Surviving
43-402: Surviving Destroyed or barely existing The Kabardians ( Kabardian : Къэбэрдей адыгэхэр; Adyghe : Къэбэртай адыгэхэр; Russian : Кабарди́нцы ) or Kabardinians are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag . They are also commonly known by the plural terms Kabardin , Kebertei , or Kabarday . Along with
86-470: A Cyrillic-based script for Kabardian. Over the decades, the popularity in use of Arabic-derived script increased. In 1881, the poet Bekmurza Pachev compiled a standardized Arabic script for Kabardian consisting of 39 letters. He published various literature and wrote poetry in this version of the alphabet. The Arabic alphabet was gaining universal acceptance and increasing usage among Kabardian Circassians. In 1908, Nuri Tsagov compiled another iteration of
129-722: A Latin alphabet for Kabardian. While many in the Circassian community have opposed the move, the endorsement of the project by Turkey's ruling party, AK Party , has resulted in the boosting of ADDER script. Since then, government-endorsed education material and primers have been prepared in ADDER Latin script. Table below lists the 49-letter Kabardian Latin (ADDER) Alphabet and their respective Cyrillic equivalents. Highlighted letters aren't considered independent letters, but are digraphs and are used to correspond to specific Kabardian phonemes. Below table shows Kabardian Arabic alphabet, as it
172-404: A result prefer to maintain a phoneme /aː/ . In a later section of his monograph, Kuipers also attempts to analyze the two vowels phonemes /ə/ and /a/ out of existence. Halle, however, shows that this analysis is flawed, as it requires the introduction of multiple new phonemes to carry the information formerly encoded by the two vowel phonemes. The vowel /o/ appears in some loan words; it
215-399: Is also complicated somewhat by the existence of Besleney, which is usually considered a dialect of Kabardian but also shares many features with certain dialects of Adyghe. Kabardian is written in a form of Cyrillic and serves as the literary language for Circassians in both Kabardino-Balkaria (where it is usually called the "Kabardian language") and Karachay-Cherkessia (where it is called
258-467: Is concerned, a majority of diaspora Circasians have tried to follow the conventions and literary practices in place among people living in the Circassian homeland. This is to help diaspora communities maintain ties to their homeland. Therefore, before 1924, the Arabic-based scripts developed for Western and Eastern (Kabardian) Circassian, also took roots among the diaspora communities. This is also why for
301-557: Is often pronounced /aw/ . The diphthong /aw/ is pronounced /oː/ in some dialects. /jə/ may be realised as /iː/ , /wə/ as /uː/ and /aj/ as /eː/ . This monophthongisation does not occur in all dialects. The vowels /a, aː/ can have the semi-vowel /j/ in front of it. The official alphabet used for writing Kabardian, is Cyrillic alphabet, including additional letters, totalling 59 letters. Digraphs, trigraphs, and one tetragraph, are counted as independent letters on their own. The Cyrillic alphabet in its current form has been
344-545: Is one of very few languages to possess a clear phonemic distinction between ejective affricates and ejective fricatives . Some linguists argue that Kabardian is only one dialect of an overarching Adyghe or Circassian language , which consists of all of the dialects of Adyghe and Kabardian together, and the Kabardians themselves most often refer to their language using the Circassian term Adighabze ("Adyghe language"). Several linguists, including Georges Dumézil , have used
387-451: The Beslenei dialect, there exists an alveolar lateral ejective affricate [t͡ɬʼ] which corresponds to [ ɬʼ ] in literary Kabardian. The Turkish Kabardians (Uzunyayla) and Besleneys have a palatalized voiced velar stop [ɡʲ] and a palatalized velar ejective [kʲʼ] which corresponds to [ d͡ʒ ] and [ t͡ʃʼ ] in literary Kabardian. The glottalization of
