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97-705: People who have translated the psalm range from Martin Luther to Catherine Parr , and translations have ranged from Parr's elaborate English that doubled many words, through metrical hymn forms, to attempts to render the meaning of the Hebrew as idiomatically as possible in a modern language (of the time). The psalm, being a hymn psalm , has been paraphrased in many hymns, such as " All people that on earth do dwell " in English, and " Nun jauchzt dem Herren, alle Welt " in German. The psalm forms

194-544: A Dominican friar , was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money in order to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Tetzel's experiences as a preacher of indulgences, especially between 1503 and 1510, led to his appointment as general commissioner by Albrecht von Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz , who, already deeply in debt to pay for a large accumulation of benefices, had to contribute

291-633: A lay group , and Eisenach in 1498. The three schools focused on the so-called " trivium ": grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell . In 1501, at age 17, Martin entered the University of Erfurt , which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse. He was made to awaken at 4 a.m. for "a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises." He received his master's degree in 1505. In accordance with his father's wishes, Luther enrolled in law but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law

388-726: A "common understanding of justification by God's grace through faith in Christ," the Catholic Church has never lifted the 1521 excommunication. The enforcement of the ban on the Ninety-five Theses fell to the secular authorities. On 17 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms . This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms ,

485-640: A choral cantata in 1929 using the BCP translation, and The Old Hundredth Psalm Tune in 1952 using Kethe's translation, which was used for the coronation of Elizabeth II and had parts for SATB, organ, orchestra, and congregation. Other settings have been written by composers including John Gardner , Herbert Howells , John Ireland , Richard Purvis , George Dyson , Kenneth Leighton , William Walton , and John Rutter . Benjamin Britten composed his Jubilate Deo in C in 1961. The hymn " Nun jauchzt dem Herren, alle Welt "

582-595: A collection of psalms translated into metrical form in English, the 1562 expanded 150-psalm edition of Thomas Sternhold 's and John Hopkins 's 1549 metrical psalter ( Day's Psalter ). First appearing in Fourscore and Seven Psalms of David (the so-called Genevan Psalter ) the year before, it divides the verses in the same way as the Book of Common Prayer: Of all of the psalms in the Sternhold and Hopkins psalter, Kethe's translation

679-661: A constructionist argument that the structure of the psalm is better taking the qere reading, as in that way each part of the second half of the verse contains a pronoun or possessive suffix referencing the names of God in the first half. Robert Lowth , writing in James Merrick 's 1768 Annotations on the Psalms , said that "I am persuaded that the Masoretical correction [...] is right: the construction and parallelism both favour it." The Old English metrical form of Psalm 100, associated with

776-620: A mistranslation of the Vulgate "et non ipsi nos" that overlooks "non" and misconstrues a dative, rather than to Jerome's "et ipsius sumus". Lost in the English translation is that all of the imperative verbs in the Hebrew are in the plural. The phrase "make a joyful noise" is significantly longer than the Hebrew, which is just one word (as is the Latin); and translators aiming to preserve the text more literally use verbs such as "acclaim", "hail", or "shout" (as Driver did). Also lost in most English translations

873-526: A more conciliatory approach. Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of the Elector and promised to remain silent if his opponents did. The theologian Johann Eck , however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum. In June and July 1519, he staged a disputation with Luther's colleague Andreas Karlstadt at Leipzig and invited Luther to speak. Luther's boldest assertion in

970-763: A regular part of Jewish , Catholic , Lutheran , Anglican and other Protestant liturgies, and has been set to music many times over the centuries. Many composers have set it in Latin, and also in English, because the Jubilate is part of daily Morning Prayer in the Book of Common Prayer . It also features in Te Deum and Jubilate compositions, such as Handel's Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate . It has also been set in German by many composers, including Mendelssohn's Jauchzet dem Herrn, alle Welt , and Reger's Der 100. Psalm . In Hebrew, it constitutes

