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48-483: The term Kaiserpfalz ( German: [ˈkaɪzɐˌpfalts] , "imperial palace") or Königspfalz ( German: [ˈkøːnɪçsˌpfalts] , "royal palace", from Middle High German phal[en]ze to Old High German phalanza from Middle Latin palatia [plural] to Latin palatium " palace ") refers to a number of palaces and castles across the Holy Roman Empire that served as temporary seats of power for

96-581: A Holy Roman Emperor was generally a two-stage process whereby the King of the Romans was elected by a small body of the greatest princes of the realm, the prince-electors . This was then followed shortly thereafter by his coronation as king, originally at Aachen and later at Frankfurt . The king was then expected to march to Rome, to be crowned Emperor by the pope. In 1356, the Emperor Charles IV promulgated

144-463: A territorial expansion eastwards ( Ostsiedlung ), which saw German-speaking settlers colonise land previously under Slavic control. Linguistically, the transition to Early New High German is marked by four vowel changes which together produce the phonemic system of modern German, though not all dialects participated equally in these changes: The centres of culture in the ENHG period are no longer

192-449: A territory of imperial immediacy (which usually comprised a part of their diocesan territory). Thus the prince-bishoprics were elective monarchies too. The same holds true for prince-abbeys, whose prince-abbots or prince-abbesses were elected by a college of clerics and imperially appointed as princely rulers in a pertaining territory. Initially seven electors chose the " King of the Romans ". The king then went on to be crowned by

240-572: Is a 19th-century appellation that overlooks the fact that a king of Germany did not bear the title of the Holy Roman Emperor (granted by the Pope ) until after his imperial coronation which required expeditions to Italy ( Italienzug ) , which mostly were only undertaken years after his accession to the throne and in many cases not at all. Like their peers in France and England , the medieval emperors of

288-404: Is complicated by the tendency of modern editions of MHG texts to use normalised spellings based on this variety (usually called "Classical MHG"), which make the written language appear more consistent than it actually is in the manuscripts. Scholars are uncertain as to whether the literary language reflected a supra-regional spoken language of the courts. An important development in this period

336-511: Is derived from " caesar "; and Pfalz , meaning "palace", and itself derived from the Latin palatium , meaning the same (see palace ). Likewise Königspfalz is a combination of König , "king", and Pfalz , meaning "royal palace". Because pfalzen were built and used by the king as a ruler of the Kingdom of Germany , the correct historical term is Königspfalz or "royal palace". The term Kaiserpfalz

384-399: Is generally dated from 1050 to 1350. An older view puts the boundary with (Early) New High German around 1500. There are several phonological criteria which separate MHG from the preceding Old High German period: Culturally, the two periods are distinguished by the transition from a predominantly clerical written culture, in which the dominant language was Latin , to one centred on

432-758: Is governed by the rules of hereditary succession , there are also elective monarchies . There were elective monarchies in several Germanic successor states after the collapse of the Roman Empire during the Migration Period , the Early Middle Ages , the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Poland from 1573 to 1795 (see History of Poland , period of the Aristocratic Republic). From the 13th century,

480-768: Is the opening strophe of the Nibelungenlied ( c.  1204 ). Middle High German Uns ist in alten mæren    wunders vil geseit von helden lobebæren,    von grôzer arebeit, von freuden, hôchgezîten,    von weinen und von klagen, von küener recken strîten    muget ir nu wunder hœren sagen. Modern German translation In alten Erzählungen wird uns viel Wunderbares berichtet von ruhmreichen Helden, von hartem Streit, von glücklichen Tagen und Festen, von Schmerz und Klage: vom Kampf tapferer Recken: Davon könnt auch Ihr nun Wunderbares berichten hören. Imperial election The election of

528-402: Is these expressions (and not pfalz ) that are mostly mentioned in contemporary Latin documents. Unlike a pfalz , where the itinerant ruler stayed for a while and enacted his sovereign duties, a royal estate (Königshof) was just a farm with a smaller manor owned by the kingdom, which was occasionally used by the kings as a transit station. However, they were mostly mentioned in documents using

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576-448: The Ostsiedlung and arise towards the end of the period. Middle High German texts are written in the Latin alphabet . There was no standardised spelling, but modern editions generally standardise according to a set of conventions established by Karl Lachmann in the 19th century. There are several important features in this standardised orthography which are not characteristics of

624-533: The Palais de la Cité and the Palace of Westminster became the respective main residences. This was not possible in the Holy Roman Empire because no real hereditary monarchy emerged, but rather the tradition of elective monarchy prevailed (see: Imperial election , List of royal and imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire ) which led to kings of very different regional origins being elected. But if they wanted to control

