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55-463: Brunet was born on 2 January 1838 in Belfort , in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté , in eastern France . He was the son of Jean-Michel Brunet, a veterinary doctor in the army, and his wife Louise-Adine Rocher. In 1855, he began his military education after being admitted to Saint-Cyr , which he left two years later to enter the École Polytechnique . Graduating 68th of 120 in his class, Brunet joined

110-764: A broader sense, Tokyo Bay includes the Uraga Channel. By this definition the bay opens from an area north of the straight line from Cape Tsurugisaki on the east of Miura Peninsula to Cape Sunosaki on the west of the Boso Peninsula. This area covers about 1,100 km (420 sq mi). The area of Tokyo Bay combined with the Uraga Channel covers 1,500 km (580 sq mi). The shoal between Cape Futtsu in Chiba Prefecture and Cape Honmaku in Yokohama

165-420: A foot-race from Paris to Belfort, a course of over 380 km (240 mi), the first large-scale long-distance running race on record. Over 1,100 competitors registered for the event and over 800 started from the offices of Le Petit Journal , at Paris Opera . This had also been the start point for the inaugural Paris–Brest–Paris cycle-race the previous year. The newspaper's circulation dramatically increased as

220-630: A leader, he said that if the man had been in Europe, he most certainly would have been a general. Brunet and the other French advisers were wanted by the Imperial government, but were evacuated from Hokkaidō by the French corvette Coëtlogon , commanded by Abel-Nicolas Bergasse du Petit-Thouars . In Yokohama they were put under arrest by the new French plenipotentiary in Japan, Maxime d'Outrey, and then taken to Saigon by

275-671: A military mission to Japan". At 28 years old, Brunet was one of the youngest officers selected to the Mission. The mission was composed of fifteen members, including five officers, and was led by Captain Charles Chanoine . All preparations were completed on 3 November 1866, and days later the mission departed to Japan aboard the Péluse . They arrived in January 1867, and trained the Shogun's troops for about

330-769: A natural gap between the Vosges and the Jura , on a route linking the Rhine and the Rhône, has attracted human settlement since Roman times, and has also made it a frequent target for invading armies many times in its history. The site of Belfort was inhabited in Gallo-Roman times. Later, it was heavily settled by Germanic peoples during the Germanic migrations , most notably the Burgundians , who settled in

385-717: A reaction will take place, and the Daimyos of the North have offered me to be its soul. I have accepted, because with the help of one thousand Japanese officers and non-commissioned officers, our students, I can direct the 50,000 men of the Confederation [...]". On 4 October, the day of his resignation, Brunet left the French headquarters in Yokohama under the pretext of going to visit the Franco-Japanese arsenal in Yokosuka . Instead, he went to

440-584: A year. While in Japan, Brunet was promoted to captain (August 1867). Then the Shogun, in 1868, was overthrown in the Boshin War and Emperor Meiji was nominally restored to full power. In late September 1868, the French military mission was ordered by its government to leave Japan. Captain Chanoine arranged for the mission to leave Japan aboard two ships, which would sail on 15 and 28 October. Brunet, however, chose to stay in Japan and remain loyal to Shogun's side of

495-513: Is 10.1 °C (50.2 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,122.3 mm (44.19 in) with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 19.2 °C (66.6 °F), and lowest in January, at around 1.2 °C (34.2 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Belfort was 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) on 13 July 1949; the coldest temperature ever recorded

550-565: Is also a train service to Frankfurt am Main in Germany. Regional services connect Belfort to Montbéliard , Besançon , Mulhouse , Vesoul , Épinal and Nancy . From 2017, regional trains will connect Belfort with Belfort-Montbéliard TGV station using the new Belfort–Delle railway link. This service links Belfort and the surrounding area to Switzerland, and the high-speed train link will connect Swiss towns such as Delémont , Bern , Fribourg and Lausanne to Paris and other cities. Before 2020,

605-573: Is enormous in Greater Tokyo , there is little room for traditional garbage disposal sites; waste is rigorously sorted at the household, much of it is turned into ash and further recycled into bay landfill. The Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line bridge-tunnel crosses Tokyo Bay between Kawasaki and Kisarazu; Tokyo-Wan Ferry also crosses the bay toward the Uraga Channel between Kurihama (in Yokosuka) and Kanaya (in Futtsu on