1067-458: A renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz, whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates, and a Refutation of the Argument of Latomus , in which he expounded the principle of justification to Jacobus Latomus , an orthodox theologian from Louvain . In this work, one of his most emphatic statements on faith, he argued that every good work designed to attract God's favor

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1164-573: A setting. William Kethe 's metric translation of Psalm 100, " All people that on earth do dwell ", became a popular hymn with the melody by Loys Bourgeois from the Genevan Psalter , Old 100th The Jubilate or Jubilate Deo in English is part of the daily Anglican morning liturgy of the Book of Common Prayer , and has been set to music by many composers. Henry Purcell included it in his Te Deum and Jubilate , and George Frideric Handel in his Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate ; both composers took

1261-681: A short commentary on Galatians and his Work on the Psalms . This early part of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive. Three of his best-known works were published in 1520: To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation , On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church , and On the Freedom of a Christian . Archbishop Albrecht did not reply to Luther's letter containing

1358-572: A town on the Rhine . It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with Emperor Charles V presiding. Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony , obtained a safe conduct for Luther to and from the meeting. Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier , presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his and whether he stood by their contents. Luther confirmed he

1455-562: A whore and bath attendant. He had several brothers and sisters and is known to have been close to one of them, Jacob. Hans Luther, Martin's father, was ambitious for himself and his family. He was determined to see Martin, his eldest son, become a lawyer. He sent Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld, then Magdeburg in 1497, where he attended the Brethren of the Common Life , a school operated by

1552-501: Is a 1646 paraphrase of Psalm 100 by David Denicke . Martin Luther Bible Translators Theologians Martin Luther OSA ( / ˈ l uː θ ər / LOO -thər ; German: [ˈmaʁtiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian , author, hymnwriter , professor, and Augustinian friar . Luther was the seminal figure of

1649-520: Is a part of the order of morning prayer in the Book of Common Prayer under the title Jubilate Deo, or just Jubilate. It was added to the BCP litany in 1552, as a substitute for the Benedictus to be used only on days when it so happened that the second Lesson prescribed for the day happened to already include that part of the Gospel of Luke . William Kethe 's translation is in long metre , and formed part of

1746-402: Is a sin. All humans are sinners by nature, he explained, and God's grace alone (which cannot be earned) can make them just. On 1 August 1521, Luther wrote to Melanchthon on the same theme: "Be a sinner, and let your sins be strong, but let your trust in Christ be stronger, and rejoice in Christ who is the victor over sin, death, and the world. We will commit sins while we are here, for this life

1843-473: Is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. May God help me. Amen. At the end of this speech, Luther raised his arm "in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout." Michael Mullett considers this speech as a "world classic of epoch-making oratory." Eck informed Luther that he was acting like a heretic, saying, Martin, there

1940-498: Is doubt as to its authenticity, and whether it is the same piece as Jean Loret reported performed on 29 August 1660 at the monastery of La Mercy in Paris to celebrate "le Mariage et la Paix" (the marriage of Louis XIV and the peace with Spain). Marc-Antoine Charpentier set Jubilate Deo omnis terra , H.194, for three voices, two treble instruments and continuo in 1683. Both Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , and his father Leopold Mozart wrote

2037-448: Is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses, particularly in Thesis 86, which asks: "Why does the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus , build the basilica of St. Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money?" Luther objected to a saying attributed to Tetzel that, "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings,

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2134-537: Is no one of the heresies which have torn the bosom of the church, which has not derived its origin from the various interpretation of the Scripture. The Bible itself is the arsenal whence each innovator has drawn his deceptive arguments. It was with Biblical texts that Pelagius and Arius maintained their doctrines. Arius, for instance, found the negation of the eternity of the Word—an eternity which you admit, in this verse of

2231-541: Is not a place where justice resides." In the summer of 1521, Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practice. In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass , he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation. His essay On Confession, Whether

