Juju or ju-ju ( French : joujou , lit. 'plaything') is a spiritual belief system incorporating objects, such as amulets , and spells used in religious practice in West Africa by the people of Nigeria , Benin , Togo , Ghana , and Cameroon . The term has been applied to traditional Western African religions , incorporating objects such as amulets , and spells used in spiritual practices, and blood sacrifices. This is under the belief that two vessels (most commonly a monkey's head is used) that have been in close physical contact with each other have similar spiritual properties and in turn, makes the objects possible to manipulate.
72-594: In a general sense, the term "juju" can be used to refer to magical properties dealing with luck, whether good or bad. The name is also associated with the music genre, Jùjú as well as a slang term for the energy of something or someone. The belief system is recorded by Sir James George Frazer in Folk-Lore (Vol. XXVI), under the title, "A Priest-King in Nigeria", from a communication received from Mr. P. A. Talbot, District Commissioner in S. Nigeria . The writer states that
144-576: A public lectureship in social anthropology at the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Glasgow and Liverpool was established in his honour in 1921. He was, if not blind, then severely visually impaired from 1930 on. He and his wife, Lilly, died in Cambridge , England, within a few hours of each other. He died on 7 May 1941. They are buried at the St Giles aka Ascension Parish Burial Ground in Cambridge. Frazer
216-428: A University of Liverpool degree as well as a degree from XJTLU. The teaching language is English. The university offers a wide selection of accommodation that are on campus as well as student villages off campus. As part of a £660 million investment in campus facilities and student experience, the university has built 3 new on campus halls, while refurbishing existing accommodation. The accommodation offered currently by
288-469: A book of children's stories, The Leaves from the Golden Bough . His sister Isabella Katherine Frazer married the mathematician John Steggall . The study of myth and religion became his areas of expertise. Except for visits to Italy and Greece , Frazer was not widely travelled. His prime sources of data were ancient histories and questionnaires mailed to missionaries and imperial officials all over
360-582: A broad range of teaching and research in both arts and sciences, and the University of Liverpool School of Medicine established in 1835 is today one of the largest medical schools in the UK. It also has strong links to the neighbouring Royal Liverpool University Hospital . The university has a students' union to represent students' interests, known as the Liverpool Guild of Students . The university previously had
432-713: A catered or self-catering basis. The centrepiece of the campus remains the university's original red brick building, the Victoria Building. Opened in 1892, it has recently been restored as the Victoria Gallery and Museum, complete with cafe and activities for school visits. In 2011 the university made a commitment to invest £660m into the 'Student Experience', £250m of which will reportedly be spent on Student Accommodation. Announced so far have been two large On-Campus halls of residences (the first of which, Vine Court, opened September 2012), new Veterinary Science facilities, and
504-455: A chameleon's mouth so that the nicotine poisons it and the creature dies, writhing while turning colours. Variations of the tale are found in other parts of Africa. The Akamba say the messengers are the chameleon and the thrush while the Ashanti say they are the goat and the sheep. The Bura people of northern Nigeria say that, at first, neither death nor disease existed but, one day,
576-632: A large atrium and houses seven separate laboratories that can accommodate 1,600 students at a time. A flexible teaching space, computing centre, multi-departmental teaching spaces and communal work spaces can also be found inside. The adjoining University Lecture Block building contains four lecture rooms and further social spaces. In 2008 the University of Liverpool was voted joint seventeenth greenest university in Britain by WWF supported company Green League. This represents an improvement after finishing 55th in
648-405: A man became ill and died. The people sent a worm to ask the sky deity, Hyel, what they should do with him. The worm was told that the people should hang the corpse in the fork of a tree and throw mush at it until it came back to life. But a malicious lizard, Agadzagadza , hurried ahead of the worm and told the people to dig a grave, wrap the corpse in cloth, and bury it. The people did this. When
