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43-471: The major educational institution in kalaroa are for higher Secondary and tertiary education. Kalaroa is mainly accessible through by Road. It is about 18 km north of Satkhira and 51 km south west from Jashore . For rail transport, The Navaron railway station is about 26 km north from downtown kalaroa. For air transport, Jashore Airport is 50 km north west from downtown Kalaroa. Satkhira Satkhira ( Bengali : সাতক্ষীরা )

86-457: A "warlike monarch." His endless invasions and conquests tell of a king intent upon growing his kingdom. Sen describes Shashanka as a 'military adventurer', not unlike Yasodharman . But for a pre-medieval Indian king, endless battles, regicide, revenge and intrigue are not uncommon. Like many pre-medieval Indian kings, Shashanka is said to have grasped the importance of consolidating his position. He formed astute political alliances, notably with

129-657: A Gauda king, possibly Jayanaga . Whether Shashanka was a feudatory under the Maukharis or the Guptas is not known. By 605 C.E. following Mahasenagupta's death, Shashanka had established what became known as the Gauda Kingdom . From there, he issued gold coins to celebrate his triumph, and came to be addressed as Maharajadhiraja (king of great kings). Not many historical references to the Gauda Army are available. Like its predecessor,

172-430: A grudge", and that it was led by Shashanka. Now because the ruling dynasties of Kanyakubja and Sthaniswara were related by matrimony, Thanesar king Rajyavardhana immediately set out with 10,000 cavalrymen to recapture Kanyakubja and avenge his sister Rajyashri. Rajyavardhana fought and killed Devagupta on the way. As he continued towards Kanyakubja, he came across Shashanka's army. c.  606 C.E. Rajyavardhana

215-613: Is a city and district headquarter of Satkhira District in Khulna Division , southwestern Bangladesh . The city has a population of about 113,000, making it the 20th largest city in Bangladesh. Satkhira also has a large proportion of the Sundarbans rainforest of Bangladesh. The area has suffered from saltwater intrusion into the water supply as a result of sea level rise , part of the effects of climate change in Bangladesh . In

258-573: Is a part of Harsha's Invasion of Bengal, Shashanka marched towards Karnasubarna and sieged it, Harsha's general fled to the East Bengal from the battlefield and by this Harshavardhana got a heavy damage from the side of Gauda Kingdom. Shashanka first established himself in Gauda and set his eyes on Magadha. Magadha at that time was under Maukhari rule, and Shashanka vowed to free it again. Sen (1977) has shown that none other than Shashanka could have defeated

301-553: Is considered the most powerful king of the Chandra dynasty . When he was defeated by Chol Raj Rajendra Chola, the control of the southern region went to the Pala dynasty . From the middle of the eleventh century, the Palas ruled the south with Mahipala (995–1045), the third Viagra Pal (1058–1075), Mahipala II (1075–1088), and Rampal (1082-1124 AD). Pal Raja was a historian. The history revolted in

344-487: Is found in the 7th century hill fort Rohtasgarh in the small town of Rohtas in the kingdom of Magadha. The seal bore a curt inscription, "Mahasamanta Shashankadeva." Some historians believe that Shashanka began his career as a feudatory chief (maha samanta ) under Mahasenagupta, of the Later Gupta Dynasty . And that after the death of Mahasenagupta, Shashanka drove the later Guptas and other prominent nobles out of

387-415: Is mentioned as She-Shang-Kia. He is also called Śaśānka Gaur, which initially lent credence to the claim that he was descended from the later Gaur. In Sinha's Dynastic History of Magadha, the names 'Śaśānka' and 'Soma' are used interchangeably. The Gupta Empire saw a series of weak kings after the death of Skandagupta in 467 C.E. On top of that, starting circa 480 C.E. Alchon Hun armies began attacking

430-453: Is the contemporary of Harsha and of Bhaskaravarman of Kamarupa . His capital was at Karnasuvarna , in present-day Murshidabad in West Bengal. There are several major contemporary sources of information on his life, including copperplates from his vassal Madhavavarma (king of Ganjam ), copperplates of his rivals Harsha and Bhaskaravarman, the accounts of Banabhatta , who was a bard in

473-611: The Chandra Dynasty . Jatavarma established his own dominant position in Kamrupa and Barind and established an independent state in south-eastern Bengal along with Khulna district . The other rulers of the Armor dynasty are Harivarm , Salwaram , Bhojajarma , and others. The postwar armaments of Bengal started the reign of the Senate. History cannot provide strong information about the advent of