430-1078: The Besleney tribe, they speak a distinctive dialect of Circassian . Historically the Kabardians lived in Kabardia , a region of the north Caucasus . In modern times the Kabardians live mostly in the Russian republic of Kabardino-Balkaria , which partly corresponds to the historic region. Despite the Soviet administrative divisions that placed Circassians under four different designations and political units, namely Adygeans (Circassians in Adygea ), Cherkessians (Circassians in Karachay-Cherkessia ), Kabardians (Circassians in Kabardino-Balkaria), and Shapsugs (Circassians in Krasnodar Krai ), all four groups are essentially
473-745: The Hanafi school Kabardians also constituted one of the earliest Christian communities in Europe , converting in the late 2nd and early 3rd Centuries. Kabardians living in Mozdoksky District in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania are Orthodox Christians . Some of the Kabardians living in the southern part of the neighbouring Kursky district of Stavropol Krai are also Orthodox Christians. There are also some Roman Catholic Kabardians (possibly descended from families who reportedly converted from Orthodoxy during
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#1732844636183516-533: The Hanafi school Kabardians also constituted one of the earliest Christian communities in Europe , converting in the late 2nd and early 3rd Centuries. Kabardians living in Mozdoksky District in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania are Orthodox Christians . Some of the Kabardians living in the southern part of the neighbouring Kursky district of Stavropol Krai are also Orthodox Christians. There are also some Roman Catholic Kabardians (possibly descended from families who reportedly converted from Orthodoxy during
559-984: The "Cherkess language"). Like all other Northwest Caucasian languages, Kabardian is ergative and has an extremely complex verbal system. Since 2004, the Turkish broadcasting corporation TRT has maintained a half-an-hour programme a week in the Terek dialect of Kabardian. The phoneme written Л л is pronounced as a voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ ɮ ] mostly by the Circassians of Kabarda and Cherkessia , but many Kabardians pronounce it as an alveolar lateral approximant [ l ] in diaspora. The series of labialized alveolar sibilant affricates and fricatives that exist in Adyghe /ʃʷʼ/ /ʒʷ/ /ʃʷ/ /t͡sʷ/ became labiodental consonants /fʼ/ /v/ /f/ /v/ in Kabardian, for example
602-474: The 13th century). According to the 2012 survey census, of the 240,000 Catholics who lived in Russia, 1.8% were Kabardians. Kabardian language Destroyed or barely existing Kabardian ( / k ə ˈ b ɑːr d i ə n / ), also known as East Circassian , is a Northwest Caucasian language , that is considered to be the east dialect of Adyghe language . While some Soviet linguists have treated
645-482: The 19th century, Kabardian did not have a literary tradition yet, and it did not have a native orthography. At the time, Ottoman Turkish was used as the literary language by Circassians. Starting in the 1820s, efforts at compiling and standardizing Arabic-based scripts were undertaken by various Kabardian literaturists, and by the early 1920s, an officially-adopted Arabic-based script was in widespread educational and literary use. However, in 1924, Kabardian Arabic alphabet
688-542: The 59-letter Kabardian Cyrillic Alphabet. Dighraphs, trigraphs, and a tetragraph are counted as independent letters. Since the genocide and forced expulsion of Circassians in their homeland in the second half of the 19th century, most Circassians have been living as diaspora communities in countries such as Turkey , Syria , Jordan , and elsewhere. In fact more Circassians live in the diaspora than within Circassia . As far as orthographic conventions among diasporic communities
731-449: The Arabic alphabet, better suited for all consonant and vowel phonemes of Kabardian. This version of the alphabet was widely accepted, with many authors utilizing it to publish books and literature, including a primer . The alphabet gained official status in education and later also inspired the standardization of Arabic-based orthography for Adyghe language by Akhmetov Bekukh. In line with