720-624: A mixture of Wake-on-LAN and commercial power management software. The university is ranked in the top 1% of universities worldwide according to Academic ranking of world universities and has previously been ranked within the top 150 university globally by the guide. It is also a founding member of the Russell Group and a founding member of the Northern Consortium . The university is a research-based university with 33,000 students pursuing over 450 programmes spanning 54 subject areas. It has
792-645: A pay rise of 1% which unions equated to a 13% pay cut since 2008. The strikes were supported by both the university's Guild of Students and the National Union of Students . Some students at the university supported the strike, occupying buildings on campus. The university is mainly based around a single urban campus approximately five minutes' walk from Liverpool City Centre, at the top of Brownlow Hill and Mount Pleasant. Occupying 100 acres, it contains 192 non-residential buildings that house 69 lecture theatres, 114 teaching areas and research facilities. The main site
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#1732856116540864-596: A professor at the university, made the world's first public radio transmission and two years later took the first surgical X-ray in the United Kingdom. The Liverpool University Press was founded in 1899, making it the third-oldest university press in England. Students in this period were awarded external degrees by the University of London . Following a royal charter and act of Parliament in 1903, it became an independent university (the University of Liverpool) with
936-565: A recently refurbished Lecture Theatre Block (LTB) and teaching facilities (Central Teaching Labs, CTL) for the Departments of Chemistry and Physics and the School of Environmental Sciences, within the university's Central City Centre Campus. It was completed and officially opened in September 2012 with an estimated project cost of £23m. The main building, the 'Central Teaching Laboratory', is built around
1008-542: A revival in Early Modern Europe and became chemistry . On the other hand, Frazer displayed a deep anxiety about the potential of widespread belief in magic to empower the masses, indicating fears of and biases against lower-class people in his thought. Frazer collected stories from throughout the British Empire and devised four general classifications into which many of them could be grouped: This type of story
1080-402: A strategic partnership with Laureate International Universities , a for-profit college collective, for University of Liverpool online degrees. In 2019, the university announced a new partnership with Kaplan Open Learning for delivery of their online degrees. The figurehead of the university is the chancellor . The following have served in that role: The professional head of the university
1152-499: A supplemental thirteenth volume added in 1936. He published a single-volume abridged version, largely compiled by his wife Lady Frazer, in 1922, with some controversial material on Christianity excluded from the text. The work's influence extended well beyond the conventional bounds of academia, inspiring the new work of psychologists and psychiatrists. Sigmund Freud , the founder of psychoanalysis , cited Totemism and Exogamy frequently in his own Totem and Taboo : Resemblances Between
1224-453: A turnover of £675.1 million, including £118 million from research grants and contracts, the ninth-largest endowment among all universities in the UK. Graduates of the university are styled with the post-nominal letters , Lpool , to indicate the institution. The university was established in 1881 as College Liverpool, admitting its first students in 1882. In 1884, it became part of the federal Victoria University . In 1894 Oliver Lodge ,
1296-571: A vessel of any kind infused with negative energy to the intended person. Crimes that have been committed (human trafficking being the most extreme and prominent example) while utilizing the practice. 19th century venturers, and merchants of the Niger Delta and Benin documented and published accounts of: These practices persist to the present. James George Frazer Sir James George Frazer OM FRS FRSE FBA ( / ˈ f r eɪ z ər / ; 1 January 1854 – 7 May 1941)
1368-514: A £10m refurbishment of the Liverpool Guild of Students . New Central Teaching Laboratories for physics, earth sciences, chemistry and archaeology were opened in autumn 2012. In 2013, the University of Liverpool opened a satellite campus in Finsbury Square in London , offering a range of professionally focussed masters programmes. The Central Teaching Hub is a large multi-use building that houses
1440-579: Is common in Africa. Two messages are carried from the supreme being to mankind: one of eternal life and one of death. The messenger carrying the tidings of eternal life is delayed, and so the message of death is received first by mankind. The Bantu people of Southern Africa, such as the Zulu , tell that Unkulunkulu , the Old Old One, sent a message that men should not die, giving it to the chameleon . The chameleon
