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22-616: By the 10th century, Ibn Khordadbeh and the Hudud al-'Alam report the southern part of the Hindu Kush, i.e. the regions of Sistan , Rukhkhudh , Zabulistan and Kabul to make up the Khorasan marches . During the 16h century, founder of the Mughal Empire , Babur states in his Baburnama , his memoirs: The people of Hindustān call every country beyond their own Khorasān , in the same manner as

44-585: A census of all towns' size and population, as well as horses , cows and special products and recorded the data in Minjeongmunseo (민정문서). The reporting was done by the leader of each town. A national Confucian college was established in 682 and around 750 it was renamed the National Confucian University. The university was restricted to the elite aristocracy. However, in Silla society, because

66-659: A Silla prince whose influence made Mount Jiuhua one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Chinese Buddhism. Unified Silla and the Tang maintained close ties. This was evidenced by the continual importation of Chinese culture . Many Korean monks went to China to learn about Buddhism . The monk Hyecho went to India to study Buddhism and wrote an account of his travels. Different new sects of Buddhism were introduced by these traveling monks who had studied abroad such as Seon and Pure Land Buddhism . Unified Silla conducted

88-736: A letter to King Munmu. From this, the Kings of Silla continued to hold this perception and it may be seen in King Sinmun's instalment of "9 counties (9주)" and "9 서당 (9 Legions)". In ancient Asia, number 9 refers to great things, and 9 counties means a 'whole world (천하)'. More to this, Silla gave noble ranks to the nobles of Goguryeo and Baekje as a token of unification. So a historically more accurate term for this era would be Unified Silla. In 660, King Munmu ordered his armies to attack Baekje. General Kim Yu-sin , aided by Tang forces, defeated General Gyebaek and conquered Baekje. In 661, he moved on Goguryeo but

110-420: Is found there. And again: Gold and ebony are exported from Waqwaq. Khordadbeh wrote other books. He wrote around 8–9 other books on many subjects such as "descriptive geography" (the book Kitāb al Masālik w’al Mamālik ), "etiquettes of listening to music", "Persian genealogy", cooking", "drinking", "astral patterns", "boon-companions", "world history", "music and musical instruments". The book on music had

132-658: The Arab conquest of Iran . Ibn Khordadbeh was born in 820 or 825 in the eastern province of Khurasan , but grew up in the city of Baghdad . There he received a cultivated education, and studied music with the prominent singer Ishaq al-Mawsili , a friend of his father. When Ibn Khordadbeh became of age, he was appointed as the caliphal postal and intelligence service in the central province of Jibal , and eventually in Samarra and Baghdad. Around 870 ibn Khordadbeh wrote Kitāb al Masālik w’al Mamālik ( The Book of Roads and Kingdoms ) (with

154-532: The Bavandid ispahbadh (ruler) Shahriyar I ( r.  817–825 ) from the highlands of Tabaristan. Ibn Khordadbeh's grandfather was Khordadbeh, a former Zoroastrian who was convinced by the Barmakids to convert to Islam . He may have been the same person as Khordadbeh al-Razi, who had provided Abu'l-Hasan al-Mada'ini (died 843) the details regarding the flight of the last Sasanian emperor Yazdegerd III during

176-613: The Goguryeo–Tang War and Silla–Tang War in the 7th century, Silla annexed the southern part of Goguryeo, unifying the central and southern regions of the Korean peninsula . Unified Silla existed during the Northern and Southern States period at a time when Balhae controlled the north of the peninsula. Unified Silla lasted for 267 years until it fell to Goryeo in 935 during the reign of King Gyeongsun . North Korean historians criticize

198-513: The Later Three Kingdoms period in the late 9th century. Gyeongju remained the capital of Silla throughout the whole existence of the dynasty, which demonstrates the power of the governmental system employed in Silla. By using the “Bone Clan Class” system , a small group of powerful people (the 'bone clan') was able to rule over a large number of subjects. To maintain this rule over a large number of people for an extensive period of time, it

220-563: The bone-rank system was used for the election of officials rather than the imperial examination process that was used in Confucianism, the National Confucian University did not have great appeal to the nobility class of Silla. Silla was very scientifically and technologically advanced for the time. There was an emphasis put on astrology especially as it was closely tied to agriculture. This allowed them to accurately record events such as solar eclipses and lunar eclipses. Woodblock printing

242-842: The 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China, Korea and Japan, most notably during the time of Jang Bogo ; in addition, Silla people made overseas communities in China on the Shandong Peninsula and the mouth of the Yangtze River . Unified Silla was a golden age of art and culture, as evidenced by the Hwangnyongsa , Seokguram , and Emille Bell . Buddhism flourished during this time, and many Korean Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists and contributed to Chinese Buddhism, including: Woncheuk , Wonhyo , Uisang , Musang , and Kim Gyo-gak ,