774-434: The Kabardian words мафӏэ [maːfʼa] "fire", зэвы [zavə] "narrow", фыз [fəz] "wife" and вакъэ [vaːqa] "shoe" are pronounced as машӏо [maːʃʷʼa] , зэжъу [zaʒʷə] , шъуз /ʃʷəz/ and цуакъэ [t͡sʷaːqa] in Adyghe. Kabardian has a labialized voiceless velar fricative [xʷ] which correspond to Adyghe [f] , for example the Adyghe word "тфы" ( [tfə] "five" is тху ( [txʷə] ) in Kabardian. In
817-453: The Russian republic of Kabardino-Balkaria , which partly corresponds to the historic region. Despite the Soviet administrative divisions that placed Circassians under four different designations and political units, namely Adygeans (Circassians in Adygea ), Cherkessians (Circassians in Karachay-Cherkessia ), Kabardians (Circassians in Kabardino-Balkaria), and Shapsugs (Circassians in Krasnodar Krai ), all four groups are essentially
860-673: The Uzunyayla plateau of Kayseri Province and around central Turkey. However, there are Kabardian villages in Balıkesir , Düzce , Eskişehir in northwest Turkey, Çorum , Samsun , and Tokat in the Black Sea region, amongst many others. Significant populations of Kabardians also live in Jordan , and there are communities in the United States. In Israel and Jordan, respectively, Shapsugs and Abzakhs are
903-413: The Uzunyayla plateau of Kayseri Province and around central Turkey. However, there are Kabardian villages in Balıkesir , Düzce , Eskişehir in northwest Turkey, Çorum , Samsun , and Tokat in the Black Sea region, amongst many others. Significant populations of Kabardians also live in Jordan , and there are communities in the United States. In Israel and Jordan, respectively, Shapsugs and Abzakhs are
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#1732844636183946-471: The alphabet inconvenient to learn and use. Thus two year later, in 1938, N.F. Yakovlev led a commission that reformed the Cyrillic alphabet to its present form. Among the diasporic Circassian communities, the situation with respect to orthography has been more complex. Some groups have advocated for use of Latin or Arabic in line with the language of the larger society in which Circassian communities reside. On
989-401: The boosting of ADDER script and its usage in development of new educational material. The alphabet consists of the following letters: A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, Ć ć, D d, E e, É é, F f, Ḟ ḟ, G g, Ǵ ǵ, Ğ ğ, H h, Ḣ ḣ, I ı, İ i, J j, Ĵ ĵ, K k, Ḱ ḱ, Ǩ ǩ, L l, Ĺ ĺ, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, Ṕ ṕ, Q q, R r, S s, Ś ś, Š š, Ş ş, Ṩ ṩ, T t, Ṫ ṫ, U u, Ü ü, W w, V v, X x, Y y, Z z, Ź ź, ' Table below lists
1032-501: The ejective stops (but not fricatives) can be quite weak, and has been reported to often be creaky voice , that is, to have laryngealized voicing. Something similar seems to have happened historically in the Veinakh languages . Kabardian has a vertical vowel system . Although many surface vowels appear, they can be analyzed as consisting of at most the following three phonemic vowels: /ə/ , /a/ and /aː/ . The following allophones of
1075-699: The general linguistic policy of the Soviet Union at the time, the existing Arabic script was replaced with a newly developed Kabardian Latin alphabet in 1924. Khuranov is credited for first compiling the first version of Latin alphabet in May 1923. This version closely resembled the Latin alphabet adopted for Adyghe language in 1927. This alphabet consisted of many newly created letters, some even borrowed from Cyrillic. Another interesting feature of this iteration of Adyghe Latin Alphabet
1118-469: The largest groups. Religions historically practiced by Kabardians include the native Adyghe Xabze faith, Christianity and Islam . The majority of Kabardians had converted to Islam by the early 19th century. There are also still some adherents to traditional Xabze beliefs, with 1,8% being practiced in Kabardino-Balkaria, although most Kabardians are either Non-denominational or Sunni Muslims of