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660-513: Is known as Nakanose , and has a depth of 20 m (66 ft). North of this area the bay has a depth of 40 m (130 ft) and an uncomplicated underwater topography . Areas south of Nakanose are significantly deeper moving towards the Pacific Ocean. The only natural island in Tokyo Bay is Sarushima (0.055 km (0.021 sq mi)) at Yokosuka , Kanagawa Prefecture. Sarushima

715-501: Is located approximately 16 km (10 mi) south from the base of the Ballon d'Alsace mountain range, source of the Savoureuse . The city of Belfort has 46,443 inhabitants (2019). Belfort is the centre of a larger functional area (metropolitan area) with 133,597 inhabitants (2018), between the larger metropolitan areas of Mulhouse and Montbéliard . Belfort's strategic location, in

770-423: Is located at a busy hub in the region's local and long-distance road network. Its proximity to the commercial port of Mulhouse-Rhin facilitates international trade. The motorway A36 from Beaune to Mulhouse follows a route to the south and east of the city, and forms the main axis linking Belfort to other French and European cities. Passing just south of town, N19 connects Langres (and thereby Paris and Troyes) to

825-410: Is subject to rapid marine erosion . Sediments on the shore of the bay make for a smooth, continuous shoreline. In a narrow sense, Tokyo Bay is the area north of the straight line from Cape Kannon on the west of Miura Peninsula to Cape Futtsu on the east Bōsō Peninsula. This area covers about 922 km (356 sq mi) in 2012, reclamation projects continue to slowly shrink the bay. In

880-565: The Dupleix . Brunet then returned to France. The new Japanese government requested that Brunet be punished for his activities in the Boshin War, but his actions had won popular support in France and the request was denied. On his return to Japan, he was presented with three Japanese swords by Yoshinobu Tokugawa. After receiving a light sentence in his country of suspension for six months, Brunet rejoined

935-579: The French First Army outside the town until French Commandos made a successful night attack on the Salbert Fort. Belfort was liberated on 22 November 1944. It is believed that Adolf Hitler intended to annex Belfort into the German Gau Baden–Alsace , but it never took place. Belfort has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ). The average annual temperature in Belfort

990-554: The Keiyō Industrial Zone in Chiba Prefecture along the north and east coasts of Tokyo Bay after World War II . The development of the two zones has resulted in the largest industrialized area in Japan. The large-scale industrial zones of the coastal Tokyo region have caused significant air and water pollution. The Port of Yokosuka contains the naval bases of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and

1045-604: The Meiji and Taishō periods . After World War II these islands were converted to residential or recreational use. Odaiba , also known as Daiba , was one of six artificial islands constructed in 1853 as a fortification to protect the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo , and was known as the Shinagawa Daiba. After World War II Odaiba was incorporated into Tokyo and redeveloped for commercial and recreational use. Before World War II, Yumenoshima

1100-684: The Port of Chiba , the Port of Tokyo , the Port of Kawasaki, the Port of Yokosuka , the Port of Kisarazu , rank not only as the busiest ports in Japan, but also in the Asia-Pacific Region . Industrial zones on Tokyo Bay were developed as early as the Meiji era (1868–1912). The Keihin Industrial Zone was built on reclaimed land in Kanagawa Prefecture to the west of Tokyo. This was expanded to

1155-643: The Siege of Puebla in 1863, for which he was awarded by Emperor Napoleon III with the Cross of the Légion d'honneur . He was promoted to captain of the artillery in 1867, and was then Knight of the Légion d'honneur. During his time in Mexico, Brunet was able to create a number of quickly-drawn croquis , many of which were then published by French newspapers to illustrate the war. In 1866,

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1210-644: The United Kingdom in August 1871, and later that year was made an officer of the Légion d'honneur and assigned as aide de camp to the Minister of War , Ernest Courtot de Cissey . In 1879, Brunet received the promotion to chef d'escadron and was appointed military attaché to Rome . As a colonel, he commanded the 11th Artillery Regiment between 1887 and 1891. Promoted to brigade general in December 1891, he commanded

