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33-503: Juel is a Nordic surname and also a name of the family belonging Danish and Norwegian nobility . Notable people with this surname include: Danish nobility Danish nobility is a social class and a former estate in the Kingdom of Denmark . The nobility has official recognition in Denmark, a monarchy . Its legal privileges were abolished with the constitution of 1849 . Some of

66-524: A patent at the time of their elevation to the nobility. Families of the Lord High Councillors of Denmark before the introduction of absolutism in Denmark in 1660 and houses endowed with a title from 1671 onwards are regarded as higher nobility of Denmark. Whereas all other noble families are considered lower nobility. In 1671 a new titled higher nobility was introduced with the ranks of count and baron available for families that owned estates with

99-631: A Danish point of view, Friedrich von Ahlefeldt (see above), who had been distinguished in 1665 with a comital title by the emperor, was actually "elevated" when he became a Danish lensgreve after 1671. Of course his German title – which left him in the Lower Nobility in Germany – should not be termed " rigsgreve " as explained above, but perhaps " tyske greve ". Two families bear the Danish title of duke, not being counted as "nobility": Dukes had earlier

132-500: A haven for dowerless damsels of the nobility). During the King's last years he had dropsy (oedema), and was also affected by the consequences of an accident in an explosion in a cannon foundry in Copenhagen. He also had private sorrows that inclined him toward Pietism , a form of faith that would rise to prevalence during the reign of his son. During his last years, Frederick IV asked for

165-559: A law that forced peasants to remain in their home regions, by which the peasantry were subjected to both the local nobility and the army. After the Great Northern War , trade and culture flowered. The first Danish theatre, Lille Grønnegade Theatre , was created and the great dramatist Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754) began his career. He established the College of Missions which funded the missionary Hans Egede (1686–1758) in taking forward

198-429: A minimum of 2,500 and 1,000 barrels of land hartkorn  [ da ; fr ; no ; sv ] respectively and were willing to allocate them as feudal counties and baronies to be inherited by primogeniture with the possessor receiving the title of lensgreve ( lit.   ' fief count ' ) or lensbaron ( lit.   ' fief baron ' ). Despite their patents – which in reality were subjugations to

231-495: A nascent absolutist state, most nobles who were elevated to the titled nobility by the post-1671 patents came from families that had belonged to the higher nobility before the introduction of absolutism, such as Brahe or Rantzau. The title of duke being restricted to the royal family and their relatives is in contrast to German and French usage. In Germany, most dukes had executive power within the Reichstag. A striking feature has been

264-401: A new marriage, this time declaring her queen consort (the first wife of a hereditary Danish king to bear that title who was not of royal blood by birth). It was undoubtedly a relief to regularise a relationship they both saw as sinful. Of the nine children born to him of these three wives, only two of them survived to adulthood: the future Christian VI and Princess Charlotte-Amalia, both from

297-457: A royal mistress. Frederick had seen Anne Sophie at a masquerade ball at Koldinghus , where the royal family resided during the plague that devastated Copenhagen. A secret marriage was held at Skanderborg on 26 June 1712. At that time he accorded her the title "Duchess of Schleswig" (derived from one of his own subsidiary titles). Three weeks after Queen Louise's death in Copenhagen on 4 April 1721, he legalised his relationship with Anna Sophie by

330-528: A summer palace on Solbjerg , as the hill in Valby was then known, the future site of Frederiksberg Palace . The one-storey building, probably designed by Ernst Brandenburger , was completed in 1703. Frederick was allowed to choose his future wife from a number of Protestant royal daughters in northern Germany. In 1695, he visited the court of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow in Güstrow . But his visit there

363-487: Is celebrated as a key moment in the King's visit. The winter of 1708–09 was unusually cold, so much so that the lagoon surrounding Venice froze over. Venetians were able to walk from the city to the mainland, and it became a popular joke that the King of Denmark had brought the cold weather with him. Frederick IV's time in Italy was not confined to Venice. He also made a visit to the dowager grand-princess Violante Beatrice at