2328-507: Is numbered psalm 100. Contrast its first two verses: Traditionally in the Roman Catholic Church, this psalm was chanted in abbeys during the celebration of matins on Fridays, according to the schema of St. Benedict of Nursia . As one of the most important psalms, Psalm 100 (99) was similarly sung for the solemn office of Lauds on Sunday . In the 1970 reform of the Liturgy of the Hours, Psalm 100

2425-503: Is on a facing recto page. It exhibits several of the differences in modern translations that are explained in the below translation notes section. For "pasture" in verse 3 he gives "shepherding" as an alternative, and for "thanksgiving" in verse 4 "a thank-offering". Psalm 100 was one of the fixed psalms in the older Anglican liturgy for office of lauds on Sundays, and the Prayer Book translation given by Driver (with an added Gloria)

2522-621: Is one of four Invitatory psalms which can introduce the daily office hours. It is recited at Lauds on the Fridays of the first and third weeks of the four week cycle of liturgical prayers. Psalm 100 is also present among the readings of the office of the Mass : found on January 5 after the Octave of Christmas , and on the fourth Sunday of Eastertide . It also appears six times in Ordinary Time : Thursday of

2619-507: Is proper." Over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against Luther, which served only to harden the reformer's anti-papal theology. First, the Dominican theologian Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther, whom Leo then summoned to Rome. The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg, where the Imperial Diet

2716-632: Is recorded as marginalia; which was to become the translation used in the main body text by the time of the Revised Version . Other marginalia provide "all the earth" and "to generation and generation" from the Hebrew for verses 1 and 5. The psalm is number 99 in the Vulgate: Jerome's Hebraica veritas reads "et ipsius sumus" in verse 3. A different Latin form of the psalm is to be found in Elizabeth I of England 's Preces Private of 1564, where it

2813-419: Is the most famous and lasting, it being a popular hymn usually set to the tune " Old 100th ". Hannibal Hamlin, a professor of English, observes that it suffers from common ailments of strophic song settings, that the first verse fits a tune better than subsequent verses and that the phrasing has a tendency towards the convoluted. Hamlin holds up "him serve with fear", with an unusual object-verb-object ordering for

2910-522: Is the use of the vocative, although the Book of Common Prayer translation retained this by use of "O", as did the original Prayer Book translation that Driver gave. Hermann Gunkel translated the end of verse 1 as "all the land", i.e. all of the land of Israel, rather than the more generally accepted modern translation of "all the Earth", i.e. everyone; a point upon which James Luther Mays commented that "Gunkel's historicism led him astray". The Jubilate in Latin

3007-510: Is unknown exactly how or when this specific thanksgiving became a part of the daily prayer, being recited as part of the Songs of thanksgiving ( Pesukei dezimra ). Psalm 100 is traditionally omitted, as mentioned by Rashi's student Simcha ben Samuel and discussed in detail by 14th century writer David ben Joseph ben David Abduraham , on Shabbat and festivals because the Thanksgiving offering

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3104-684: Is usually divided into two strophes , verses 1–3 and verses 4–5. The first two words Hebrew : מזמור לתודה , Mizmor l'Todah are the title of the psalm, naming it a song for a specific thanksgiving sacrifice in Solomon's Temple made in order to fulfil a vow. This is recorded in Shevu'ot in the Babylonian Talmud , stating it to be sung "with harps and cymbals and music on every corner and every large boulder in Jerusalem". Mediaeval commentator Rashi , who made

3201-500: The Ephesians 2:8–10 . Against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are performed in cooperation with God, Luther wrote that Christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves; that righteousness not only comes from Christ but actually is the righteousness of Christ, imputed to Christians (rather than infused into them) through faith. "That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills

3298-614: The Holy Roman Empire . Luther was baptized the next morning on the feast day of Martin of Tours . In 1484, his family moved to Mansfeld , where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council; in 1492, he was elected as a town councilor. The religious scholar Martin Marty describes Luther's mother as a hard-working woman of "trading-class stock and middling means", contrary to Luther's enemies, who labeled her