1265-653: The United States Forces Japan . Tokyo Bay was the venue for the Perry Expedition , which involved two separate trips from 1853 to 1854 between the United States and Japan by Commodore Matthew Perry (1794–1858). Perry sailed on his four " Black Ships " into Edo Bay on July 8, 1853, and began negotiations with the Tokugawa shogunate that led to a peace and trade treaty between the United States and Japan in 1854. The Japanese Instrument of Surrender at

1320-515: The horse artillery , and finished his education at the school of artillery of Metz , where he excelled in his studies and graduated in fourth place in his course, in 1861. Shortly after graduating, Brunet was sent to serve in the French invasion of Mexico . As a sub-lieutenant in the horse artillery regiment of the Imperial Guard , he served with distinction throughout the war, particularly during

1375-574: The 48th Infantry Brigade between 1891 and 1897, then the 19th Artillery Brigade. In 1898, Chanoine , his former senior officer in the Japan mission, by then Minister of War, made Brunet his chef de cabinet and promoted him to general of division . In January 1903, Brunet retired into the army reserve . After a long period of illness he died in Fontenay-sous-Bois , on 13 August 1911. Three Japanese swords , said to have been given to him by Yoshinobu Tokugawa of Japan, are still in existence at

1430-554: The Chiba side). Tokyo Bay was a historical center of the fishing industry, a source of shellfish , and other aquaculture . These industries decreased with the industrialization of the Tokyo Bay region early in the 20th century, and almost completely ceased with the construction of the Keihin and Keiyō industrial zones directly after World War II . A number of Japan's most important ports are located in Tokyo Bay. The Port of Yokohama ,

1485-452: The Ezo government. He invited foreign diplomats and handled opening negotiations with foreign powers, as the Ezo state sought international recognition , and was responsible for drafting French-language announcements to his fellow officers fighting in the rebellion. Brunet also helped to organize the Ezo army, under hybrid Franco-Japanese leadership. Otori Keisuke was Commander-in-chief and Brunet

1540-719: The French army in February 1870, with only a slight loss in seniority. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 he distinguished himself at the battles of Spicheren , Mars-la-Tour and Gravelotte . He was taken prisoner at the Siege of Metz . In the aftermath of the war Brunet played a key role as a member of the Versailles Army in the suppression of the Paris Commune . He visited the Royal School of Military Engineering in

1595-442: The French government decided to send a group of military advisors to Japan to help modernize the Shogun's army. For his distinguinshed performance in the artillery school and in the war in Mexico, Brunet was a main choice for the artillery corps of the mission. He was notably recommended to Napoleon III by government official Émilien de Nieuwerkerke , who also noted Brunet's drawing skills and his "most great desire to be in charge of

1650-455: The French public followed the progress of race participants, 380 of whom completed the course in under ten days. In Le Petit Journal on 18 June 1892, Pierre Giffard praised the event as a model for the physical training of a nation faced by hostile neighbours. The event was won by Constant Ramoge in 100 hours, 5 minutes. The town was bombarded by the German Army during World War I. Before

1705-609: The Shogunate's fleet anchored off Shinagawa , in Tokyo Bay , where he joined André Cazeneuve , a fellow countryman who remained loyal to the Shogun. Brunet took an active role in the Boshin War. He and Cazeneuve were present at the Battle of Toba–Fushimi near Osaka , in January 1868 (before the mission was recalled to France). After that Imperial victory, Brunet, Cazeneuve and the Shogun's Admiral, Enomoto Takeaki , fled to Edo (now Tokyo ) on

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1760-678: The Swiss border. It is the prefecture of the Territoire de Belfort . Belfort is 400 km (250 mi) from Paris and 55 km (34 mi) from Basel. The residents of the city are called "Belfortains". The city is located on the river Savoureuse , on a strategically important natural route between the Rhine and the Rhône – the Belfort Gap ( Trouée de Belfort ) or Burgundian Gate ( Porte de Bourgogne ). It

1815-475: The Swiss canton of Jura . EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg is located about 60 km (37 mi) east of Belfort (1 hour drive). Belfort is well connected with the rest of France, with direct connections by train to major destinations such as Paris , Dijon , Besançon , Mulhouse , Strasbourg , Lyon , Marseille , Montpellier and Lille , including high-speed trains . Some trains operate into Switzerland, such as Basel and Zürich stations. There