1512-470: Is commonly interpreted as an atheist in light of his criticism of Christianity and especially Roman Catholicism in The Golden Bough . However, his later writings and unpublished materials suggest an ambivalent relationship with Neoplatonism and Hermeticism . In 1896 Frazer married Elizabeth "Lilly" Grove , a writer whose father was from Alsace . She would later adapt Frazer's Golden Bough as
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#17328561165401584-540: Is divided into three faculties: Health and Life Sciences; Humanities and Social Sciences; and Science and Engineering. The Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Leahurst) and Ness Botanical Gardens are based on the Wirral Peninsula . There was formerly a marine biology research station at Port Erin on the Isle of Man until it closed in 2006. Fifty-one residential buildings, on or near the campus, provide 3,385 rooms for students, on
1656-456: Is his six-volume commentary on the Greek traveller Pausanias ' description of Greece in the mid-2nd century AD. Since his time, archaeological excavations have added enormously to the knowledge of ancient Greece, but scholars still find much of value in his detailed historical and topographical discussions of different sites, and his eyewitness accounts of Greece at the end of the 19th century. Among
1728-529: Is most commonly used for treating both physical and spiritual ailments. For example, when used with positive intentions, it can be used for healing insect and animal bites as well as counteracting and neutralizing curses. Juju is sometimes used to enforce a contract or ensure compliance. In a typical scenario, the witch doctor casting the spell requires payment for this service. When used negatively, Juju can be used to enact revenge, out of jealousy and cause misfortune in general. It can be done as simply as sending
1800-609: Is situated in Suzhou Industrial Park in the eastern part of Suzhou in the province of Jiangsu , 90 km west of Shanghai. It is a science and engineering university with a second focus in English, recognised by the Chinese Ministry of Education as a "not for profit" educational institution. The university offers undergraduate degree programmes in the fields of Science, Engineering, and Management. Students are rewarded with
1872-404: Is that the creator in the sky would lower gifts to mankind on a rope and, one day, a stone was offered to the first couple. They refused the gift as they did not know what to do with it, so the creator took it back and lowered a banana. The couple ate this with relish, but the creator told them that they would live as the banana, perishing after having children rather than remaining everlasting like
1944-657: Is the vice-chancellor . The following have served in that role: Since 2009, teaching departments of the university have been divided into three faculties: Science and Engineering, Health and Life Sciences, and Humanities and Social Sciences. Each faculty is headed by an Executive Pro-Vice-Chancellor, who is responsible for all schools in the faculty. Faculty of Health & Life Sciences Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences Faculty of Science & Engineering In terms of average UCAS points of entrants, Liverpool ranked 40th in Britain in 2014. The university gives offers of admission to 83.1% of its applicants,
2016-576: Is the "original red brick " research university situated in Liverpool , England. Founded in 1881 as University College Liverpool, Victoria University , it gained independence by Royal Charter in 1903 attaining the decree to award degrees. The university owns and operates some of the nation's historical and cultural assets, such as the Victoria Gallery & Museum , the Ness Botanic Gardens ,
2088-576: Is used in the West African Diaspora to describe all forms of charms made in African Diaspora Religions and African Traditional Religions . The word Juju is used in the West African Diaspora to describe all forms of charms made in African Diaspora Religions and African Traditional Religions . According to some authors, "It is neither good nor bad, but it may be used for constructive purposes as well as for nefarious deeds." It
2160-653: The cultus in the Hittite city of Nerik, J. D. Hawkins remarked approvingly in 1973, "The whole work is very methodical and sticks closely to the fully quoted documentary evidence in a way that would have been unfamiliar to the late Sir James Frazer." More recently, The Golden Bough has been criticised for what are widely perceived as imperialist , anti-Catholic , classist and racist elements, including Frazer's assumptions that European peasants, Aboriginal Australians and Africans represented fossilised, earlier stages of cultural evolution. Another important work by Frazer
2232-555: The Igbos , Ibibios , and Yoruba peoples of the Niger Delta in an 1899 article, and Alan Maxwell Boisragon in a book of 1897. Juju is a folk magic in West Africa; within juju, a variety of concepts exist. Juju charms and spells can be used to inflict either bad or good juju. A "juju man" is any man vetted by local traditions and well versed in traditional spiritual medicines. The word Juju