3395-680: The Messiah . "This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification", he writes, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness." Luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of God. This teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will , which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus (1524). Luther based his position on predestination on St. Paul's epistle to

3492-771: The New American Standard Bible and the Darby Bible also agreeing. More modern translations such as those of the New International Version and the English Standard Version are based upon the qere, and read "and we are his". Geddes opined in a footnote to his translation that the KJV/Septuagint translation is "totally inadmissable". Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette , in his German translation of

3589-516: The Ninety-five Theses . He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome. He needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric . As Luther later notes, "the pope had a finger in the pie as well, because one half was to go to the building of St. Peter's Church in Rome". Pope Leo X was used to reformers and heretics, and he responded slowly, "with great care as

3686-605: The Paris Psalter , similarly gives "we his syndon" ("we belong to him"). Scholarship on this rests on the 19th century Ph.D. thesis of Helen Bartlett. Bartlett, like the parallel Old-English and Latin psalters of earlier in the 19th century (e.g. Thorpe 1835 , p. 271), only compares the Old English translation with the Vulgate Latin (also using the Vulgate numbering), not with the Latin of Jerome, and ascribes "we his syndon" to

3783-653: The Protestant Reformation , and his theological beliefs form the basis of Lutheranism . He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in Western and Christian history . Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church ; in particular, he disputed the view on indulgences . Luther attempted to resolve these differences amicably, first proposing an academic discussion of

3880-524: The Smalcald Articles : The first and chief article is this: Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, died for our sins and was raised again for our justification (Romans 3:24–25). He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world ( John 1:29), and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all ( Isaiah 53:6). All have sinned and are justified freely, without their own works and merits, by His grace, through

3977-459: The University of Wittenberg . He received two bachelor's degrees, one in biblical studies on 9 March 1508, and another in the Sentences by Peter Lombard in 1509. On 19 October 1512, he was awarded his Doctor of Theology . On 21 October 1512, Luther was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg , succeeding von Staupitz as chair of theology. He spent

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4074-595: The Vespasian Psalter is not an idiomatic translation but a word for word substitution, an interlinear gloss , of the Vulgate Latin: The Hebrew text of the psalm comprises 5 verses. Unusually for a Biblical poem, it solely comprises tricolons , verses 1 and 2 (a monocolon and a bicolon respectively) combining into a tricolon, and the remaining verses all being tricolons. (One scholar, Jan P. Fokkelman , dissents and takes verse 4 to be two bicolons.) It

4171-565: The papal bull (edict) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the Ninety-five Theses , within 60 days. That autumn, Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns. Von Miltitz attempted to broker a solution, but Luther, who had sent the pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October, publicly set fire to

4268-560: The "Invocavit Sermons". In these sermons, he hammered home the primacy of core Christian values such as love, patience, charity, and freedom, and reminded the citizens to trust God's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change. Do you know what the Devil thinks when he sees men use violence to propagate the gospel? He sits with folded arms behind the fire of hell and says with malignant looks and frightful grin: "Ah, how wise these madmen are to play my game! Let them go on; I shall reap

4365-600: The 8th week, the Friday of the 22nd week, Tuesday and Friday of the 24th week, the Monday of the 29th week, and on Thursday of the 34th week of Ordinary Time. Because of its text and its subject, this psalm is still one of the most important liturgical chants, during the celebration of the Jubilee every 25 years in Rome. It is sung when the bishop opened the Door of Mercy. The Old English text in

4462-437: The Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important for Luther was the doctrine of justification —God's act of declaring a sinner righteous—by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of God's grace , attainable only through faith in Jesus as

4559-428: The Elizabethan Latin translation, that doubles most of the imperative verbs and some of the adjectives and nouns. "Jubilate" becomes, for example "Rejoice and sing"; and "colite" becomes "worship and serve". As aforementioned, verse 3 contains an instance of Qere and Ketiv in the Masoretic Text . The KJV translation "and not we ourselves" is based upon the ketiv, and agrees with the Septuagint and Vulgate translations;