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264-490: The Arabs term all except Arabia, Ajem . On the road between Hindustān and Khorasān, there are two great marts: the one Kābul , the other Kandahār . Caravans, from Ferghāna, Tūrkestān, Samarkand, Balkh, Bokhāra, Hissār, and Badakhshān , all resort to Kābul; while those from Khorasān repair to Kandahār . This country lies between Hindustān and Khorasān. In many Greek and Latin sources, particularly editions of Ptolemy's Geography ,

286-554: The name of the region is given as Cabolitae ( Καβολῖται ). European writers in the 18th to the 20th centuries sometimes referred to Durrani Empire as the Kingdom of Caboul . This Afghanistan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ibn Khordadbeh Abu'l-Qasim Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah ibn Khordadbeh ( Arabic : ابوالقاسم عبیدالله ابن خرداذبه ; 820/825–913), commonly known as Ibn Khordadbeh (also spelled Ibn Khurradadhbih ; ابن خرددة ),

308-464: The principal philosophical ideologies of the elite as well as the mainstays of the period's architecture and fine arts. Its last king, Gyeongsun , ruled over the state in name only and submitted to Wang Geon of the emerging Goryeo in 935, bringing the Silla dynasty to an end. Unified Silla carried on the maritime prowess of Baekje , which acted like the Phoenicia of medieval East Asia , and during

330-630: The second edition of the book being published in 885). In this work, ibn Khordadbeh described the various peoples and provinces of the Abbasid Caliphate. Along with maps, the book also includes descriptions of the land, people and culture of the Southern Asiatic coast as far as Brahamputra, the Andaman Islands , peninsular Malaysia and Java . The lands of Tang China , Unified Silla (Korea) and Japan are referenced within his work. He

352-480: The term "Late Silla (후기신라)" as using the word "late" suggests that Silla never unified the Korean people as a whole. North Korea recognises Goryeo as the first country that unified the Korean people. The people of Silla considered themselves to be a kingdom of unified Koreans and called it "삼한일통" which means unifying three kingdoms. As he lay on his death bed, one of the main generals "Kim Yu-sin", wrote this term "삼한일통" in

374-495: The term "Unified Silla" as traditionally "Unified Silla" is considered to be the first unified kingdom of the Korean people. According to the North Korean perspective, Goryeo was the first state to unify the Korean people as Silla failed to conquer the most part of Goguryeo and Balhae still existed after the establishment of "Unified Silla"; Balhae also occupied territory north of the Korean peninsula. North Korean historians use

396-540: The title Kitāb al-lahw wa-l-malahi which is on musical matters of pre-Islamic Iran. Unified Silla Unified Silla , or Late Silla , is the name often applied to the historical period of the Korean kingdom of Silla after its conquest of Goguryeo in 668 AD, which marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period . In the 7th century, a Silla–Tang alliance conquered Baekje in the Baekje–Tang War . Following

418-552: Was a high-ranking bureaucrat and geographer of Persian descent in the Abbasid Caliphate . He is the author of the earliest surviving Arabic book of administrative geography. Ibn Khordadbeh was the son of Abdallah ibn Khordadbeh , who had governed the northern Iranian region of Tabaristan under the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun ( r.  813–833 ), and in 816/17 conquered the neighbouring region of Daylam , as well as repelled

440-595: Was also one of the earliest Muslim writers to record Viking trade to the east: 'merchants called Rus traded in the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea , transporting their merchandise by camel as far as Baghdad. Ibn Khordadbeh clearly mentions Waqwaq twice: East of China are the lands of Waqwaq, which are so rich in gold that the inhabitants make the chains for their dogs and the collars for their monkeys of this metal. They manufacture tunics woven with gold. Excellent ebony wood

462-472: Was important for the government to keep the unity of the bone-rank system and hold the governed subjects in a low social status. Despite its political instability, Unified Silla was a prosperous country, and its metropolitan capital of Seorabeol (present-day Gyeongju) was the fourth-largest city in the world at the time. Through close ties maintained with the Tang dynasty , Buddhism and Confucianism became

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484-471: Was repelled. Silla then fought against the Tang dynasty for nearly a decade. During its heyday, the country contested with Balhae , a Goguryeo–Mohe kingdom, to the north for supremacy in the region. Throughout its existence, Unified Silla was plagued by intrigue and political turmoil in its newly conquered northern territory, caused by the rebel groups and factions in Baekje and Goguryeo, which eventually led to

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