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2304-632: The Liverpool Royal Infirmary , and the more recent, Yoko Ono Lennon Centre . Organised by three faculties divided into 35 schools and departments, the university offers more than 230 first degree courses across 103 subjects. It is a founding member of the leading research-intensive association of British universities, the Russell Group , and in Northern England , the N8 Group . As of 2024,
2376-497: The Year-King has not been borne out by field studies. Yet The Golden Bough , his study of ancient cults, rites, and myths, including their parallels in early Christianity, continued for many decades to be studied by modern mythographers for its detailed information. The first edition, in two volumes, was published in 1890; and a second, in three volumes, in 1900. The third edition was finished in 1915 and ran to twelve volumes, with
2448-737: The "magic wand of science". Larsen criticizes Frazer for baldly characterized magical rituals as "infallible" without clarifying that this is merely what believers in the rituals thought. Larsen has said that Frazer's vivid descriptions of magical practices were written with the intention to repel readers, but, instead, these descriptions more often allured them. Larsen also criticizes Frazer for applying western European Christian ideas, theology, and terminology to non-Christian cultures. This distorts those cultures to make them appear more Christian. Frazer routinely described non-Christian religious figures by equating them with Christian ones. Frazer applied Christian terms to functionaries , for instance calling
2520-556: The 7th highest amongst the Russell Group . According to the 2017 Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, approximately 12% of Liverpool's undergraduates come from independent schools. In the 2016–17 academic year, the university had a domicile breakdown of 72:3:25 of UK:EU:non-EU students respectively with a female to male ratio of 55:45. In the Complete University Guide 2013, published in The Independent ,
2592-598: The Christian doctrine of reconciliation . When Spencer, who had studied the aboriginals firsthand, objected that the ideas were not remotely similar, Frazer insisted that they were exactly equivalent. Based on these exchanges, Larsen concludes that Frazer's deliberate use of Judeo-Christian terminology in the place of native terminology was not to make native cultures seem less strange, but rather to make Christianity seem more strange and barbaric. University of Liverpool The University of Liverpool (abbreviated UOL )
2664-404: The Christian terms were loaded with Christian connotations that would be completely foreign to members of the cultures he was describing, Frazer insisted that he should use Abrahamic terms instead, telling him that using native terms would be off-putting and would seem pedantic. A year later, Frazer excoriated Spencer for refusing to equate the non-estrangement of Aboriginal Australian totems with
2736-460: The Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics . The symbolic cycle of life, death and rebirth which Frazer divined behind myths of many peoples captivated a generation of artists and poets. Perhaps the most notable product of this fascination is T. S. Eliot 's poem The Waste Land (1922). Frazer's pioneering work has been criticised by late-20th-century scholars. For instance, in the 1980s
2808-541: The University of Liverpool was ranked 31st out of 124, based on nine measures, while The Times Good University Guide 2008 ranked Liverpool 34th out of 113 universities. The Sunday Times university guide recently ranked the University of Liverpool 27th out of 123. In 2010, The Sunday Times has ranked University of Liverpool 29th of 122 institutions nationwide. In 2008 the THE-QS World University Rankings rated University of Liverpool 99th best in
2880-406: The University of Liverpool's reputation for internationally outstanding research. Chemistry, Computer Science, General Engineering, Archaeology, Agriculture, Veterinary & Food Science, Architecture, Clinical Medicine, and English, are ranked in the top 10 in the UK for research excellence rated as 4* (world-leading) or 3* (internationally excellent), and also performed particularly well in terms of
2952-457: The dominant Ju-Ju of Elele , a town in the northwest of the Degema district, is a Priest-King, elected for a term of seven years. "The whole prosperity of the town, especially the fruitfulness of farm, byre, and marriage-bed, was linked with his life. Should he fall sick, therefore, it entailed famine and grave disaster upon the inhabitants ..." Le Comte C. N. de Cardi documented its practice amongst
