the Taruma kingdom were mostly uncovered, acquired and constructed from two main sources; the primary record of the stone inscriptions discovered near present-day Bogor and Jakarta, and Chinese chronicles dated from the Sui and Tang dynasties. In 1863, Dutch East Indies ,

795-444: Is incomparable (peerless) is Sri Purnawarman who reigns Taruma. His armour cannot be penetrated by the arrows of his enemies. The prints of the foot soles belong to him who was always successful to destroy the fortresses of his enemies, and was always charitable and gave honorable receptions to those who are loyal to him and hostile to his enemies. Purnawarman probably is the most well-known king of Tarumanagara because he produced quite

848-452: Is local name of indigo plant that used to create the indigo dyeing pigment. Around 400 BCE to 100 CE, a prehistoric clay pottery culture was flourished in northern coastal Western Java. This clay pottery culture is identified as Buni culture , named after its first discovered archaeological site, Buni village in Babelan, Bekasi , east of Jakarta . Archaeologist suggests that this culture

901-645: Is remembered as a pioneer states that started the historical period of Indonesia . Tarumanagara is especially important as the historical identity for the city of Bekasi and its surrounding area , since local historians believe that the capital of Tarumanagara was located in or around the present day Bekasi city. The name Chandrabhaga mentioned in Tarumanaga inscription believed was the ancient name of Bekasi—from Chandrabhaga (Sanskrit for "moon river"), changed to Bhagasasi and finally corrupted into its present form as Bekasi . Tarumanagara kingdom also has become

954-611: Is suspected as a fraud containing pseudohistory . The name Tarumanagara was found in several inscriptions in the Western Java region dated from circa 4th century. The Chinese chronicle also recorded the name To-lo-ma or To-lo-mo which suggest the Chinese pronunciation of "Taruma". Tarumanagara means the kingdom of Taruma. The name "Taruma" itself is connected to the Citarum River of West Java. In Sundanese language , ci means water or river while tarum means indigo plant. Tarum

1007-579: Is the same as the word Sasi in ancient Javanese, so the name Candrabhaga is identical to the word Sasibhaga, which, when translated in reverse, becomes Bhagasasi. Based on this, Poerbatjaraka interpreted the Candrabhaga River as identical to the Bekasi River. Main stem In hydrology , a main stem or mainstem (also known as a trunk ) is "the primary downstream segment of a river , as contrasted to its tributaries ". The mainstem extends all

1060-650: The Candrabhagha River is one of the legacies of the Tarumanegara Kingdom , the second oldest kingdom in the Nusantara that ruled from the 5th to the 7th century AD. In the inscription manuscript, the Candrabhagha River was excavated with the aim of controlling flood disasters at that time. King Purnawarman , who ruled from 317 to 356 Shaka years (395-434 AD), ordered the excavation of the river. "Once

1113-718: The Tugu inscription Purnawarman apparently built a canal that changed the course of the Cakung River , and drained a coastal area for agriculture and settlement. In his inscriptions, Purnavarman associated himself with Vishnu , and Brahmins secured the hydraulic project through ritual. Tarumanagara is believed to have existed between 358 and 669 CE in the Western Java region, in and around modern-day Bogor, Bekasi and Jakarta, which roughly corresponds to modern Greater Jakarta area. The earliest known written records of Tarumanagara's existence were inscribed in stone inscriptions. Inscribed stone

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1166-628: The 1960s. The excavated earth mounds in the Batujaya archaeological site in Karawang (within the territory of Tarumanagara) have revealed that these earth mounds were actually red brick structures, either Candi (temples) or stupas . In total, archeological finds have uncovered around 30 sites (13 are of brick temples) from the Batujaya archaeological complex. These 5th century findings are of temples, stupas, inscriptions and moulded clay tablets recovered from 1995, 1997 and 2001. Among these tablets include

1219-565: The Candrabhagha River was dug by Purnawarman, the noble Maharaja who had strong and powerful arms. After reaching the palace, the river was directed to the sea. The palace of His Majesty the Most Beloved King. Then His Majesty Parnuwarman ordered the excavation of another river. This river is very beautiful and clear. This river is called the Gomati River. This river flows through the residence of King Purnawarman's grandmother. The Gomati River

