The Cacua language, also known as Kakua or Kakwa , is an indigenous language spoken by a few hundred people in Colombia and Brazil . There are many monolinguals, especially children. Apart from being close to or a dialect of Nukak , its classification is uncertain.
29-722: [REDACTED] Look up kakwa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Kakwa may refer to: Cacua language or Kákwa, spoken in Colombia Kakwa language , spoken in Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, and Uganda Kãkwã people of Vaupés, Colombia Kakwa people of Central Africa Kakwa Provincial Park and Protected Area in British Columbia, Canada Kakwa River ,
58-399: A new Language and Culture Documentation Services Unit that aims to preserve and revitalize languages threatened by extinction. The creation of this department reflects a growing interest in documenting endangered languages and incorporates a multidisciplinary approach of anthropology and linguistics. SIL has Consultative Status with UNESCO as an NGO, and has Special Consultative Status with
87-571: A number of international settings. In 1973, SIL was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding. This foundation honors outstanding individuals and organizations working in Asia who manifest greatness of spirit in service to the peoples of Asia. UNESCO Literacy Prizes have been awarded to SIL's work in a number of countries: Australia (1969), Cameroon (1986), Papua New Guinea (1979), Philippines (1991). In 1979, SIL's agreement
116-627: A river in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada Kakwa Wildlands Park , in Alberta Canada Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kakwa . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakwa&oldid=1049263738 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
145-481: Is an evangelical Christian nonprofit organization whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages , especially those that are lesser-known, in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy , translate the Christian Bible into local languages, and aid minority language development. Based on its language documentation work, SIL publishes a database, Ethnologue , of its research into
174-589: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cacua language The language is spoken by indigenous American Cacua [Kakua] people that live in Colombian and Brazilian interfluvial tropical forests higher than 200 metres (660 ft) in elevation. The people have traditional livelihoods such as nomadic hunting-gathering and swidden agriculture . There are some non-native speakers of Cacua that are predominantly missionary workers. Their presence has resulted in
203-456: Is mutually intelligible with Nukak , and is considered a dialect of the latter by Martins (1999). See that article for further classification. Other names for this language include: Bára, Cakua, Kákwa, Macu de Cubeo, Macu de Desano, Macu de Guanano, Macú-Paraná, Wacara . Kakwa has 6 vowels: /a, e, i, ɨ, o, u/. The /o/ sound occurs only marginally in the Wacara dialect, while being attested for
232-573: Is that even though literacy is low by international standards, it is higher in the aboriginal language, at around 10%, compared to 5% in Spanish, the opposite situation of most indigenous languages of the Americas. Cacua uses a Latin alphabet. Ded pah jwiít jwĩ jwíih cãac cha pahatji naáwát SIL International SIL Global (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics International )
261-793: The Disciples of Christ among the Kaqchikel Maya people in Guatemala in the early 1930s. In 1933, he turned to Mexico with the purpose of translating the Bible into indigenous languages there, as he had done for Kaqchikel. Townsend established a working relationship with the Mexican Secretariat of Public Education under the government of President Lázaro Cárdenas (in office 1934–1940) and founded SIL to educate linguist- missionaries to work in Mexico. Because
290-627: The Linguistic Society of America passed a resolution that the work of SIL "should be strongly commended by our Society and welcomed as one of the most promising developments in applied linguistics in this country." SIL holds formal consultative status with UNESCO and the United Nations , and has been publicly recognized by UNESCO for their work in many parts of Asia. SIL also holds non-governmental organization status in many countries. SIL's work has received appreciation and recognition in
319-630: The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) as an advocate for ethnolinguistic communities. The organization is a member of the Forum of Bible Agencies International and Micah Network , and is a founding member of Maaya, the World Network for Linguistic Diversity. Ethnologue: A Guide to the World's Languages has been published by SIL since 1951. From the 13th edition (1997) onwards,
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#1732851779700348-692: The 16th edition (2009), Ethnologue uses the ISO 639-3 standard, which assigns 3-letter codes to languages; these were derived in part from the 3-letter codes that were used in the Ethnologue 's 15th edition. SIL is the registration authority for the ISO 639-3 standard. With the publication of the 17th edition (2016), Ethnologue launched a subscription service, but claiming that the paywall would only affect 5% of users. Users who contribute over 100 accepted changes are rewarded with lifetime free access. A comprehensive review of
377-520: The 16th, 17th and 18th editions acknowledged that "[Ethnologue] is at present still better than any other nonderivative work of the same scope" except that "[it] fails to disclose the sources for the information presented. SIL has developed widely used software for linguistic research. SIL has developed several widely used font sets that it makes available as free software under the SIL Open Font License (OFL). The names of SIL fonts reflect
406-637: The Biblical mission of the organization " charis " (Greek for "grace"), " doulos " (Greek for "servant") and " gentium " (Latin for "of the nations"). These fonts have become standard resources for linguists working on the documentation of the world's languages. Most of them are designed only for specific writing systems, such as Ethiopic , Devanagari , New Tai Lue , Hebrew , Arabic , Khmer , Yi , Myanmar , Coptic , and Tai Viet , or some more technical notation, such as cipher musical notation or IPA . Fonts that support Latin include: The 1947 Summer Meeting of
435-471: The Mexican government did not allow missionary work through its educational system, Townsend founded Wycliffe Bible Translators in 1942 as a separate organization from SIL. Wycliffe Bible Translators focused on Bible translation and missionary activities, whereas SIL focused on linguistic documentation and literacy education. Having initiated collaboration with the Mexican education authorities, Townsend started