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516-481: The Gauda Kingdom . He reigned in the 7th century, some historians place his rule between c.  600 and 636/7 CE , whereas other sources place his reign between 590 and 625 CE. Shashanka, is credited with creating the Bengali calendar. The term Bangabda (Bangla year) is found too in two Shiva temples many centuries older than Akbar era, suggesting that a Bengali calendar existed long before Akbar's time. He

559-558: The Mahabharata , Muni Kapil founded a Kalimandir in Kapilmani of Paikgachha and worshiped there. He had done the work of establishing and worshiping this temple during the Mahabharata era. Alexander invaded India in 327 BC. At the time of his invasion of India, the mention of an independent state named Gangaridi was found in the mouth of the Ganges. The present Satkhira district was under

602-631: The Malva king, Devagupta , to counteract the combined might of the Kanauj-Thaneshwar coalition. As king, Shashanka continued many Gupta-era traditions, e.g., making land grants to Brahmins, as evidenced by the copperplate inscriptions from the era. Gold and silver coins, known as Dinars, issued by Shashanka have also been discovered. He vigorously propagated Hinduism, and had Sakadvipi Brahmins and Vedic Brahmins invited into his kingdom, presumably from Kanyakubja, among other places. Historians argue that

645-520: The Maukhari rulers of Magadha. Next, he focused on extending his kingdom to Odissa , parts of Central Provinces, and Bihar. Though Shashanka remains known, and referred to, as the Lord of Gauda , his kingdom included more than just that region. By the end of his reign, his domain stretched from Vanga to Bhuvanesha while in the east, his kingdom bordered Kamarupa . Shashanka, at first glance, appears like

688-683: The Egra Copperplate, was discovered near Kharagpur and bears no date. A 12th century text states that Shashanka destroyed the Buddhist stupas of Bengal and was an oppressor of Buddhism. Shashanka is reputed to have cut the Bodhi tree where the Buddha found enlightenment, in the Mahabodhi Temple of Bodh Gaya . R. C. Majumdar states that this account is doubtful because it was written 500 years after

731-630: The Hindu Vastu Shastra school of architecture, design and aesthetics. According to Bengali folk lore and legends, the dighi was excavated at the behest of King Shashanka. Published in 1914, Shashanka is a historical novel penned by the famous Indian archaeologist Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay , who is best known for his discoveries in Mohenjo Daro . He found Shashanka to be a potent symbol of Bengal's glorious past and future political aspirations. The Bengali movie Karnasubarner Guptodhon (2022)

774-501: The Kavatak rebellion in the late 11th century. Rampal is in power at this time. Burmans emerged in south-east Bengal due to the revolt of the Kaivarta. Men of this lineage are known as Brazzarm. Later, his son Jatavarmar won many wars and achieved sovereignty. In an inscription (1048–1049 AD) of Kalchuri Rajakarna, Jatavarm destroyed Khulna district and south-eastern Bengal with the king of

817-659: The Late Gupta army, Shashanka's army had infantry and cavalry units. D. C. Sircar (1990) reports that the Gauda army also fielded a strong elephant corps in Kamarupa. Kamarupa king Bhaskaravarman describes the Gauda army as fielding a strong naval force. It appears that between 595 and 600 C.E. the Gauda army had carried out attacks against the Varman King Susthitavarman of Kamarupa (Assam). The Varman king died early in

860-569: The Magadha Guptas. These views are opposed by other historians like B. S. Sinha and John Middleton, citing lack of evidence. Shashanka's name appears in multiple forms, including Śaśānka and Śaśānka-deva. The name is derived from Sanskrit , as another name for the Moon. Śaśānka-deva therefore loosely translates to Moon god. The Hindu god Shiva is also known as Shashank Sekhar as He holds the moon on his head. The Chinese monk Xuanzang 's writings, he

903-566: The Seven Dynasties. Vijay Sen 's work is about the third ruler of this dynasty. His reign was from 1097 to 1160 AD. He was brought under the division of the split division, and the central government introduced it. Succeeded in supplanting the Varman's from south-eastern Bengal and the Pales from north and north-western Bengal. Thus, Vijay Sena had established the rule of the whole of Bengal. Vijay Sena

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946-420: The alleged persecution, and that it is "unsafe to accept the statements recorded in this book as historical". Radhagovinda Basak states that there is no reason to believe that this 12th century Buddhist author had cherished any ill feeling about 7th century Shashanka, and he may have had reasons to describe the events as they occurred. Following his death, Shashanka was succeeded by his son, Manava , who ruled