672-471: The Golden Bull , which became the fundamental law by which all future kings and emperors were elected. After 1508, rulers usually were recognized as "Emperor elect" after their first, royal coronation. The Königswahl was the election of royal candidates in the Holy Roman Empire and its predecessors as king by a specified elective body. Whilst the succession to the throne of the monarch in some cultures

720-449: The Harz . But generally they were large manor houses ( Gutshöfe ), that offered catering and accommodation for the king and his companions, often running to hundreds of staff, as well as numerous guests and their staff and horses. For accommodation there were wooden outbuildings around the mostly stone main buildings. In Latin , such a royal manor was known as a villa regia or curtis regia. It

768-486: The Holy Roman Emperor in the Early and High Middle Ages . The dukes and bishops of the empire also owned palaces, which were sometimes referred to as "pfalzen" , especially since they were obliged to accommodate the emperor and his court when they were in transit, a duty referred to as Gastungspflicht (obligation to accommodate). Kaiserpfalz is a German word that is a combination of Kaiser , meaning "emperor", which

816-542: The Wittelsbach emperor Charles VII in Munich. Unlike the common notion of "palace", a pfalz was not a permanent residence but a place where the emperor stayed for a certain time, at most a few months; itineraries suggest that the monarch rarely would stay for longer than a few weeks. Moreover, they were not always grand palaces in the accepted sense: some were small manor houses or fortified hunting lodges, such as Bodfeld in

864-441: The pfalzen , the heavily fortified imperial castles were built, which - unlike the pfalzen , which were usually located in towns, lowlands, valleys or on river banks - were often hilltop castles like Nuremberg Castle or Trifels Castle . Kings also liked to stay in free imperial cities loyal to them, which had long since surpassed the old imperial abbeys in prosperity. The ruling patricians of these cities not only entertained

912-539: The Holy Roman Empire did not rule from a capital city, but had to maintain personal contact with their vassals on the ground. This was the so-called "itinerant kingship" or " itinerant court " ; in German called Reisekönigtum ("travelling kingdom"). The Merovingians in the Frankish Empire already ruled according to the feudal principle in which a ruler does not rule over a territory with specific land boundaries with

960-780: The Lion 's Dankwarderode Castle in Brunswick and the Wartburg above Eisenach in Thuringia. Both buildings followed the basic design of Hohenstaufen pfalzen and also had the same dimensions. In the middle of the 13th century, after the fall of the Hohenstaufens, the royal power temporarily lapsed during the interregnum . One weak king after another was elected, but no one was able to exercise sovereign power. Princes and bishops tried to expand their territories. They oppressed less powerful nobles, fought

1008-435: The approximate values of /ei/ , /iə/ , /ou/ , /øy/ , /eu/ , /yə/ , /uə/ , respectively. Middle High German pronouns of the first person refer to the speaker; those of the second person refer to an addressed person; and those of the third person refer to a person or thing of which one speaks. The pronouns of the third person may be used to replace nominal phrases . These have the same genders , numbers and cases as

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1056-533: The courts but the towns. The dialect map of Germany by the end of the Middle High German period was much the same as that at the start of the 20th century, though the boundary with Low German was further south than it now is: Central German ( Mitteldeutsch ) Upper German ( Oberdeutsch ) With the exception of Thuringian, the East Central German dialects are new dialects resulting from

1104-665: The courts of the great nobles, with German gradually expanding its range of use. The rise of the Hohenstaufen dynasty in Swabia makes the South West the dominant region in both political and cultural terms. Demographically, the MHG period is characterised by a massive rise in population, terminated by the demographic catastrophe of the Black Death (1348). Along with the rise in population comes

1152-464: The empire and its rebellious regional rulers, they could not limit themselves to their home region and their private palaces. As a result, kings and emperors continued to travel around the empire well into modern times. It was only King Ferdinand I , the younger brother of the then Emperor Charles V , who moved his main residence to the Vienna Hofburg in the middle of the 16th century, where most of

1200-650: The empire at court days ( Hoftag ) and celebrated important church festivals. The most important of them were administered by a count palatine , who executed jurisdiction in the region in the emperor's stead. The most powerful of these counts, the Count palatine of the Rhine , would eventually rise to the title of Prince-elector of the Electoral Palatinate . The pfalzen that the rulers visited varied depending on their function. Especially important were those palaces in which