464-791: The Nuevo Pueblo dialect. In nasal contexts only five vowels can occur. Kakwa has seventeen consonants: Nasalization in Kakwa is a prosodic property of the morpheme that affects all segments within each morpheme except voiceless stops and glottalized palatal glide in initial position. Each morpheme is either completely nasal or completely oral. Kakwa is a tonal language and displays 3 contrastive phonological tones: Rising (LH), falling] (HL), and low (L). The language uses both subject-object-verb and object-verb-subject word order. Reports gathered by SIL in 1982 stated that many speakers are monolingual, particularly children. Another promising aspect
493-635: The SIL Bibliography. Most of these are a reflection of linguistic fieldwork. SIL's focus has not been on the development of new linguistic theories, but tagmemics , though no longer promoted by SIL, was developed by Kenneth Pike , who also coined the words emic and etic , more widely used today in anthropology. Another focus of SIL is literacy work, particularly in indigenous languages. SIL assists local, regional, and national agencies that are developing formal and informal education in vernacular languages. These cooperative efforts enable new advances in
522-476: The SIL view, ethnocide is not a valid concept and it would lead to pessimism to characterize culture change resulting from the inevitable progress of civilization as ethnocide. SIL considers itself as actively protecting endangered languages by promoting them within the speech community and providing mother-tongue literacy training. Additionally, their expanded interest in preserving threatened languages has resulted in
551-866: The complex field of educational development in multilingual and multicultural societies. SIL provides instructors and instructional materials for linguistics programs at several major institutions of higher learning around the world. In the United States , these include Dallas International University , Biola University , Moody Bible Institute , and Dallas Theological Seminary . Other universities with SIL programs include Trinity Western University in Canada , Charles Darwin University in Australia , and Universidad Ricardo Palma in Lima, Peru. The organization has recently established
580-523: The data that have been gathered and analyzed from over 1,000 minority and endangered languages, many of which had not been previously studied academically. SIL endeavors to share both the data and the results of analysis in order to contribute to the overall knowledge of language. This has resulted in publications on languages such as Hixkaryana and Pirahã , which have challenged the universality of some linguistic theories. SIL's work has resulted in over 20,000 technical publications, all of which are listed in
609-496: The entire contents of the published book were also shared online. From the 17th edition onwards (2013) the publication shifted to a web-centric paradigm, meaning that the website is now the primary means by which the database is accessed. Among other advantages, this greatly facilitates user contributions. A new edition is now published every February. The 27th edition was released in February 2024 and lists 7,164 languages. Starting with
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#1732851779700638-546: The first summer institute in its second year, 1935, Kenneth Lee Pike (1912–2000), would become the foremost figure in the history of SIL. He served as SIL's president from 1942 to 1979, then as president emeritus until his death in 2000. The Mexican branch, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano , was established in 1948. In 2016, Michel Kenmogne from Cameroon became president. In 2023 SIL said it had 1,350 language projects in 98 countries and 4,200 staff from 84 countries. SIL's principal contribution to linguistics has been
667-535: The institute as a small summer training-session in Sulphur Springs, Arkansas , in 1934 to train missionaries in basic linguistic , anthropological , and translation principles. Through the following decades the SIL linguists worked at providing literacy education to indigenous people of Mexico, while simultaneously working with the Wycliffe Bible Translators on Bible translation. One of the students at
696-424: The missionary focus of SIL makes relations with academic linguists and their reliance on SIL software and knowledge infrastructure problematic in that respective goals, while often overlapping, also sometimes diverge considerably. SIL does not consider efforts to change cultural patterns a form of culture destruction and points out that all their work is based on the voluntary participation of indigenous peoples. In
725-639: The translation of religious Christian texts, notably the Christian Bible. The speakers are located in Wacara (In Cacua: Wacará ) which is 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Mitu (In Cacua and Spanish: Mitú ) in the lower Vaupes Region . (In Spanish: Departamento del Vaupés ). A second Kakua settlement is "Nuevo Pueblo" (New Town), which is an inland forest village between the Vaupés and the Papurí rivers. There are two dialects: Vaupés Cacua and Macú-Paraná Cacua. Cacua
754-583: The world's languages, and develops and publishes software programs for language documentation, such as FieldWorks Language Explorer (FLEx) and Lexique Pro. Its main offices in the United States are located at the International Linguistics Center in Dallas, Texas . William Cameron Townsend , a Presbyterian minister, founded the organization in 1934, after undertaking a Christian mission with
783-542: Was also expelled from Brazil , Mexico , and Panama , and restricted in Colombia and Peru . The organization's focus on language description, language development and Bible translation, and the missionary activities carried out by many of its field workers have been criticized by linguists and anthropologists who argue that SIL aims to change indigenous cultures, which exacerbates the problems that cause language endangerment and language death . Linguists have argued that
812-634: Was officially terminated by the Mexican government after critiques from anthropologists regarding the combination of education and missionary activities in indigenous communities, though SIL continued to be active in that country. At a conference of the Inter-American Indian Institute in Mérida, Yucatán , in November 1980, delegates denounced the Summer Institute of Linguistics, charging that it
841-506: Was using a scientific name to conceal its Protestant agenda and an alleged capitalist view that was alien to indigenous traditions. This led to the agreement with the Ecuadoran government being terminated in 1980, although a token presence remained. In the early 1990s, the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) demanded the expulsion of SIL from the country. SIL
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