4656-416: The New Testament— Joseph knew not his wife till she had brought forth her first-born son ; and he said, in the same way that you say, that this passage enchained him. When the fathers of the Council of Constance condemned this proposition of Jan Hus— The church of Jesus Christ is only the community of the elect , they condemned an error; for the church, like a good mother, embraces within her arms all who bear

4753-432: The Pope has the Power to Require It rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution , since "every Christian is a confessor." In November, Luther wrote The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows . He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin, because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation. Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in

4850-410: The Psalm, likewise gave the translation "und sein sind wir", noting that the ketiv translation "und nicht wir" (as given by Luther) is "ganz unschicklich". The historicist argument in support of following the qere over the ketiv is that the ketiv simply makes no sense in context. There was simply no contemporary Biblical world view in which people believed that they created themselves. It is bolstered by

4947-420: The Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul." Johann von Staupitz , his superior, concluded that Luther needed more work to distract him from excessive introspection and ordered him to pursue an academic career. On 3 April 1507, Jerome Schultz, the Bishop of Brandenburg , ordained Luther in Erfurt Cathedral . The following year, in 1508, Luther began teaching theology at

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5044-456: The alternative choices set out in the translation notes section below: Samuel Rolles Driver 's Parallel Psalter has the Prayer Book translation of psalm 100 on a verso page. It is identical to the Jubilate Deo, sans Gloria, from the Book of Common Prayer , intentionally retaining the use of "O" for the vocative amongst other things: The beginning of verse 1 here is the same as Psalm 66 verse 1 and Psalm 98 verse 4. His own 1898 translation

5141-409: The approach of one movement for each verse, Handel splitting the BCP verse 1 back into its constituent two original Hebrew verses, with one movement each. Charles Villiers Stanford 's setting was part of his innovative Morning, Evening and Communion Service in B♭ , and the Jubilate Deo was first performed on 25 May 1879. Ralph Vaughan Williams composed two settings of the psalm, The Hundredth Psalm

5238-417: The benefit. I delight in it." But when he sees the Word running and contending alone on the battle-field, then he shudders and shakes for fear. The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate. After the sixth sermon, the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector: "Oh, what joy has Dr. Martin's return spread among us! His words, through divine mercy, are bringing back every day misguided people into

5335-443: The body of the text is the Hebrew word לא , lo' meaning "not" whereas the marginalia has the substitute לו , lô meaning "to him". One Kabbalistic explanation for the qere reading ולו of the literal ketiv ולא propounded by Asher ben David is that the א ( Aleph ) represents God, and the ketiv is supposed to read "we are The Aleph's", in other words (given that God has already been mentioned, by two names, earlier in

5432-405: The bulk of the first movement of Bernstein's Chichester Psalms . The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain ). In the King James Version , Psalm 100 is superscripted An exhortation to praise God cheerfully for his greatness and for his power . The Qere "and his we are"

5529-453: The bull and decretals in Wittenberg on 10 December 1520, an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles . Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem . And although the Lutheran World Federation , Methodists and the Catholic Church's Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity agreed (in 1999 and 2006, respectively) on

5626-421: The considerable sum of ten thousand ducats toward the rebuilding of the basilica. Albrecht obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of a special plenary indulgence (i.e., remission of the temporal punishment of sin), half of the proceeds of which Albrecht was to claim to pay the fees of his benefices. On 31 October 1517, Luther wrote to his bishop, Albrecht von Brandenburg, protesting against

5723-428: The context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling , embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms provoked disturbances, including a revolt by the Augustinian friars against their prior, the smashing of statues and images in churches, and denunciations of

5820-415: The correspondence between Shevu'ot's "song of todah " and Psalm 100, stated that the psalm is to be said "upon the sacrifices of the todah ", which was expanded upon by David Altschuler in the 18th century stating that it is to be recited "by the one bringing a korban todah for a miracle that happened to him". The bracketed part of verse 3 is an instance of Qere and Ketiv in the Masoretic Text . In

