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40-559: The Austrian Supreme Administrative Court has its seat on the square. Jews began settling in Vienna and in the area that was to become Judenplatz around 1150, coinciding with the settlement of the House of Babenberg . The first written mention names named the area "Schulhof" in 1294, a name which lasted until the pogrom of 1421. By the year 1400, 800 inhabitants lived here including merchants, bankers, and scholars. The Jewish city extended north up to

80-536: A concrete plinth, the names of the 41 places at which Austrian Jews went to their death during Nazi rule are written. Although this "nameless" library has a symbolic entrance, it is not accessible. The memorial stands in close relation with the exhibition of the Holocaust that is installed in the neighboring Misrachi-Haus, where the names and data of 65,000 murdered Austrian Jews are documented and accessible through computer terminals. Excavations were undertaken to establish

120-516: A cultivated smaller area that was used by the women, and the foundation of the hexagonal bimah , the elevated platform for Torah reading. In the center of the southern end of the square is the monument to the German poet Gotthold Ephraim Lessing created by Siegfried Charoux (1896-1967). Charoux won the commission in 1930 in a competition with eighty two other sculptors. The monument was completed in 1931/32, unveiled in 1935, and soon removed in 1939 by

160-531: A second Lessing monument out of bronze, that was unveiled at Ruprechtskirche in 1968 and moved to Judenplatz in 1981. This is the monument that stands on the square today. The former Bohemian Court Chancellery ( Böhmische Hofkanzlei ), Judenplatz 11, is the seat of the Austrian Supreme Administrative Court ( Verwaltungsgerichtshof ). The building was erected from 1709 to 1714 to the designs of Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach . After 1749,

200-663: A specific area of law. The current president of the Supreme Administrative Court, appointed in January 2014, is Rudolf Thienel . General courts have no power of judicial review in Austria . Judicial review of Austrian legislation is provided by a specialized Constitutional Court . Judicial review of acts of the executive branch , broadly speaking, is the responsibility of a system of specialized administrative courts . However, there are some exceptions: Generally meaning,

240-521: A timely manner. The court does not have a fixed number of members. The theoretical minimum is seven; the actual number, as of June 2018, is about seventy. Members are appointed by the President of Austria on nomination of the cabinet . With respect to most appointments, the cabinet is limited to choosing from a shortlist of three candidates provided by the court. The court is subdivided into 21 panels of three to five members each, each panel handling cases in

280-600: A verdict in a timely manner. The right to complain to the Supreme Administrative Court about a negligent administrative trial court ( Fristsetzungantrag ) is closely linked to the right to complain to an administrative trial court about negligent bureaucrats ( Säumnisbeschwerde ). On the one hand, a complaint to an administrative court does not necessarily have suspensory effect. On the other hand, administrative trial courts are not just cassatory but reformatory : they cannot merely void administrative decisions but can issue substantive decisions themselves. Inactivity on

320-408: Is an object or place which serves as a focus for the memory or the commemoration of something, usually an influential, deceased person or a historical, tragic event . Popular forms of memorials include landmark objects such as homes or other sites, or works of art such as sculptures , statues , fountains or parks . Larger memorials may be known as monuments . The most common type of memorial

360-420: Is moving towards a verdict that overturns existing case law; the quorum for any decision that throws out precedent is nine justices. Plenary sessions of the Supreme Administrative Court are rare. A plenary session is required to make alterations to the panels system, to change the court's internal rules of procedure in some other way, to choose shortlists of nominees for appointment to the court, and to authorize

400-483: Is responsible for cases in a specific area of law − asylum law, aliens' law, procurement law, housing and construction law, and so on. Panels dealing with administrative penal cases have three members; all other panels have five. If a panel of five is dealing with a question with regards to which existing Supreme Administrative Court case law is inconsistent, the panel has to add an additional four members. The panel also has to add an additional four members if it notices it

440-468: Is seven. In the early 2010s, the actual number was about sixty. By 2016, the member count had risen to about seventy. Justices are appointed by the President of Austria on nomination of the cabinet: Nominees must have a law degree and must have spent at least ten years working in a position that actually requires a law degree; they do not need to be licensed to practice law in any particular capacity. In particular, they do not need to be members of

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480-419: Is the gravestone or the memorial plaque . Also common are war memorials commemorating those who have died in wars. Memorials in the form of a cross are called intending crosses . Online memorials are often created on websites and social media to allow digital access as an alternative to physical memorials which may not be feasible or easily accessible. When somebody has died, the family may request that

520-879: The Bundesgerichtshof moved into the palace, and on 12 March 1945 a part of the building was destroyed by a bomb strike. The rebuilding was under the management of the architect Erich Boltenstern and was completed in 1951. From 1946 to 2014, the palace was the seat of both the Supreme Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court ; in 2014, the Constitutional Court moved to the Freyung . [REDACTED] Media related to Judenplatz, Vienna at Wikimedia Commons 48°12′42″N 16°22′8″E  /  48.21167°N 16.36889°E  / 48.21167; 16.36889 Supreme Administrative Court (Austria) In