1272-608: The Japanese soldiers (kaigun). After Japan unconditionally surrendered to the Allies during World War II and Indonesia proclaimed its independence on August 17, 1945, the Japanese government began the gradual repatriation of its troops from Indonesia. The repatriation efforts were carried out through Kalijati Airport in Subang . On October 19, 1945, a total of 90 Japanese soldiers, divided into three train cars, were transported by train. The train

1325-899: The Liaison Commander of the Navy and Army of the Imperial Japanese Army, condemned the violence against the Nippon soldiers. He felt that his comrades had been betrayed and requested accountability from the Indonesian government for the Bekasi River Tragedy. The Chief of the Indonesian Police at the time, Lieutenant General Raden Said Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo , apologized for the incident and pledged to prevent similar tragedies from recurring. President Sukarno intervened and worked to defuse tensions. On October 25, 1945, Sukarno visited Bekasi to deliver

1378-659: The Netherlands, in Javanese literature in 1926. He stated that Bekasi comes from the word Candrabhaga, the name of a river built in the 5th century AD by the Tarumanagara King named Rajadhiraja Yang Mulia Purnawarman. This data is mentioned in the Tugu Inscription, Cilincing, North Jakarta. Then the word Candrabhaga is divided into two, namely Candra which means "moon" and Bhaga which means "happy." The word Chandra in Sanskrit

1431-833: The Tarumanegara Kingdom comes from a number of inscriptions dating from the 5th century AD. The inscriptions are named based on the location where they were found, namely the Ciaruteun inscription, the Pasir Koleangkak inscription, the Kebonkopi inscription, the Tugu inscription, the Pasir Awi inscription, the Muara Cianten inscription, and the Cidanghiang inscription . The inscription mentions

1484-468: The Tarumanegara Kingdom was located north of Bekasi, precisely in the Babelan and Tarumajaya areas, Bekasi Regency. This is reinforced by the abundance of artifacts found at several sites there. First, the change of the word from Candrabhaga to Bekasi was suggested by Prof. Dr. R. Ng. Poerbatjaraka in 1951, a philology expert at the University of Indonesia who obtained a doctorate at Leiden University ,

1537-1120: The United States alone. Outside of the United States, the Amazon River reaches a Strahler number of 12, making it the highest-order river in the world. Tarumanagara Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma was an early Sundanese Indianised kingdom , located in western Java , whose 5th-century ruler, Purnawarman , produced the earliest known inscriptions in Java, which are estimated to date from around 358 CE. At least seven stone inscriptions connected to this kingdom were discovered in Western Java area, near Bogor and Jakarta . They are Ciaruteun , Kebon Kopi , Jambu, Pasir Awi, and Muara Cianten inscriptions near Bogor; Tugu inscription near Cilincing in North Jakarta ; and Cidanghiang inscription in Lebak village, Munjul district, south of Banten. The inscriptions of Taruma kingdom are

1590-424: The active mining sector. The Tugu inscription mentioned about the construction of hydraulic projects through the construction canals. This irrigation project suggest that the area of northern West Java and Jakarta was transformed into irrigated rice paddies. The canals also meant as a water management to prevent flooding that often hit the capital of Tarumanagara. According to the 4th century writings of Faxian ,

1643-564: The court of Tang. The history of Sunda kingdom and its predecessor (Tarumanagara and Salakanagara) is recorded quite detailed in Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara (simply known as Nusantara ), a book within Wangsakerta manuscripts collection composed in late 17th century Cirebon . However, currently the Wangsakerta manuscripts are generally discounted as a valid historical source among historians, since this controversial manuscript

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1696-539: The current location of the Kali Bekasi Monument). The train carrying Japanese soldiers was forced to stop on the banks of the Bekasi River to inspect the completeness of travel documents issued by the central government, signed by Ahmad Soebardjo , the Foreign Minister of Indonesia at that time, with the signature of President Sukarno . The deep-seated hatred and trauma caused by Japanese colonial rule fueled