5917-403: The debate was that Matthew 16:18 does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture, and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible. For this, Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus , referring to the Czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415. From that moment, he devoted himself to Luther's defeat. On 15 June 1520, the Pope warned Luther with

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6014-587: The decision on Luther's sadness over the deaths of two friends. Luther himself seemed saddened by the move. Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the Black Cloister. "This day you see me, and then, not ever again," he said. His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education. Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order , devoting himself to fasting , long hours in prayer , pilgrimage , and frequent confession . Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ

6111-420: The door of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg on 31 October 1517. Scholars Walter Krämer, Götz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause contend that the story of the posting on the door, although it has become one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth. The story is based on comments made by Luther's collaborator Philip Melanchthon , though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg at

6208-400: The fact that Luther did not directly advocate the murdering of Jews, some historians contend that his rhetoric contributed to the development of antisemitism in Germany and the emergence, centuries later, of the Nazi Party . Martin Luther was born on 10 November 1483 to Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann) in Eisleben , County of Mansfeld , in

6305-451: The free gift of God's grace through the believer's faith in Jesus Christ , who is the sole redeemer from sin. Luther's theology challenged the authority and office of the pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge, and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood . Those who identify Luther's wider teachings are called Lutherans, though Luther opposed

6402-438: The imperative in English (which would in colloquial English more usually be "serve him with fear"), followed by a similarly unusual word order in "his praise forth tell", as examples of the latter. The former is exemplified by the drawn-out end of the second line of the tune "Old 100th" fitting "cheerful voice" better than it does "courts unto" and "ever sure". Biblical scholar J. Clinton McCann Jr characterises this translation of

6499-446: The law," he writes. "Faith is that which brings the Holy Spirit through the merits of Christ." Faith, for Luther, was a gift from God; the experience of being justified by faith was "as though I had been born again." His entry into Paradise, no less, was a discovery about "the righteousness of God"—a discovery that "the just person" of whom the Bible speaks (as in Romans 1:17) lives by faith. He explains his concept of "justification" in

6596-408: The line by which it is known: The word "awful" is used here in its older, 18th century, meaning, and some modern reprints of Watts/Wesley spell it "awe-ful" to make this clear. Other hymnals revised it further, instead; in the Lutheran book of worship it is "Before Jehovah's awesome throne", and in the 1982 Episcopal Hymnal it is "Before the Lord's eternal throne". There are other translations of

6693-438: The magistracy. After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 1521, Luther wrote A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion . Wittenberg became even more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots, the so-called Zwickau prophets , arrived, preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man, adult baptism , and Christ's imminent return. When

6790-544: The more dramatic form of words." Over the next five days, private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate. The emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 1521, declaring Luther an outlaw , banning his literature, and requiring his arrest: "We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic." It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter. It permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence. Luther's disappearance during his return to Wittenberg

6887-512: The name of Christian, all who are called to enjoy the celestial beatitude. Luther refused to recant his writings. He is sometimes also quoted as saying: "Here I stand. I can do no other". Recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable since they were inserted before "May God help me" only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings. However, Mullett suggests that given his nature, "we are free to believe that Luther would tend to select

6984-531: The name, believing that those who professed faith in Christ should be called "Christian" or "Evangelic". Luther's translation of the Bible into German from Latin made the Bible vastly more accessible to the laity, which had a tremendous impact on both the church and German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language , added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced

7081-603: The opposite, omitting this psalm from the daily liturgy but including it in the morning prayer for Shabbat, and this is the practice in the Italian Nusach today. Additionally, most Sephardic communities recite this Psalm as part of Kabbalat Shabbat . Verse 2, " Ivdu es-Hashem b'simcha " (Serve the Lord with joy) is a popular inspirational song in Judaism. The 1807 translation by Alexander Geddes for Catholics demonstrates some of