1161-408: The largest groups. Religions historically practiced by Kabardians include the native Adyghe Xabze faith, Christianity and Islam . The majority of Kabardians had converted to Islam by the early 19th century. There are also still some adherents to traditional Xabze beliefs, with 1,8% being practiced in Kabardino-Balkaria, although most Kabardians are either Non-denominational or Sunni Muslims of
1204-511: The main orthography of the time in the Circassian homeland, i.e. Nuri Tsagov's script. More recently, there has been developments in Turkey . In the 2000s, the Konya -based Adyghe Language Teaching Association (ADDER) has compiled a Latin alphabet for Kabardian. While many in the Circassian community have opposed the move, the endorsement of the project by Turkey's ruling party, AK Party , has resulted in
1247-594: The official alphabet since 1938. Kabardian alphabet, while having minor differences reflecting dialectical variations, is very similar to orthography of the Adyghe language , the other prominent Circassian language. Kabardian is also unofficially written and taught in Latin, in some diaspora communities, especially in Turkey where government-backing of a Latin-based script has been a cause for controversy and opposition among Kabardians who still overwhelmingly favor Cyrillic. Prior to
1290-481: The other hand, since the adoption of Cyrillic in Circassia others have advocated for continued use of Cyrillic as it helps maintain contact with the Circassian homeland and the literary tradition there. This divergence goes back to the early 20th century, when in 1909, Muhammad Pchegatlukov developed a new and independent Arabic-based writing system in the Ottoman Empire . His proposed script didn't manage to displace
1333-411: The past decades up till today, the majority of Circassians, be they in Turkey or Jordan or elsewhere, have adopted the Cyrillic alphabet and insist on educating the new generation in Cyrillic alphabet. Nevertheless, the issue of orthography hasn't been without controversy among diaspora communities. In the 2000s in Turkey , the Konya -based Adyghe Language Teaching Association (ADDER) has compiled
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1376-514: The same people (Circassians). Furthermore, Cherkessians are mostly of the Kabardian and Besleney tribes. Kabardians are the largest Circassian group in the world in general and form the largest group in Russia, Turkey, Egypt, and other countries. As of 2002 Kabardians numbered around 520,000 in Kabardino-Balkaria , Russia. and about 50,000 in Karachay-Cherkessia in Russia. In Turkey, where more than 1 million live, they are concentrated on
1419-451: The same people (Circassians). Furthermore, Cherkessians are mostly of the Kabardian and Besleney tribes. Kabardians are the largest Circassian group in the world in general and form the largest group in Russia, Turkey, Egypt, and other countries. As of 2002 Kabardians numbered around 520,000 in Kabardino-Balkaria , Russia. and about 50,000 in Karachay-Cherkessia in Russia. In Turkey, where more than 1 million live, they are concentrated on
1462-516: The short vowels /ə/ , /a/ appear: According to Kuipers, Most of the long vowels appear as automatic variants of a sequence of short vowel and glide, when it occurs in a single syllable: This leaves only the vowel [aː] . Kuipers claims that this can be analyzed as underlying /ha/ when word-initial, and underlying /ah/ elsewhere, based on the following facts: Halle finds Kuipers' analysis "exemplary". Gordon and Applebaum note this analysis, but also note that some authors disagree, and as
1505-445: The terms "eastern Circassian" (Kabardian) and "western Circassian" (Adyghe) to avoid that confusion, but both "Circassian" and "Kabardian" may still be found in linguistic literature. There are several key phonetic and lexical differences that create a reasonably well-defined separation between the eastern and the western Circassian dialects, but the degree to which the two are mutually intelligible has not yet been determined. The matter