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396-577: The Gregorian calendar in Denmark-Norway in 1700, but the astronomer 's observations and calculations were among the treasures lost to the fire. Frederik IV, having twice visited Italy, had two pleasure palaces built in the Italian baroque style: Frederiksberg Palace was extended during his reign, when it was converted into a three-storey H-shaped building, completed in 1709 by Johan Conrad Ernst , giving

429-598: The House of Oldenburg perceived their interests to be injured, and Frederick found himself embroiled in complicated lawsuits and petitions to the Holy Roman Emperor . Also offended by the Countess's elevation were Frederick's younger unmarried siblings, Princess Sophia Hedwig (1677–1735) and Prince Charles (1680–1729), who withdrew from Copenhagen to their own rival court at the handsomely re-modelled Vemmetofte Cloister (later

462-477: The state arsenal of Venice was marked by a prestigious gift from the republic: two large bronze cannons and a bronze mortar . One of the highlights of his stay was a grand regatta on the Grand Canal held in his honour, which was immortalized in a painting by Luca Carlevarijs . In the painting, Frederick IV is depicted in a gondola with eight rowers, accompanied by a cavalier, enjoying the spectacle. This event

495-579: The Danish nobility into two categories: ancient nobility ( Danish : uradel ) and letter nobility (Danish: brevadel ) based on the way they achieved nobility. Another status-based categorization distinguishes between higher and lower nobility (Danish: højadel, lavadel ). "Ancient nobility" refers to those noble families that are known from the era before the Danish reformation where we have no exact knowledge of how they attained noble status, whereas letter nobility are those families that received their rank by

528-554: The German-inspired style of Durchlauchtighed (German: Durchlaucht; English: Serene Highness), but Danish ducal titles are at present virtually non-existent. In historical contexts, for example, older predicates as (your) grace or højvelbårenhed are applied. In 1709, Frederick IV of Denmark , in his capacity as King of Norway , granted the title Marquis of Lista to Hugo Octavius Accoramboni of Florence in Italy . Apparently,

561-482: The King's life was spent in strife with kinsmen. Two of his first cousins, Charles XII of Sweden and Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (the three men were the grandsons of Frederick III of Denmark ), had waged war upon his father jointly. Initially defeated by the Swedes and forced to recognise the independence of Holstein-Gottorp, Frederick finally drove the next duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Duke Charles Frederick (who

594-520: The Marquis of Lista died without issue. In 1710, the same king granted the title Marquis of Mandal to Francisco di Ratta and to the latter's nephews Giuseppe di Ratta and Luigi di Ratta of Bologna in Italy . In Norway, official recognition of this title was abolished under the 1821 Nobility Law . In Denmark, it seems to have lasted until 1890. Norway remains the only country in Scandinavia where

627-610: The baptism of the royal children in Denmark ever since, was used for the first time at his christening. At the age of 18, he was given a seat on the Council of State as the heir apparent to the throne. As Crown Prince, Frederick broadened his education by travelling in Europe, led by his chamberlain Ditlev Wibe . He was particularly impressed by the architecture in Italy and, on his return to Denmark, asked his father for permission to build

660-545: The close ties medieval Danish magnate families had with German (Thuringian, Lower-Saxon, etc.) counts: for example in the 13th century, there were several marriages between Danish magnate families and German counts in each generation. The following system, which was introduced in 1671 with the titles of feudal count (lensgreve) and feudal baron (lensbaron), is currently in force: Note: Gentlemen with foreign titles (German counts or Freiherren for example) ranked below Danish lensgreve and Danish lensfriherre . Thus from

693-572: The colonisation of Greenland . Politically this period was marked by the King's connection to the Reventlows , the Holsteiner relatives of his second queen, and by his growing suspicion of the old nobility. During Frederick's rule Copenhagen was struck by two disasters: the plague of 1711, and the great fire of October 1728 , which destroyed most of the medieval capital. The King had been persuaded by astronomer Ole Rømer (1644–1710) to introduce

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726-493: The couple became King and Queen of Denmark-Norway. They were crowned on 15 April 1700 in the chapel of Frederiksborg Palace . Frederick's most important domestic reform was the abolition in 1702 of the so-called vornedskab , a kind of serfdom which had applied to the peasants of Zealand since the Late Middle Ages . His efforts were largely in vain because of the introduction in 1733 of adscription ( stavnsbånd ),