1870-613: The bay in Chiba Prefecture. Land reclamation has been carried out along the coast of Tokyo Bay since the Meiji period. Areas along the shore with a depth of less than 5 m (16 ft) are simplest to carry out landfill , and sand from the floor of Tokyo Bay is used for these projects. The topography of the shoreline of Tokyo Bay differs greatly from that of the pre-modern period due to ongoing land reclamation projects. Tokyo Bay includes about 249 km (96 sq mi) of reclaimed land area in 2012. Aggregate household waste production

1925-437: The city and around 2500 musicians, most of them students or amateur groups from countries across Europe and the rest of the world. Music styles performed are extremely diverse and include traditional, folk, rock, jazz, classical and experimental. Belfort was the birthplace of: Belfort is twinned with: Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay ( 東京湾 , Tōkyō-wan ) is a bay located in the southern Kantō region of Japan spanning

1980-684: The city of Edo . The bay took its present name in modern times, after the Imperial court moved to Edo and renamed the city Tokyo in 1868. Tokyo Bay juts prominently into the Kantō Plain . It is surrounded by the Bōsō Peninsula in Chiba Prefecture to the east and the Miura Peninsula in Kanagawa Prefecture to the west. The shore of Tokyo Bay consists of a diluvial plateau and

2035-613: The coasts of Tokyo , Kanagawa Prefecture , and Chiba Prefecture . Tokyo Bay is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Uraga Channel . The Tokyo Bay region is the most populous and the largest industrialized area in Japan. In ancient times, the Japanese knew Tokyo Bay as the uchi-umi ( 内海 ) , which means "inner sea" . By the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1600) the area had become known as Edo Bay ( 江戸湾 , Edo-wan ) after

2090-461: The confirmation sms as a ticket. The region of Belfort already offers around 70 km (43 mi) of cycling tracks with more under construction. Visit the local tourist office for information on the latest additions including the 'Coulée verte' to the west, malsaucy-giromany to the north and the Euro Velo 6 about 20 km (12 mi) to the south. There are many organised cycling events, offering

2145-790: The home of Brunet's descendants. Brunet's former ally, Admiral Enomoto, joined the Imperial government and became Minister of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Through Enomoto's influence, the Imperial government not only forgave Brunet's actions but awarded him medals in May 1881 and again in March 1885, among those the Order of the Rising Sun . The medals were presented at the Japanese Embassy in Paris . In 1895 Brunet

2200-402: The opportunity for people to explore the area in the company of an official guide. Belfort's best known cultural event is the annual Eurockéennes , one of France's largest rock music festivals. Belfort is also well known for hosting the annual Festival International de Musique Universitaire (FIMU) held in May each year. FIMU usually involves over 250 concerts at different locations around

2255-411: The player chooses to side with the Shogunate's forces during the conflict. Brunet was a talented painter and sketch artist who left numerous depictions of his travels in Mexico and Japan. Belfort Belfort ( French pronunciation: [bɛlfɔʁ] ; archaic German : Beffert , Beffort ) is a city in northeastern France, situated approximately 25 km (16 mi) from

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2310-429: The position of artillery officer in the French army". In another letter, to Napoleon III himself, Brunet explained the plan of the alliance, as well as his role in it: "A revolution is forcing the Military Mission to return to France. Alone I stay, alone I wish to continue, under new conditions: the results obtained by the Mission, together with the Party of the North, which is the party favorable to France in Japan. Soon

2365-469: The region after the Gallo-Roman inhabitants had been displaced. It was subsequently recorded in the 13th century as a possession of the counts of Montbéliard , who granted it a charter in 1307. Previously an Austrian possession, Belfort was transferred to France by the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War . The town's fortifications were extended and developed by the military architect Vauban for Louis XIV . Until 1871, Belfort

2420-409: The service Épinal -Belfort will be electrified and modernized. This will allow a link between LGV Est and LGV Rhin-Rhône in Belfort-Montbéliard TGV station , opening new destinations like Nancy, Metz and Luxembourg . A local bus network Optymo operates within Belfort (www.optymo.fr). Tickets can be bought from any newsagent in the city, or a bus passenger can send a sms 'BUS' to 84100 and show