560-458: The Austrian judiciary , between judiciary and executive, or between different parts of the executive branch; disputes of these kinds fall within the purview of the Constitutional Court . The Supreme Administrative Court consists of a president, a vice president, and as many additional members as court and cabinet deem necessary and appropriate. The theoretical minimum number of members of the court

600-493: The Memorial from July 1995 to November 1998; these are considered the most important urban archaeological investigations in Vienna. Uncovered on the eastern half of the square were quarrystone walls, a well and cellars of a whole block from the time of a medieval synagogue. Controversy arose over the placing of the memorial over the archaeological excavations, which resulted in moving the memorial one meter from its original position on

640-577: The Republic of Austria , the Supreme Administrative Court (German: Verwaltungsgerichtshof or VwGH ) is the appellate court to which appeals may be made from the decisions of the country's eleven administrative trial courts . The Supreme Administrative Court also resolves demarcation disputes within the administrative court system and hears complaints about administrative trial courts that fail to issue verdicts legally required of them in

680-555: The Synagogue , the bath house , the house of the Rabbi and the Jewish school- all among the most important in German speaking countries. The synagogue lay between the later Jordangasse and Kurrentgasse streets. Because of the school the square bore the name "Schulhof" as it was a schoolyard at that time. Later this name was transferred to a smaller square situated in the immediate neighborhood, and

720-442: The administrative court system was called not a "court" ( Gericht or Gerichtshof ) but a "senate" ( Senat ). A 2014 reform of the administrative court system replaced the senates with Verwaltungsgerichte , singular Verwaltungsgericht , a word that also translates to "Administrative Court". The reform thus rendered the literal translation impractical. The court refers to itself as "Supreme Administrative Court" in

760-676: The Austrian Jewish victims of the Shoah , made by the English artist Rachel Whiteread . It consists of a 10 by 7 metre block that is 3.8 metres tall. It is located in the northwestern end of the square before the Misrachi-Haus and faces the Lessing Monument in the southeast, with its walls parallel to the length of the square. The memorial is site-specific in many ways and is therefore dependent on

800-582: The Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance with the names and fates of Austrian Holocaust victims. In the exhibition, importance is particularly attached to the circumstances of the Jews in "Wiener Geserah" , the pogrom in the year 1421. Remains of the synagogue from before the pogrom are to be seen in three areas; these consist of the men's teaching and praying area called the "men's shul",

840-632: The English version of its website. The Supreme Administrative Court hears appeals against verdicts handed down by administrative trial courts. Appeals to the Supreme Administrative Court are appeals at law ( Revisionen ). There are no appeals on facts and law ( Berufungen ) like there are in the general court system, and even appeals at law are more difficult to get accepted. The court has comparatively little latitude in deciding which appeals to hear and which to decline; statutes lay down detailed rules: The Supreme Administrative Court hears complaints about an administrative trial court's failure to issue

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880-701: The Jews at Or-Sarua to die as martyrs. This was a form of Kiddush Hashem in order to escape religious persecution and compulsory baptism. At the command of Duke Albrecht V, the approximately two hundred remaining survivors of the Jewish community were accused of crimes such as dealing arms to the Hussites and host desecration and on 12 March 1421 were led to the pyre at the so-called goose pasture ( Gänseweide ) in Erdberg and burned alive. The Duke decided at that time that no more Jews would be allowed in Austria henceforth. The properties that were left behind were confiscated,

920-603: The National Socialists to be melted down for the purpose of making weaponry. Lessing was in Vienna in 1775/76, had an audience with Joseph II. , and was therefore in a position to influence and shape the Viennese cultural climate. Lessing's "Ringparabel" in the drama " Nathan der Weise " is considered a key text of the Enlightenment and helped in the formulation of the idea of tolerance . From 1962 to 65, Charoux created

960-488: The administrative courts hear complaints about decisions made by executive officials that The constitution provides a taxative enumeration of the types of decisions that can be fought in an administrative court: The administrative court system has two levels: administrative trial courts ( Verwaltungsgerichte , singular Verwaltungsgericht ), which have original jurisdiction , and the Supreme Administrative Court ( Verwaltungsgerichtshof ), which hears appeals against

1000-801: The angel's sides. The building was originally the official seat of the Bohemian Court Chancellery, which was united organizationally with the Austrian Court Chancellery in 1749. In 1848, occupancy changed to the Ministry of the Interior which remained in the palace until 1923. From 1761 to 82 and 1797 to 1840 resided also the Oberste Justizstelle , the forerunner of the Austrian Supreme Court ( Oberster Gerichtshof ). In 1936,

1040-534: The archaeological findings came the idea to unite the memorial and excavations into a commemorative museum complex. The erection of a museum sector in the Misrachi-Haus was conceived in 1997 to supplement the show area at Judenplatz 8. In addition to the archaeological findings, exhibitions by a branch of the Jewish Museum Vienna would document Jewish life in the Middle Ages as well as the data base produced by