7178-538: The pope: "His Holiness abuses Scripture", retorted Luther. "I deny that he is above Scripture". Cajetan's original instructions had been to arrest Luther if he failed to recant, but the legate desisted from doing so. With help from the Carmelite friar Christoph Langenmantel , Luther slipped out of the city at night, unbeknownst to Cajetan. In January 1519, at Altenburg in Saxony, the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted

7275-598: The practice and efficacy of indulgences in Ninety-five Theses , which he authored in 1517. In 1520, Pope Leo X demanded that Luther renounce all of his writings, and when Luther refused to do so, excommunicated him in January 1521. Later that year, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V condemned Luther as an outlaw at the Diet of Worms . When Luther died in 1546, Pope Leo X's excommunication was still in effect. Luther taught that salvation and, consequently, eternal life are not earned by good deeds; rather, they are received only as

7372-527: The psalm as "the banner hymn of the Reformed tradition", and observes that the psalm would have provided an excellent basis, better than that of the Book of Genesis , for the Westminster Confession of Faith 's declaration of the primary purpose of humans being to glorify God. Martin Luther translated the psalm into German, including the Hebrew title in the first verse (like Geddes) with the psalm under

7469-753: The psalm in hymn form and otherwise, including "Before the Lord Jehovah's Throne" (number 306 in the Presbyterian The Worshipbook ), "Sing, All Creation" (set to the tune of Rouen's " Iste Confessor " in Morning Praise and Evensong ), the metrical "O be joyful in the Lord, Sing before him, all the earth" (number 482 in The Worshipbook ), and Joseph Gelineau 's "Cry Out with Joy to the Lord" in his Gradual . Catherine Parr 's Psalms or Prayers contains an elaborate translation into English, from

7566-508: The redemption that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans 3:23–25). This is necessary to believe. This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work, law, or merit. Therefore, it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us ... Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered, even though heaven and earth and everything else falls ( Mark 13:31). In 1516, Johann Tetzel ,

7663-494: The rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg. In 1515, he was made provincial vicar of Saxony and Thuringia , which required him to visit and oversee eleven monasteries in his province. From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, and on the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by

7760-484: The sale of indulgences. He enclosed in his letter a copy of his "Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences", which came to be known as the Ninety-five Theses . Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices, and the tone of the writing is accordingly "searching, rather than doctrinaire." Hillerbrand writes that there

7857-471: The second subtitled "a paraphrase", whose first two verses (as later re-published) were: The second verse of the paraphrase was a rewrite, Watts' original in the 1706 Horae Lyricae reading: No version of Watts contained the line about the "awful throne". That was a revision by John Wesley for his 1737 Collection of Psalms and Hymns , who discarded Watts' first verse of part 2 entirely, and rewrote its now-first verse (that verse's second rewrite) to include

7954-412: The soul from purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven') springs." He insisted that, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances. According to one account, Luther nailed his Ninety-five Theses to

8051-466: The syllabic imbalance in the colon lengths that it introduces outweighs for him what little variance in meaning it has from the Qere reading. Professor John Goldingay rejects it as "unlikely". Although only Psalm 90 is directly attributed to Moses , it is conventional Jewish doctrine that Moses composed all of psalms 90 to 100, and this view is maintained by Rashi. The psalm occurs in several siddurim but it

8148-575: The time. According to Roland Bainton , on the other hand, it is true. The Latin Theses were printed in several locations in Germany in 1517. In January 1518 friends of Luther translated the Ninety-five Theses from Latin into German. Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany. Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching France , England , and Italy as early as 1519. Students thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak. He published

8245-503: The title Der 100. Psalm : Hymnals sometimes attribute "Before Jehovah's awful throne", another translation of the psalm in hymn form common in Methodism, to Isaac Watts , but this is only partly true. Watts translated Psalm 100 twice, to form a hymn comprising two parts that was first published in Psalms of David Imitated , the first subtitled "a plain translation", whose first verse was: and