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3024-942: The elders of the Njamus of East Africa "equivalent to the Levites of Israel" and the Grand Lama of Lhasa "the Buddhist Pope ... the man-god who bore his people's sorrows, the Good Shepherd who laid down his life for the sheep". He routinely uses the specifically Christian theological terms " born again ", "new birth", " baptism ", " christening ", " sacrament ", and "unclean" in reference to non-Christian cultures. When Frazer's Australian colleague Walter Baldwin Spencer requested to use native terminology to describe Aboriginal Australian cultures, arguing that doing so would be more accurate, since
3096-469: The fields of science, medicine, economics and peace . The Nobel laureates include the physician Sir Ronald Ross , physicist Charles Barkla , physicist Martin Lewis Perl , the physiologist Sir Charles Sherrington , physicist Sir James Chadwick , chemist Sir Robert Robinson , chemist Har Gobind Khorana , physiologist Rodney Porter , economist Ronald Coase and physicist Joseph Rotblat . Sir Ronald Ross
3168-527: The four detectors in the LHC. In 2004, Sylvan Learning, later known as Laureate International Universities, became the worldwide partner for University of Liverpool online. In 2019, it was announced that Kaplan Open Learning, part of Kaplan, Inc , would be the new partner for the University of Liverpool's online programmes. Laureate continued to provide some teaching provision for existing students until 2021. The university has produced ten Nobel Prize winners, from
3240-475: The globe. Frazer's interest in social anthropology was aroused by reading E. B. Tylor 's Primitive Culture (1871) and was also encouraged by his friend, the biblical scholar William Robertson Smith , who was comparing elements of the Old Testament with early Hebrew folklore. Frazer was the first scholar to describe in detail the relations between myths and rituals . His vision of the annual sacrifice of
3312-411: The grand trajectory of human thought." He thus ultimately proposed – and attempted to further – a narrative of secularization and one of the first social-scientific expressions of a disenchantment narrative. At the same time, Frazer was aware that both magic and religion could persist or return. He noted that magic sometimes returned so as to become science, such as when alchemy underwent
3384-508: The idea that man should or might return from death in a similar way. Stories that associate the moon with the origin of death are found especially around the Pacific region. In Fiji , it is said that the moon suggested that mankind should return as he did. But the rat god, Ra Kalavo , would not permit this, insisting that men should die like rats. In Australia, the Wotjobaluk aborigines say that
3456-411: The impact of their research. The Computer Science department was ranked 1st in UK for 4* and 3* research, with 97% of the research being rated as world-leading or internationally excellent – the highest proportion of any computer science department in the UK. The Chemistry department was also ranked 1st in the UK with 99% of its research rated as 4* world leading or 3* internationally excellent In 2006
3528-457: The latter, then mankind would have shed their skins like crabs and so lived eternally. The banana plant bears its fruit on a stalk which dies after bearing. This gave people such as the Nias islanders the idea that they had inherited this short-lived property of the banana rather than the immortality of the crab. The natives of Poso also based their myth on this property of the banana. Their story
3600-651: The league table the previous year. The position of the university is determined by point allocation in departments such as Transport, Waste management, sustainable procurement and Emissions among other categories; these are then transpired into various awards. Liverpool was awarded the highest achievement possible in Environmental policy, Environmental staff, Environmental audit, Fair trade status, Ethical investment policy and Waste recycled while also scoring points in Carbon emissions, Water recycle and Energy source. Liverpool
3672-483: The moon used to revive the dead until an old man said that this should stop. The Cham have it that the goddess of good luck used to revive the dead, but the sky-god sent her to the moon so she could not do this any more. Animals which shed their skin , such as snakes and lizards , appeared to be immortal to primitive people. This led to stories in which mankind lost the ability to do this. For example, in Vietnam , it
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#17328561165403744-658: The most influential elements of the third edition of The Golden Bough is Frazer's theory of cultural evolution and the place Frazer assigns religion and magic in that theory. Frazer's theory of cultural evolution was not absolute and could reverse, but sought to broadly describe three (or possibly, four) spheres through which cultures were thought to pass over time. Frazer believed that, over time, culture passed through three stages, moving from magic, to religion, to science. Frazer's classification notably diverged from earlier anthropological descriptions of cultural evolution, including that of Auguste Comte , because he thought magic