1080-476: The church Maria am Gestade , the west side became Tiefer Graben street, the east side was bounded by Tuchlaubenstreet, and the south side formed the square "Am Hof". The Ghetto possessed 70 houses, which were arranged so that their back walls formed a closed delimitation wall. The Ghetto could be entered by four gates, the two main entrances lay on the Wipplingerstrasse. At Judenplatz was the Jewish hospital,

1120-421: The decisions of the trial courts and which supervises them in other respects as well. The international scholarly literature generally translates Verwaltungsgerichtshof as "Supreme Administrative Court". Prior to 2014, a minority of authors made strict use of the literal translation, which is simply "Administrative Court". The literal translation was unambiguous at the time because every other tribunal of

1160-521: The houses were sold or given away, and the stones of the synagogue were taken for the building of the old Viennese university. However, Jewish settlement in Vienna would not cease as the Duke intended, and a second major ghetto would emerge in Vienna's Leopoldstadt district in the seventeenth century. In the middle of the northern end of the square, the Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial stands for

1200-461: The judiciary ( Richterstand ); members of the judiciary are jurists who have completed post-graduate training for the judgeship and have passed the exam that makes them eligible for appointment to the bench of a general court. Nominees cannot be members of a national or provincial cabinet or legislative body. For the purpose of actually trying cases, the court is partitioned into 21 panels ( Senate ) of either three or five members. Each panel

1240-483: The main entrance gate been found there. The female figures over the gates of this building represent the Cardinal virtues (moderation, wisdom, justice and bravery), and above are the coats of arms of Bohemia and Austria. In the middle of the attic line , an angel stands with trombone, at whose feet a Putto crouches. Four vases and two male figures who are presumably Bohemian Kings Wenceslaus I and Wenceslaus II are at

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1280-562: The neighborhood is still called so today. The designation "Neuer Platz" was given to the original schoolyard in 1423, and since 1437 it has been called Judenplatz. In Vienna under Duke Albrecht V , the persecution of the Jews in the autumn of 1420 grew to a bloody climax in 1421. In the beginning were many imprisonments, with starvations and tortures leading to executions. Children were deprived and deceived into eating unclean foods, those that were defiant were "sold into slavery" or baptized against their will. The poor Jews were driven out, while

1320-449: The part of an administrative trial court can therefore hurt a complainant in much the same way as inactivity on the part of the bureaucracy can. The court resolves demarcation conflicts between two administrative trial courts, or between an administrative trial court and the Supreme Administrative Court itself. The Supreme Administrative Court does not resolve demarcation conflicts between the administrative court system and other parts of

1360-470: The preliminary investigation is complete, the panel convenes, hears the official presentation of case and research by the case manager, deliberates, and votes. The case manager votes first, the chair votes last; other members vote in order of decreasing seniority. Members are required to vote; abstentation is not permitted. Cases are decided by a simple majority. Generally speaking, panels do not hear oral argument, and their sessions are not public. Parties to

1400-409: The remaining lots of the block were bought up and Matthias Gerl was put in charge of the expansion of the palace from 1751 to 1754, symmetrically doubling the construction westward. Further rebuilding took place in the 19th century, the palace essentially received its present-day look at that time. The façade on Judenplatz was originally the back of the building, only since changes in the 20th century has

1440-402: The setting of Judenplatz. One facet of this site-specificity is that it was designed at a domestic scale. It was imagined as if one of the surrounding buildings had a room cast inside out and placed in public in the middle of the square. The walls of the memorial resemble library walls of petrified books. However, the spines of the books on the walls are not legible; they all are turned inwards. On

1480-497: The site. The complete reorganization of the square and its transformation to a pedestrian plaza were completed in the autumn of 2000 with the inauguration of the Holocaust memorial. At Judenplatz 8 is the Misrachi-Haus. It was built in 1694 and is today a branch of the Jewish Museum Vienna . Under the square archaeologists found, in 1995, the foundation walls of one of Europe's biggest medieval synagogues and exposed them. With

1520-441: The trial may petition the panel to open the session to the public and hear oral argument. In theory, the panel has to grant the request, but the relevant statute defines several classes of exceptions to this rule that are broad enough to render it meaningless in practice. The panel may also decide to open the session to the public and hear oral argument on its own initiative; it does so only very rarely. Memorial A memorial

1560-574: The wealthy were imprisoned. The few Jews still living in freedom took refuge in the Or-Sarua Synagoge at Judenplatz, in what would become a three-day siege, through hunger and thirst, leading to a collective suicide , A contemporary chronicle exists, entitled the "Wiener Geserah" , translated from German and Hebrew as the "Viennese Decree". It reported that the Rabbi Jonah set the Synagogue on fire for

1600-413: The yearly activity report. A new case that comes before the court is first assigned to the relevant panel by the president of the court. One of the members of the panel is appointed case manager ( Berichter ). The case manager directs the preliminary investigation research. An office staffed with about 45 researchers and other assistants is attached to the court to aid case managers in this task. Once

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