1248-688: The example of Good King Arthur who with knightly spirit knew how to strive for praise. In his day He lived so well That he wore the crown of honour And his name still does so. The truth of this is known To his countrymen: They affirm that he still lives today: He won such fame that Although his body died His name lives on. Of sinful shame He will forever be free Who follows his example. Commentary: This text shows many typical features of Middle High German poetic language. Most Middle High German words survive into modern German in some form or other: this passage contains only one word ( jehen 'say' 14) which has since disappeared from

1296-558: The festival palaces ( Festtagspfalzen ), Easter being the most important and celebrated, at Easter palaces ( Osterpfalzen such as Quedlinburg ). The larger palaces were often in towns that had special rights (e.g. imperial immediacy ), but could also be bishop 's seats or imperial abbeys . In the Hohenstaufen era of the Roman-German kingdom, important imperial princes began to demonstrate their claims to power by building their own pfalzen . Important examples of these include Henry

1344-671: The following Habsburg emperors subsequently resided. However, Vienna never became the official capital of the empire, just of a Habsburg hereditary state (the Archduchy of Austria ). The emperors continued to travel to their elections and coronations at Frankfurt and Aachen , to the Imperial Diets at different places and to other occasions. The Perpetual Diet of Regensburg was based in Regensburg from 1663 to 1806. Rudolf II resided in Prague ,

1392-456: The following consonant spellings: The charts show the vowel and consonant systems of classical MHG. The spellings indicated are the standard spellings used in modern editions; there is much more variation in the manuscripts. Notes: MHG diphthongs are indicated by the spellings ⟨ei⟩ , ⟨ie⟩ , ⟨ou⟩ , ⟨öu⟩ and ⟨eu⟩ , ⟨üe⟩ , ⟨uo⟩ , and they have

1440-458: The following vowel spellings: Grammars (as opposed to textual editions) often distinguish between ⟨ë⟩ and ⟨e⟩ , the former indicating the mid-open /ɛ/ which derived from Germanic /e/ , the latter (often with a dot beneath it) indicating the mid-close /e/ which results from primary umlaut of short /a/ . No such orthographic distinction is made in MHG manuscripts. The standardised orthography of MHG editions uses

1488-1113: The impetus for this set of social changes came largely from France, many of the new words were either loans from French or influenced by French terms. The French loans mainly cover the areas of chivalry, warfare and equipment, entertainment, and luxury goods: Two highly productive suffixes were borrowed from French in this period: The text is the opening of Hartmann von Aue 's Iwein ( c.  1200 ) Swer an rehte güete wendet sîn gemüete, dem volget sælde und êre. des gît gewisse lêre künec Artûs der guote, der mit rîters muote nâch lobe kunde strîten. er hât bî sînen zîten gelebet alsô schône daz er der êren krône dô truoc und noch sîn name treit. des habent die wârheit sîne lantliute: sî jehent er lebe noch hiute: er hât den lop erworben, ist im der lîp erstorben, sô lebet doch iemer sîn name. er ist lasterlîcher schame iemer vil gar erwert, der noch nâch sînem site vert. [1] [5] [10] [15] [20] Whoever to true goodness Turns his mind He will meet with fortune and honour. We are taught this by

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1536-416: The king than the dukes, who pursued their own dynastic goals. The kings even appointed the bishops, until the investiture controversy . Furthermore, such houses were often located in the countryside in the middle of royal estates or near important abbeys. Pfalzen and smaller royal manors were generally built at intervals of 30 kilometres (18 miles), which at that time corresponded to a day's journey by

1584-577: The kings generously, but - like the Augsburg merchant and banker Jakob Fugger - financed their wars with huge loans. Examples of surviving imperial palaces may be found in the town of Goslar and at Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth . Middle High German While there is no standard MHG, the prestige of the Hohenstaufen court gave rise in the late 12th century to a supra-regional literary language ( mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache ) based on Swabian , an Alemannic dialect. This historical interpretation

1632-417: The kings spent the winter (winter palaces or Winterpfalzen ), where they spent several months and which therefore had to provide considerable resources and comfort, while in the summer they often only stayed for a shorter time while spending much time traveling across the country, including military campaigns, often using tent camps where there were no palaces, monasteries or cities. Other important palaces were

1680-401: The language. But many words have changed their meaning substantially. Muot (6) means 'state of mind' (cognates with mood ), where modern German Mut means courage. Êre (3) can be translated with 'honour', but is quite a different concept of honour from modern German Ehre ; the medieval term focuses on reputation and the respect accorded to status in society. The text