759-407: The death of Elisabeth, he entered into a romance with her lady-in-waiting Charlotte Helene von Schindel , though he later lost interest in her. In 1711, Frederick fell in love with 19-year-old Countess Anne Sophie Reventlow , daughter of the then Grand-Chancellor Conrad von Reventlow . He carried her off from her home, Clausholm Castle near Randers , after her mother refused to let her daughter be

792-411: The eldest son of King Christian V and his spouse Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel . His grandfather King Frederick III had died a year and a half before he was born, and as the eldest son of the ruling King he was thus Crown Prince from birth. The newborn prince was baptised the same evening with the name Frederick by the royal confessor Hans Leth. The royal baptismal font , which has been used for

825-459: The families still own and reside in castles or country houses . A minority of nobles still belong to the elite , and they are as such present at royal events where they hold court posts, are guests, or are objects of media coverage, for example Kanal 4 's TV-hostess Caroline Fleming née Baroness Iuel-Brockdorff . Some of them own and manage companies or have leading positions within business, banking, diplomacy and NGOs . Historians divide

858-597: The first marriage. All the other children died in infancy. The Reventlows took advantage of their kinship to the King. Anna's sister, the salonist Countess Christine Sophie Holstein of Holsteinborg, was nicknamed Madame Chancellor because of her influence. Within a year of making Anna Queen, Frederick also recognized as dynastic the issue of the morganatic marriages of two of her kinsmen, Duke Philip Ernest of Schleswig-Holstein-Glucksburg (1673–1729) and Duke Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Plön-Norburg (1674–1706), to non-royal nobles. The other Schleswig-Holstein dukes of

891-668: The grand-ducal court of the Medici family in Florence, further cementing his ties with the European nobility. Upon his return journey, Frederick IV conducted political negotiations with Augustus the Strong , Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, as well as with Frederick I of Prussia , regarding the impending war against Sweden. His visit to Venice thus not only contributed to his cultural experience but also had significant political implications. Much of

924-503: The palace a true Italian baroque appearance and Fredensborg Palace , both considered monuments to the conclusion of the Great Northern War. Frederick IV of Denmark holds a memorable place in the social history of the city of Venice due to a remarkable visit he made during the winter of 1708–09. The King stayed in the city with an entourage of at least 80 people, formally incognito under the title "Count of Oldenburg." This disguise

957-517: The title of marquess has been granted, except for the Swedish Marquis Lagergren who received his title from the Pope. There are two primary periodical reviews of Danish nobility: A B C D E F G H J K L M–N O and Ø P R S T–U V–Z Frederick IV of Denmark Frederick was born on 11 October 1671 at Copenhagen Castle as

990-445: Was Frederick IV's first cousin once removed) out of Schleswig in 1713, and avoided the revenge contemplated by Charles Frederick's mother-in-law, Catherine I of Russia . Frederick was deemed a man of responsibility and industry — often regarded as the most intelligent of Denmark-Norway's absolute monarchs . He seems to have mastered the art of remaining independent of his ministers . Lacking all interest in academic knowledge, he

1023-483: Was cut short by a message telling of his brother Prince Christian 's serious illness (he had, in fact, already died in Ulm ). Frederick later returned to Güstrow , where he was forced to choose the eldest of the unmarried princesses. On 5 December 1695 at Copenhagen Castle, he married Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow , herself a great-great-granddaughter of Frederick II of Denmark . At the death of Christian V on 25 August 1699,

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1056-414: Was nevertheless a patron of culture, especially art and architecture. His main weaknesses were probably pleasure-seeking and womanising, which sometimes distracted him. He was the penultimate Danish king to make a morganatic marriage (the last was Frederick VII with Louise Rasmussen aka "Countess Danner" ). Without divorcing Queen Louise, in 1703 he married Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg (d.1704). After

1089-451: Was not meant to conceal his identity, but rather to avoid the cumbersome and costly etiquette required for a royal visit. During his nine-week stay, Frederick IV became a familiar figure in Venice. He was a frequent guest at operas and comedies, indulging in the city's vibrant cultural scene. The King was also a generous buyer of Venetian glass , which was highly prized at the time. His visit to

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