1548-416: The twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag . They are also commonly known by the plural terms Kabardin , Kebertei , or Kabarday . Along with the Besleney tribe, they speak a distinctive dialect of Circassian . Historically the Kabardians lived in Kabardia , a region of the north Caucasus . In modern times the Kabardians live mostly in
1591-664: The two as distinct languages, the Circassians (including Kabardian people) consider the eastern and western language variants to be dialects of one Circassian language. It is spoken mainly in parts of the North Caucasus republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia (Eastern Circassia), and in Turkey , Jordan and Syria (the extensive post-war diaspora). It has 47 or 48 consonant phonemes , of which 22 or 23 are fricatives , depending upon whether one counts [h] as phonemic, but it has only 3 phonemic vowels. It
1634-427: Was conducted by famous Kabardian poet, Sh. Nogma, in 1825. His alphabet consisted of 42 letters, including 15 letters introduced by him, some of which had unusual forms, diverging from the conventional rasm (base of letters which are then used for addition of dots and diacritics ). His alphabet thus didn't take hold. In 1830, in collaboration with Russian philologist and orientalist, Gratsilevsky , Nogma developed
1677-408: Was discarded and replaced with Latin.. A second version of Latin script was adopted in 1930. This lasted for another 6 years, and in 1936, Latin alphabet was discarded in favour of Cyrillic. Kabardian Cyrillic alphabet underwent an iteration of modification in 1938, and the 1938 version has been in popular and official use eversince. First ever notable attempt at compiling an orthography for Kabardian
1720-454: Was reintroduced. The alphabet consisted of the following letters: A a, B b, V v, D d, E e, G g, Gu gu, Z z, Ž ž, Z̧ z̧, Ӡ ӡ, Ꜧ ꜧ, Ꜧu ꜧu, I i, J j, K k, Ku ku, Ⱪ ⱪ, Ⱪu ⱪu, Q q, Qu qu, Qh qh, Qhu qhu, L l, [REDACTED] [REDACTED] , Lh lh, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, Š š, Ş ş, T t, Th th, U u, F f, Fh fh, X x, Xu xu, X̌ x̌, X̌u x̌u, ɦ, C c, Ç ç, Ch ch, Y y, H h, ', Ù ù, Je je, Jo jo, Ju ju, Ja ja . In 1930, Kabardian Latin alphabet
1763-674: Was replaced by a new version derived from the nationally-adopted new standard, Yañalif . In 1936, Kabardian was one of the languages in the Soviet Union to switch to Cyrillic alphabet. Tuta Borukaev , Kabardian public figure and linguist is credited with the compilation of the first official Cyrillic alphabet for Kabardian. They consisted of the following: А а, ’А ’а, Б б, В в, Г г, Гъ гъ, Д д, Е е, Ж ж, Жь жь, З з, И и, Й й, К к, К’ к’, Л л, Ль ль, Л’ л’, М м, Н н, О о, П п, П’ п’, Р р, С с, Т т, Т’ т’, У у, ’У ’у, Ф ф, Ф’ ф’, Х х, Хь хь, Хъ хъ, Ц ц, Ц’ ц’, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Щ’ щ’, Ъ ъ, Ы ы, Ь ь, Э э, Ю ю, Я я . The extensive reliance on use of apostrophes made
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1806-530: Was that there was no distinction between lower case and upper case letters. Each letter only had one single case. The alphabet consisted of а b w d g ꜧ [REDACTED] е ӡ z ž ⱬ i j k ⱪ q qh l [REDACTED] lh m n o p ph r s š ş t th v f fh x х̌ ɦ c ç ch y h u è ù â ỳ . Kabardian Latin alphabet underwent another update in 1925. In this version, many of the newly created letters were removed in favour of introduction of accents and diacritics over base Latin letters. In this version, upper-case/lower-case distinction
1849-764: Was the official script of Kabardian Circassian between 1908 and 1924, compiled by Nuri Tsagov. Kabardian, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, has a basic agent–object–verb typology, and is characterized by ergative–absolutive alignment . The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kabardian and Adyghe, along with the original declaration in English. Kabardians Surviving Destroyed or barely existing The Kabardians ( Kabardian : Къэбэрдей адыгэхэр; Adyghe : Къэбэртай адыгэхэр; Russian : Кабарди́нцы ) or Kabardinians are one of
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