1728-726: The neuter singular, is used only with prepositions : von diu , ze diu , etc. In all the other genders and in the plural it is substituted with the dative: von dëm , von dër , von dën . Middle High German nouns were declined according to four cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative ), two numbers (singular and plural ) and three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), much like Modern High German, though there are several important differences. Verbs were conjugated according to three moods ( indicative , subjunctive (conjunctive) and imperative ), three persons, two numbers (singular and plural ) and two tenses ( present tense and preterite ) There

1776-485: The original manuscripts : A particular problem is that many manuscripts are of much later date than the works they contain; as a result, they bear the signs of later scribes having modified the spellings, with greater or lesser consistency, in accord with conventions of their time. In addition, there is considerable regional variation in the spellings that appear in the original texts, which modern editions largely conceal. The standardised orthography of MHG editions uses

1824-435: The original nominal phrase. The possessive pronouns mîn, dîn, sîn, ir, unser, iuwer are used like adjectives and hence take on adjective endings following the normal rules. The inflected forms of the article depend on the number, the case and the gender of the corresponding noun. The definite article has the same plural forms for all three genders. Definite article (strong) The instrumental case , only existing in

1872-453: The powerful of the empire) and court sessions (to settle disputes and punish offenses to prove their authority) alternately in different parts of the country. A second reason was a lack of communication options over long distances at a time when there were often hardly any solid roads. Therefore, the court had to show its presence in order to keep the realm under control. A third reason was supply bottlenecks: Due to inadequate transport routes, it

1920-410: The right to elect kings in the Holy Roman Empire came upon a limited number of imperial princes called prince-electors . There are various theories over the emergence of their exclusive election right. The secular electoral seats were hereditary. However, spiritual electors (and other prince-bishops) were elected by the cathedral chapters as religious leaders, but simultaneously ruled as princes of

1968-405: The royal train of horses and chariots. (Individual riders managed much longer distances on dry ground.) At a minimum, a pfalz consisted of a palas with its Great Hall or Aula Regia , an imperial chapel ( Pfalzkapelle ) and an estate ( Gutshof ). It was here that kings and emperors carried out the business of state, held their imperial court sessions, where they met with the greats of

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2016-527: The same Latin expressions. Pfalzen were often located near the remaining urban remnants of Roman times , the oldest cities in Germany, which were also mostly located on navigable rivers, which enabled quick and comfortable travel and also made supplies easier, mainly on the Rhine , Main and Danube . Old bishoprics were often located in these places, which also had the advantage that bishops were usually more loyal to

2064-517: The support of administrative officials, as in a territorial state , but rather his sovereignty was based on a personal relationship of dependence between feudal lords and their vassals ( Personenverbandsstaat , a "personal dependency state") . Therefore, this dependency had to be constantly maintained and renewed, including through the allocation of positions or land. This was one of the reasons why kings and emperors constantly traveled around their realm and held Hoftage (court days, i. e. meetings with

2112-446: The urban rulers ( patricians and guilds ), illegally seized imperial fiefdoms, introduced customs duties, new taxes and even royal regalia . Feuds , the law of the fist and robber barons escalated. In this situation, the barely fortified pfalzen no longer offered sufficient security to the German kings. Most were abandoned, repurposed by cities or local princes, disappeared under new development or fell into disrepair. Instead of

2160-407: The vowels in brackets were dropped in rapid speech. The preterite conjugation went as follows: The present tense conjugation went as follows: The vowels in brackets were dropped in rapid speech. The preterite conjugation went as follows: In the Middle High German period, the rise of a courtly culture and the changing nature of knighthood was reflected in changes to the vocabulary. Since

2208-427: Was a present participle, a past participle and a verbal noun that somewhat resembles the Latin gerund , but that only existed in the genitive and dative cases. An important distinction is made between strong verbs (that exhibited ablaut ) and weak verbs (that didn't). Furthermore, there were also some irregular verbs. The present tense conjugation went as follows: The bold vowels demonstrate umlaut ;

2256-434: Was not yet possible until the 13th century to provide long-term food supply for hundreds of people who had traveled to the same place, in addition to the local population. Consequently, instead of sending food to royal courts, the courts went to the food. In France and England, from the 13th century onwards, stationary royal residences began to develop into capitals that grew rapidly and developed corresponding infrastructure:

2304-717: Was the Ostsiedlung , the eastward expansion of German settlement beyond the Elbe - Saale line which marked the limit of Old High German . This process started in the 11th century, and all the East Central German dialects are a result of this expansion. "Judeo-German", the precursor of the Yiddish language, is attested in the 12th–13th centuries, as a variety of Middle High German written in Hebrew characters. The Middle High German period

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