989-450: The army and attacked Kannauj. Shashanka and his allies fought a major war with the then emperor of Thanesar , Harsha , and his allies. It is evident that Shashanka had to retreat from Kannauj. The result of the battle was inconclusive as Shashanka is documented to have retained dominion over his lands. Shashanka continued to rule Gauda with frequent attacks from Harsha, which he is known to have faced bravely. Siege of Karnasubarna This

1032-438: The authority of Shree Shankha chandra. Shashanka has occupied an important place in the history of Bengal. He was the first ruler of Bengal who expanded his sovereignty far beyond the geographical boundaries of Bengal, rather than just Bangla. King Shashanka himself did not settle the state with geography alone. He declared independence, occupied a number of states, and expanded the boundaries of his own kingdom. The reference to

1075-508: The court of Harsha, and of the Chinese monk Xuanzang , and also coins minted in Shashanka's reign. Not much is known about the early life of Shashanka. Historian D K Ganguly is reported to have concluded that he was a native of Magadha. The same source reports that the historian Padmanath Bhattacharya took Shashanka to be a son of Mahasenagupta. R D Banerji concluded that he was descended from

1118-555: The death of Shasanka the capital city Karnasuvarna passed in to the hands of Bhaskaravarman. However Hiuen Tsang who travelled in Bengal about 638 CE, shortly after the death of Shashanka, didn't mention the name of Karnasuvarna's ruler in his description. Hans Bakker argues that the army that set out to attack the Maukharis in Kanyakubja was more of a "confederation of all those who held

1161-499: The declining empire from multiple sides. Defence of the vast empire put a strain on the royal treasury. Though the Huns were initially driven out, the protracted invasions quickened the downfall of the Gupta kings. It may be noted that Indian archeologist Shanker Sharma has argued that the empire's end was precipitated by a massive deluge around the middle of the sixth century C.E. Near the end of

1204-578: The demise of the Gauda Kingdom. In Pala inscriptions, this time is called Matsyanyayam, implying times of 'jungle rule' when big fish swallow up small fish. It is thought that the development of the Bengali calendar took place under Shashanka's reign. Situated in present-day Midnapore , Sarasanka is a massive dighi (manmade lake) measuring over 140 acres. That is nearly equal to the total area of 80 football fields. Its aesthetics show clear influences of

1247-526: The fourth subdivision of Jessore district , with its headquarters in Kalaroa . Nawab Abdul Latif took charge of the first subdivision. In 1861, the sub-divisional office was shifted to Satgharia (Satkhira). Satghaira had already become Satkhira in the face of the British officers. So the old Satghariya Satkhira is present. The location of Satkhira district is on the south-western corner of Bangladesh. This settlement

1290-623: The kingdom for eight months. However, Gauda was soon divided amongst Harsha and Bhaskaravarman of Kamarupa , the latter even managing to conquer Karnasuvarna . Commenting on the symbolism of Gauda, Akshay Kumar Maitreya remarked, “The whole of Gauḍa was once known as Gauḍa Desh. The Bengali language only a few days ago was known as Gauḍiya Bhasha… Even now in many parts of India Bengalis are known as Gauḍiya. So, if one attempts to write our history, one must begin with Gaur.” King Shashanka's unification, and subsequent defence, of local, disparate kingdoms including Vanga, Samatata and Gauda, against

1333-413: The kingdom of Gangaridi is derived from the traveler Hiuen Tsang (630 years old) who has traveled. During this period, Gangaridi was known as Pundravardhana , Karnasuvarna , Kajangal , Tamralipti , Samatata , etc. ' Satkhira district is part of this symmetry '. From the 8th to the eleventh centuries, this long-time Pal and Varman kings ruled Bengal. During their era, the history of civilization and

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1376-464: The mighty king Harsha , is considered seminal in the formation of the idea, and the polity, of Bengal . Many historians and commentators argue that Shashanka was the first independent king of not only Gauda, but of Bengal. As such he is a symbolic figure in the region's aspirations for independence and self-rule. Shashanka's feat in bringing the many tribes and kingdoms under a single flag becomes clear only after his death. Chaos broke out in Bengal with