3816-434: The right to confer its own degrees. The next few years saw major developments at the university, including Sir Charles Sherrington 's discovery of the synapse and William Blair-Bell's work on chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer. In the 1930s to 1940s Sir James Chadwick and Sir Joseph Rotblat made major contributions to the development of the atomic bomb . From 1943 to 1966 Allan Downie , Professor of Bacteriology,
3888-478: The social anthropologist Edmund Leach wrote a series of critical articles, one of which was featured as the lead in Anthropology Today , vol. 1 (1985). Leach criticised The Golden Bough for the breadth of comparisons drawn from widely separated cultures, but often based his comments on the abridged edition, which omits the supportive archaeological details. In a positive review of a book narrowly focused on
3960-538: The sports have both male and female teams and most are involved in competition on a national scale. BUCS is the body which organises national university competitions involving 154 institutions in 47 sports. Most sports involve travelling to various locations across the country, mainly on Wednesday afternoons. Two other prominent competitions are the Christie Championships and the Varsity Cup. The Christie Cup
4032-624: The stone. Frazer married in 1896 and his new wife perceived that Frazer's reputation was not equal to his abilities. Lilly Frazer had the pushiness that he lacked, and she became his manager and publicist guarding access to his office. He did not care too much for prizes but she valued them. She was particularly involved in publishing his work, where she arranged translation to French, and to children, where she adapted his stories. According to historian Timothy Larsen , Frazer used scientific terminology and analogies to describe ritual practices, and conflated magic and science together, such as describing
4104-518: The universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings . In the 2021 Research Excellence Framework (REF), which assesses the quality of research in UK higher education institutions, Liverpool is ranked joint 25th by GPA (along with Durham University and the University of Nottingham ) and 19th for research power (the grade point average score of a university, multiplied by the full-time equivalent number of researchers submitted). The Research Excellence Framework for 2014 has confirmed
4176-460: The university became the first in the UK to establish an independent university in China, making it the world's first Sino-British university. Resulting from a partnership between the University of Liverpool and Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University is the first Sino-British university between research-led universities, exploring new educational models for China. The campus
4248-527: The university for 2019/2020 academic year are listed below: Greenbank Student Village In 2018, the university faced strong criticism from the student body that the university provided halls were too expensive, by the Cut the Rent campaign. Privately accommodation owned Apollo Court ranked 3rd and Myrtle Court ranked 4th in the UK for value for money on a university review platform StudentCrowd. In 2021 "Gladstone Halls"
4320-520: The university holds four academic fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences and one of the British Academy . Among its alumni and faculty are 10 Nobel prize laureates , with notable alumni leading fields in medicine , law , business , engineering , arts , politics , and technology . Liverpool is consistently ranked among the top 1% of global universities for a range of subjects. The university
4392-617: The world, and 137th best worldwide in 2009. In 2011 the QS World University Rankings ranked the university in 123rd place, up 14. In the Times Good University Guide 2013, the University of Liverpool was ranked 29th. Liverpool is ranked 122nd in the world (and 15th in the UK) in the 2016 Round University Ranking . The 2018 U.S. News & World Report ranks Liverpool 129th in the world. In 2019, it ranked 178th among
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#17328561165404464-573: The worm arrived and said that they should dig up the corpse, place it in a tree, and throw mush at it, they were too lazy to do this, and so death remained on Earth. This Bura story has the common mythic motif of a vital message which is diverted by a trickster . In Togoland , the messengers were the dog and the frog, and, as in the Bura version, the messengers go first from mankind to God to get answers to their questions. The moon regularly seems to disappear and then return. This gave primitive peoples