2475-465: The vicinity of Metz. It formed, as it still does, the Territoire de Belfort . The siege is commemorated by a huge statue, the Lion of Belfort , by Frédéric Bartholdi . Alsatians not wanting to live under German rule in annexed Alsace and who wanted a French life and home in Belfort made a significant contribution to Belfort and French industry (see Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques ) after 1872. On 5 June 1892, Le Petit Journal organised

2530-434: The war, the September Programme of German Imperial Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg , pressed for expansionist aims of French territory, specifically advocated the annexation of the Belfort region along with the western side of the Vosges Mountains . After the 1940 Battle of France with the German victory, Belfort fell within the Nazi German occupation zone . In November 1944, the retreating Wehrmacht held off

2585-413: The war. He decided to assist the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei , known as the "Northern Alliance", in their resistance against the Imperial faction. He resigned from the French army on 4 October, informing Minister of War Adolphe Niel of his decision in a letter: "I have the honor of presenting to you my resignation from the rank of captain; I declare that from this 4 October 1868, I renounce the prerogatives of

2640-424: The warship Fujisan . When Edo also fell to Imperial forces Enomoto and Brunet escaped, first going to Sendai and then to the northern island of Hokkaidō (then known as Ezo ). There they quickly captured the port city of Hakodate , on 26 October 1868, and by the end of the year Enomoto and his allies had proclaimed the independent Republic of Ezo . Brunet became the de facto Minister of Foreign Affairs of

2695-529: Was second-in-command . Each of the four brigades were commanded by a French officer ( Fortant , Marlin , Cazeneuve and Bouffier ), with Japanese officers commanding each half-brigade. The final stand of the Shogun/Ezo forces was the Battle of Hakodate . The Ezo forces, numbering 3,000, were defeated by 7,000 Imperial troops in June 1869. In an interesting postscript to his involvement in the Boshin War, Brunet spoke highly of Shinsengumi vice-commander Hijikata Toshizō in his memoirs. Praising Hijikata's ability as

2750-468: Was constructed in 1985 and is home to Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise . Other artificial islands include Heiwa , Katsushima , Shōwa , Keihin , and Higashiōgi islands. Numerous rivers empty into Tokyo Bay, and all provide water for residential and industrial areas along the bay. The Tama and Sumida rivers empty into the bay at Tokyo. The Edo River empties into Tokyo Bay between Tokyo and Chiba Prefecture. The Obitsu and Yōrō rivers empty into

2805-410: Was made a Grand Officer of the Order of the Sacred Treasure . Brunet's actions served as inspiration for the character of Nathan Algren , the protagonist of the 2003 film The Last Samurai . Brunet also appears as a character in the 2024 video game Rise of the Ronin , where he is portrayed as a military advisor to Katsu Kaishu and can fight alongside the player in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi if

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2860-409: Was one of the locations fortified with coastal artillery during the Bakumatsu period and was subsequently incorporated into the Tokyo Bay Fortress during the Meiji period . The Imperial Japanese Navy maintained a degaussing station on the island until the end of World War II . The island is now uninhabited and is a marine park. Many artificial islands were built as naval fortifications in

2915-422: Was part of the département of Haut-Rhin , in Alsace . The Siege of Belfort (between 3 November 1870 and 18 February 1871) during the Franco Prussian war was successfully resisted by the French until the garrison was ordered to surrender 21 days after the armistice between France and Prussia ended the war. The region was not annexed by Prussia like the rest of Alsace was. It was exchanged for territories in

2970-560: Was planned as an airfield (one of the largest in the world at the time), but after the US military expansion of Haneda Airport following World War II, the plan of the airfield fell through. The island briefly opened as a public beach before being repurposed and used as a landfill between 1957 and 1967 to dispose of the large quantities of garbage from the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. The reclaimed land now hosts Yumenoshima Park with numerous recreational facilities. Hakkei Island (0.24 km (0.093 sq mi)), formerly Landfill Number 14,

3025-406: Was −21.4 °C (−6.5 °F) on 10 February 1956. Belfort is a centre for heavy engineering industries, mostly dedicated to railways and turbines. Belfort is the hometown of Alstom where the first TGVs (Trains à Grande Vitesse, High Speed Trains) were produced, as well as hosting the GE Power European headquarters and a centre of excellence for the manufacturing of gas turbines. Belfort

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