1749-468: The earliest records of Hinduism in the western part of the archipelago . The geographical position of coastal West Java, which corresponds to today modern Jakarta , is a commanding region that controls the Sunda Strait . This location is strategic in regard to Sumatra, and also its connection to Asian continent of India and China. The kingdom was located not far from modern Jakarta , and according to

1802-454: The engraving of two large elephant footprints. The inscription read: These elephant foot soles, akin to those of the strong Airavata (elephant, which God Indra used to ride), belongs to Tarumanagara King who is successful and full of control. Not only the stones testify of the existence of King Purnawarman and his Tarumanagara kingdom, but also Chinese historical sources, since Tarumanagara maintained extended trade and diplomatic relations in

1855-562: The fall of Tarumanagara, the Buddhist site of Batujaya was still actively used. Which means the Batujaya temples was used between the 4th and 7th century during the Tarumanagara period; and continued well after the 7th–10th century, possibly under Srivijaya suzerainty. Unlike its successor; the Sunda kingdom that still remembered in Pantun Sunda ; the oral tradition of local Sundanese —Tarumanagara

1908-519: The far east of the known world then. Among others is a city called Argyre on the western edge of the Iabadiou island. Iabadiou can be equated in Sanskrit as Yawadwipa , which corresponds to the island of Java . The name argyre means "silver", while in local Indonesian and Sundanese language, silver is called perak , which sound similar to the Merak port town on the western edge of Java. The history of

1961-746: The highest number in that basin. However, in the Strahler system, adopted in 1957, only that part of the mainstem below the tributary of the next highest rank gets the highest number. In the United States, the Mississippi River mainstem achieves a Strahler number of 10, the highest in the nation. Eight rivers, including the Columbia River , reach 9. Streams with no tributaries, assigned the Strahler number 1, are most common. More than 1.5 million of these small streams, with average drainage basins of only 1 square mile (2.6 km ), have been identified in

2014-463: The kingdom's name "Tarumanagara". The inscription reports the most famous king of Tarumanagara. "The powerful illustrious and brave King, the famous Purnawarman (of the) Tarumanagara (kingdom) whose (print of the) foot soles are the same (as those of) God Vishnu." Ciaruteun inscription . Located nearby is the Kebon Kopi I inscription, also called Telapak Gadjah stone, with an inscription and

2067-552: The name of the ruling king is Purnawarman. Cidanghiang inscription (sits further to the west at Lebak in the Pandeglang area), consisting of two lines, proclaiming Purnawarman as the standard for rulers around the world. Jambu inscription, with a two-line inscription in Pallava/Sanskrit, bears the large footprints of the king. The inscription translates as: The name of the king who is famous of faithfully executing his duties and who

2120-479: The past events. The artwork on the monument depicts the train, Japanese soldiers, and the armed people of Bekasi, reflecting the dramatic atmosphere of that time. This monument was built as a symbol of peace and compassion, serving as a reminder of the importance of avoiding violence in resolving conflicts. In the ancient manuscript of the Old Sundanese Inscription ( Tatar Sunda Kuno ), it is stated that

2173-465: The people's anger. The people of Bekasi forcibly opened the train cars and searched the belongings of the Japanese soldiers. Gunshots from one of the train cars escalated the situation. Provoked, the people launched an attack on the Japanese soldiers inside the train cars. The bodies of the Japanese soldiers killed in the incident were discarded into the Bekasi River. The central government responded to this tragedy with concern. Admiral Maeda, who served as

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2226-516: The period 528 to 669, Tarumanagara sent their embassy to Chinese court. The kingdom was mentioned in the annals of the Sui dynasty , the king of To-lo-mo (possibly 塔鲁纳) (Taruma) has sent diplomatic mission, which arrived in China in 528 and 535. It was mentioned that the kingdom is located far south of China. The annals of Tang dynasty also mentioned in the year 666 and 669 the envoys of To-lo-mo has visited

2279-403: The predecessor of Sunda kings. The Chinese source mentioned about the product being traded in Taruma, which suggests the population made a living in hunting, mining, fishing, trade and shipping; aside of agriculture and farming sector. The commodities being traded in Taruma was specific hunting products, such as rhino horn , ivory and turtle shell. Gold and silver were traded too, which suggest