1419-462: The name of Satkhira district, there are some common connotations. In the meantime, during the permanent settlement, Vishnur Chakraborty, an Emperor of Raja Krishnachandra of Nadia, bought the old Pargana at auction and built houses in Satgharia village under his auspices. His son Prannath is known and admired for his development work in the Satgharia region. The Satkhira subdivision was born in 1852 as

1462-590: The prosperity of culture gained fame in the name of Buddhist history and Buddhist culture . According to the records, during the Pala period, King Taillakya Chandra and Chandra of the Chandra Dynasty (930–957) were the independent kings of South East Bengal in the tenth century AD. During the time of Chandra Raja , South Bengal had a rich populace. The people of the Chandra Dynasty , a Buddhist religion, were popular rulers for some time. After Shri Kalyan Chandra (975-1003 AD), Ladhachandra (1000-1020 AD), and his next king Gobinda Chandra (10-10-1045 AD). Gobind Chandra

1505-408: The region and established his own kingdom with his capital at Karnasubarna . Other historians like Sailendra Nath Sen are of the opinion that Mahasenagupta - already under pressure from the Maukharis (for failing to provide adequate protection) - wouldn't have knowingly appointed Shashanka to such an important position. Middleton (2015) argues in a similar vein that Shashanka served as maha samanta to

1548-555: The sixth century, the empire was ruled over by a feeble ruler belonging to the Later Gupta dynasty , Mahasenagupta (r. c. 562-601 C.E.). The decline of the Gupta empire had left the disintegrating empire in chaos. Numerous local kings and rulers like Yashodharman emerged, and started vying for control of the many pieces of the former empire. Shashanka emerged as one of these ambitious local rulers, aiming to seize control of Gauda and its surrounding region. The first mention of Shashanka

1591-684: The state. After Alexander the Mauryan and the Gupta era, the old river was in Pundravadi. Burhanuddin was known at this time as the zhelmandal. Chandra Varman occupied the Creek region in the fourth century. After this, the state ruled as the independent ruler of Baulango Gupta (507–525) in southeast Bengal. In the seventh century, Shashanka , Bhadrasha , Khargorat, and the Loknath dynasty ruled this place. King Shashanka

1634-633: The unique Gauda style of composition developed with the development of poetry in the courts of the princes of Bengal. These princes of Bengal are none other than the Lords of Gauda. To commemorate his coronation, he started the Bengali era called 'Bangabda' in accordance with earlier Hindu tradition of year counting, which has now become a symbol of Bengal and Bengali cultural identity. Three copperplate inscriptions issued by King Shashanka have been discovered. Two of these were issued in his 8th and 10th regnal years and discovered from Midnapore. The other, known as

1677-421: The war, and his two sons stepped up. The Doobi Copper Plate inscriptions tell us that the Gauda army fought and defeated the king, and princes Bhaskaravarma of kamrupa And Supratisthita The princes are described as fighting a mighty elephantry force. The princes were brought back to Gauda as prisoners but released shortly thereafter. They supposedly returned to their kingdom as feudatories under Shashanka. After

1720-465: Was a Shaivite . At the time of the 2011 census, Satkhira had 26,896 households and a population of 113,322. 20,102 (17.74%) were under 10 years of age. Satkhira has a sex ratio of 967 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 69.3%. Shashanka Shashanka ( IAST : Śaśāṅka, Sanskrit : शशाङ्क Bengali : শশাঙ্ক) was the first independent king of a unified polity in the Bengal region, called

1763-439: Was history's most famous Narayan. This district most probably came under the authority of Sasanka , the ruler of Gauda , in the beginning of the 7th century A.D. Sasanka occupies a prominent place in the history of Bengal, as he is the first king of Bengal who extended his territorial overterritory bar beyond the geographical limits of the territories of Bengal. In the beginning of the 7th century, perhaps this district came under

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1806-493: Was killed by Shashanka. No conclusive evidence exists but it is possible that Shashanka, who joined the battle as an ally of Devagupta , murdered him. The only source available in this matter is the Harshacharita by Bāṇabhaṭṭa , who was a childhood friend and constant companion of Harsha ; neither of these men were present at the death. Harsha succeeded his brother as ruler of Thanesar in 606 C.E. and he once again gathered

1849-547: Was known in ancient times as the Old Island. Next to it is the location of Chandradwip , Madhudbip, Surya Divip, Sangadipi, Joydeep, etc. The small islands of the island are found in ancient history and maps. The exact date and exact information are not available on the old island of Burma . According to the Ramayana Mahabharata , the area of organized human habitation in the region was around 3,500 years ago. According to

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