4536-603: Was a Scottish social anthropologist and folklorist influential in the early stages of the modern studies of mythology and comparative religion . Frazer was born on 1 January 1854 in Glasgow , Scotland, the son of Katherine Brown and Daniel F. Frazer, a chemist. He attended school at Springfield Academy and Larchfield Academy in Helensburgh . He studied at the University of Glasgow and Trinity College, Cambridge , where he graduated with honours in classics (his dissertation
4608-728: Was also the first British Nobel laureate in 1902. The university is also associated with Professors Ronald Finn and Sir Cyril Clarke who jointly won the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 1980 and Sir David Weatherall who won the Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science in 2010. These Lasker Awards are popularly known as America's Nobels . Over the 2013/2014 academic year, members of staff took part in numerous strikes after staff were offered
4680-761: Was both initially separate from religion and invariably preceded religion. He also defined magic separately from belief in the supernatural and superstition, presenting an ultimately ambivalent view of its place in culture. Frazer believed that magic and science were similar because both shared an emphasis on experimentation and practicality; his emphasis on this relationship is so broad that almost any disproven scientific hypothesis technically constitutes magic under his system. In contrast to both magic and science, Frazer defined religion in terms of belief in personal, supernatural forces and attempts to appease them. As historian of religion Jason Josephson-Storm describes Frazer's views, Frazer saw religion as "a momentary aberration in
4752-488: Was involved in the eradication of smallpox . In 1994 the university was a founding member of the Russell Group , a collaboration of twenty leading research-intensive universities, as well as a founding member of the N8 Group in 2004. In the 21st century physicists, engineers and technicians from the University of Liverpool were involved in the construction of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN , working on two of
4824-467: Was published years later as The Growth of Plato 's Ideal Theory ) and remained a Classics Fellow all his life. From Trinity, he went on to study law at the Middle Temple , but never practised. Four times elected to Trinity's Title Alpha Fellowship, he was associated with the college for most of his life, except for the year 1907–1908, spent at the University of Liverpool . He was knighted in 1914, and
4896-410: Was renamed after leading communist and anti-racist leader Dorothy Kuya . The University of Liverpool has a proud sporting tradition and has many premier teams in a variety of sports. The current sporting project comes under the title of Sport Liverpool and offers over 50 different sports ranging from football, rugby, cricket and hockey to others such as windsurfing, lacrosse and cheerleading. Many of
4968-565: Was said that the Jade Emperor sent word from heaven to mankind that, when they became old, they should shed their skins while the serpents would die and be buried. But some snakes overheard the command and threatened to bite the messenger unless he switched the message, so that man would die while snakes would be eternally renewed. For the natives of the island of Nias , the story was that the messenger who completed their creation failed to fast and ate bananas rather than crabs. If he had eaten
5040-534: Was slow and dawdled, taking time to eat and sleep. Unkulunkulu meanwhile had changed his mind and gave a message of death to the lizard who travelled quickly and so overtook the chameleon. The message of death was delivered first and so, when the chameleon arrived with its message of life, mankind would not hear it and so is fated to die. Because of this, Bantu people, such as the Ngoni , punish lizards and chameleons. For example, children may be allowed to put tobacco into
5112-647: Was the first among UK universities to develop their desktop computer power management solution, which has been widely adopted by other institutions. The university has subsequently piloted other advanced software approaches further increasing savings. The university has also been at the forefront of using the Condor HTC computing platform in a power saving environment. This software, which makes use of unused computer time for computationally intensive tasks usually results in computers being left turned on. The university has demonstrated an effective solution for this problem using
5184-677: Was the first in the UK to establish departments in oceanography , civic design , architecture , and biochemistry (at the Johnston Laboratories ). It was also the first UK university to establish an independent university campus in China, known as Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University . The Interdisciplinary Centre for Sustainability Research (ICSR) was established in 2024 to tackle the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) . As of 2023, Liverpool withheld total net assets of £1.169 billion, with
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