2332-462: The second daughter of King Linggawarman, Princess Sobakancana, married Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa , who later established the Srivijaya kingdom. According to 7th century Kota Kapur inscription , Srivijaya , centred in today Palembang , South Sumatra, launched a military expedition against Bhumi Jawa , the period coincides with the decline of Tarumanagara. It is very likely that Tarumanagara kingdom

2385-547: The territory stretching between India and China. The Chinese Buddhist Monk Fa Xian reported in his book Fo-kuo-chi (佛國記) (414) that he stayed on the island of Ye-po-ti (耶婆提.Chinese spelling of Javadvipa), most probably the western part of Java island, for six months, from December 412 until May 413. He reported that the Law of Buddha was not much known, but that the Brahmans ( Hinduism ) flourished, and heretics ( animists ) too. Between

2438-480: The way from one specific headwater to the outlet of the river, although there are multiple ways to determine which headwater (or first-order tributary) is the source of the mainstem. Water enters the mainstem from the river's drainage basin , the land area through which the mainstem and its tributaries flow. A drainage basin may also be referred to as a watershed or catchment . Hydrological classification systems assign numbers to tributaries and mainstems within

2491-459: Was attacked and defeated by Srivijaya around 686. The pretext behind Srivijayan campaign against Tarumanagara was obscure, however it was probably because of Jayanasa's own claim to Tarumanagara's throne, afterall his wife, Sobakancana, is the daughter of Linggawarman, the late king of Tarumanagara. After this naval invasion, Tarumanegara's influence began to decline. Devastated by Srivijayan invasion, King Tarusbawa then moved further inland to find

2544-511: Was completely forgotten among local population in West Java. It was not until late 19th century when archaeologist and historian finally deciphered the stone inscriptions discovered near Buitenzorg and Batavia. The discovery and study of numerous Tarumanagara inscriptions; especially those issued by King Purnawarman, had uncover that this kingdom was indeed the earliest Hindu polity in western Indonesia. Together with Kutai and Kalingga , Tarumanagara

2597-551: Was equated with Indra and Surya . The Vishnu statues from Cibuaya dated from 7th century, also the Rajarsi statue discovered in Jakarta, also testified of Hindu prevalence in Tarumanagara. Buddhism was practiced in Tarumanagara as reported by Faxian in early 5th century. However, he said there were only a few Buddhists in the kingdom. Near the north coast of West Java, earth mounds called by locals as unur or hunur were discovered in

2650-484: Was known about King Suryawarman that ruled from 535 to 561. King Suryawarman established a new capital city eastward and left Sundapura and its communities to preserve their own order. Then, Sundapura become a new smaller kingdom called Sunda Sambawa which was under control of Tarumanagara. Before the Suryavarman reigned Tarumanagara, Manikmaya, his son in-law, in 526, left Sundapura went southeastward and established Kendan,

2703-591: Was scheduled to pass through Bekasi Train Station, a city that had already witnessed significant changes amidst the turmoil of war and post-independence revolution. A Second Lieutenant named Zakaria Burhanuddin, the Deputy Commander of the Bekasi People's Security Army (TKR), ordered the Bekasi Station Master to divert the train's route from the regular track leading to a bridge to a dead-end track (near

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2756-424: Was the main religion in Tarumanagara kingdom, at least among its elites ruling class. This is based on several inscriptions dated from Tarumanagara period. For example, Tugu inscription mentioned that the father of Purnawarman is titled as Rajadhiraja Guru has dug the canal in Chandrabhaga. Purnawarman himself credited for the construction of Gomati canal. The inscription also mentioned that King Purnawarman donated

2809-431: Was the predecessor of Taruma kingdom. This is affirmative regarding its connection to Batujaya archaeological site. The ancient society that supported the Buni culture was Indianised ; absorbing Hindu influences from India, and establishing early Hindu polity in Java. According to the book Geographike Hyphegesis written in 2nd-century Roman Empire, a Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemaeus mentioned about countries in

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