8342-536: The town council asked Luther to return, he decided it was his duty to act. Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6 March 1522. He wrote to the Elector: "During my absence, Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing, but only by my personal presence and living word." For eight days in Lent , beginning on Invocavit Sunday, 9 March, Luther preached eight sermons, which became known as

8439-496: The use of reason but none about loving God , which Luther believed was more important. Reason could not lead men to God, Luther felt, and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with Aristotle over Aristotle's emphasis on reason. For Luther, reason could be used to question men and institutions, but not God. Human beings could learn about God only through divine revelation , he believed, leading him to view scripture as increasingly important. On 2 July 1505, while Luther

8536-574: The verse) "we are his" per the qere. A less established thesis, first propounded in the 1960s (in Lewis 1967 ), is that the Ketiv text is an asseverative particle, connected to the following phrase and thus as a whole translated as "and indeed we are his people". Whilst this avoids the problem of the Qere reading making the verse say the same thing twice, it has not gained wide scholarly acceptance. Professor David M. Howard Jr rejects it on constructionist grounds, as

8633-597: The way of the truth." Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices. By working alongside the authorities to restore public order, he signaled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation. After banishing the Zwickau prophets, he faced a battle against both the established Church and the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence. Jan P. Fokkelman Jan P. Fokkelman (born 23 March 1940 )

8730-651: The writing of an English translation, the Tyndale Bible . His hymns influenced the development of singing in Protestant churches. His marriage to Katharina von Bora , a former nun, set a model for the practice of clerical marriage , allowing Protestant clergy to marry. In two later works, Luther expressed anti-Judaistic views , calling for the expulsion of Jews and the burning of synagogues . These works also targeted Roman Catholics , Anabaptists , and nontrinitarian Christians . Based upon his teachings, despite

8827-538: Was an uncertain profession. Luther instead sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy, expressing interest in Aristotle , William of Ockham , and Gabriel Biel . He was deeply influenced by two tutors, Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter, who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience. Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying to Luther because it offered assurance about

8924-405: Was held. Over a three-day period in October 1518 where he stayed at St. Anne's Priory , Luther defended himself under questioning by papal legate Cardinal Cajetan . The pope's right to issue indulgences was at the centre of the dispute between the two men. The hearings degenerated into a shouting match. More than writing his theses, Luther's confrontation with the church cast him as an enemy of

9021-581: Was not offered on these days in the Temple. Only communal offerings were brought on these days. It is also omitted by Ashkenazim on the day before Pesach and during Chol HaMoed Pesach because the Thanksgiving offering is composed of a loaf of bread, which is chametz that may not be consumed during Pesach, and the day before Yom Kippur because no food is consumed at all on Yom Kippur; however, most Sephardic communities do recite it on these three occasions (but not on Shabbat of Festivals). However, Amram Gaon did

9118-528: Was planned. Frederick III had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen impersonating highway robbers. They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach . During his stay at Wartburg, which he referred to as "my Patmos ", Luther translated the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings. These included

9215-516: Was returning to university on horseback following a trip home, a lightning bolt struck near him during a thunderstorm. He later told his father that he was terrified of death and divine judgment, and he cried out, "Help! Saint Anna , I will become a monk!" He came to view his cry for help as a vow that he could never break. He withdrew from the university, sold his books, and entered St. Augustine's Monastery in Erfurt on 17 July 1505. One friend blamed

9312-503: Was set to music often, including works by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina in 1575, Giovanni Gabrieli , Guillaume Bouzignac , Charles-Hubert Gervais , Mondonville (1734) and Michel-Richard de Lalande as his S.72/5. Fernando de las Infantas ' setting was composed for the Jubilee of 1575. One of the surviving manuscripts of the grand motets by Jean-Baptiste Lully is a setting of the Jubilate Deo, catalogue number LWV 77/16; there

9409-485: Was their author but requested time to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response the next day: Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures or by clear reason (for I do not trust either in the pope or in councils alone, since it is well known that they have often erred and contradicted themselves), I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted, and my conscience

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