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64-491: John R. Cash (born J. R. Cash ; February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter. Most of Cash's music contains themes of sorrow, moral tribulation, and redemption, especially songs from the later stages of his career. He was known for his deep, calm, bass-baritone voice, the distinctive sound of his backing band, the Tennessee Three , that was characterized by its train-like chugging guitar rhythms,

128-639: A Grammy Award . Cash was last arrested in 1967 in Walker County, Georgia , after police found he was carrying a bag of prescription pills when in a car accident. Cash attempted to bribe a local deputy, who turned the money down. He was jailed for the night in LaFayette, Georgia . Sheriff Ralph Jones released him after giving him a long talk, warning him about the danger of his behavior and wasted potential. Cash credited that experience with helping him turn around and save his life. He later returned to LaFayette to play

192-472: A Time " and " A Boy Named Sue ", a duet with his future wife June called " Jackson " (followed by many further duets after they married), and railroad songs such as " Hey, Porter ", " Orange Blossom Special ", and " Rock Island Line ". During the last stage of his career, he covered songs by contemporary rock artists; among his most notable covers were " Hurt " by Nine Inch Nails , " Rusty Cage " by Soundgarden , and " Personal Jesus " by Depeche Mode . Cash

256-425: A benefit concert; it attracted 12,000 people (the city population was less than 9,000 at the time) and raised $ 75,000 for the high school. Reflecting on his past in a 1997 interview, Cash noted: "I was taking the pills for awhile, and then the pills started taking me." June, Maybelle, and Ezra Carter moved into Cash's mansion for a month to help him get off drugs. Cash proposed onstage to June on February 22, 1968, at

320-491: A brighter tone colour and sings at a slightly higher tessitura than that possessed by the bass-baritone. In addition to the operas of Giuseppe Verdi , its natural home is to be found in operatic music composed after about 1830 by the likes of Donizetti , Ponchielli , Massenet , Puccini and the verismo composers. The term bass-baritone is roughly synonymous with the Italian vocal classification basso cantante ; for example, in

384-451: A childhood friend, Cash began playing and writing songs at the age of 12. When young, Cash had a high-tenor voice, before becoming a bass-baritone after his voice changed . In high school, he sang on a local Arkansas radio station. Decades later, he released an album of traditional gospel songs called My Mother's Hymn Book . He was also strongly influenced by traditional Irish music , which he heard performed weekly by Dennis Day on

448-412: A collection of gospel songs for his second album for Columbia. However, Cash left behind such a backlog of recordings with Sun that Phillips continued to release new singles and albums featuring previously unreleased material until as late as 1964. Cash was in the unusual position of having new releases out on two labels concurrently. Sun's 1960 release, a cover of " Oh Lonesome Me ", made it to number 13 on

512-832: A concert at the London Gardens in London, Ontario, Canada. The couple married a week later (on March 1) in Franklin, Kentucky . She had agreed to marry Cash after he had "cleaned up." Cash's journey included rediscovery of his Christian faith. He took an " altar call " in Evangel Temple, a small church in the Nashville area, pastored by Reverend Jimmie Rodgers Snow, son of country music legend Hank Snow . According to Marshall Grant , though, Cash did not completely stop using amphetamines in 1968; and did not fully end drug use for another two years. He

576-493: A forest fire that burned several hundred acres and nearly caused his death. Cash claimed that the fire was caused by sparks from a defective exhaust system on his camper, but Fielder thought that Cash started a fire to stay warm and, under the influence of drugs, failed to notice the fire getting out of control. When the judge asked Cash why he did it, Cash said, "I didn't do it, my truck did, and it's dead, so you can't question it." The fire destroyed 508 acres (206 ha), burned

640-524: A letter as an advertisement in Billboard , calling the record industry cowardly: "D.J.s – station managers – owners   [...] where are your guts? I had to fight back when I realized that so many stations are afraid of Ira Hayes. Just one question: WHY??? Ira Hayes is strong medicine   [...] So is Rochester, Harlem, Birmingham and Vietnam." Cash kept promoting the song and persuaded disc jockeys he knew to play it. The song eventually reached number three on

704-401: A number of concept albums . His Bitter Tears (1964) was devoted to spoken word and songs addressing the plight of Native Americans and mistreatment by the government. While initially reaching charts, this album met with resistance from some fans and radio stations, which rejected its controversial take on social issues. In 2011, a book was published about it, leading to a re-recording of

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768-577: A radio announcer. At night, he played with guitarist Luther Perkins and bassist Marshall Grant . Perkins and Grant were known as the Tennessee Two . Cash worked up the courage to visit the Sun Records studio, hoping to get a recording contract. He auditioned for Sam Phillips by singing mostly gospel songs, only to learn from the producer that he no longer recorded gospel music. Phillips was rumored to have told Cash to "go home and sin, then come back with

832-632: A rebelliousness coupled with an increasingly somber and humble demeanor, and his free prison concerts. Cash wore a trademark all-black stage wardrobe, which earned him the nickname " Man in Black ". Born to poor cotton farmers in Kingsland, Arkansas , Cash grew up on gospel music and played on a local radio station in high school. He served four years in the Air Force , much of it in West Germany. After his return to

896-450: A replacement church was built in Falkland town by the master mason John Mylne and his son. The site of the old church at Kilgour has been absorbed into a farm. Despite being granted royal burgh status in 1458, Falkland had developed as a medieval settlement dependent on Falkland Castle and Falkland Palace. Thus it did not function in the same way as did other royal burghs. Falkland

960-435: A song I can sell". In a 2002 interview, Cash denied that Phillips made any such comment. Cash eventually won over the producer with new songs delivered in his early rockabilly style. In 1955, Cash made his first recordings at Sun, " Hey Porter " and " Cry! Cry! Cry! ", which were released in late June and met with success on the country hit parade . On December 4, 1956, Elvis Presley dropped in on Phillips while Carl Perkins

1024-568: A successful country artist). He was primarily of English and Scottish descent. His paternal grandmother claimed Cherokee ancestry. But a DNA test of Cash's daughter Rosanne in 2021 on Finding Your Roots , hosted by historian Henry Louis Gates Jr , found she has no known Native American markers. The researchers found Rosanne Cash has 3.3% Sub-Saharan African DNA, and they found the Sub-Saharan African DNA comes from both maternal and paternal sides of Cash's family. Researchers traced

1088-836: A voice with a range and tone somewhere between a bass and a baritone . The bass-baritone's required range can vary tremendously based on the role, with some less demanding than others. Many bass-baritones have ventured into the baritone repertoire, including (among others) Leopold Demuth , Georges Baklanoff , Rudolf Bockelmann , George London , Thomas Quasthoff , Thomas Stewart , James Morris , and Bryn Terfel . The following operatic parts are performed by bass-baritones but sometimes by high basses: Core bass-baritone operatic parts: Bass-baritone parts in Gilbert and Sullivan works: Other bass-baritone parts: A role also sung by 'standard' baritones Falkland, Fife Falkland ( Scottish Gaelic : Fàclann ), previously in

1152-674: Is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold more than 90 million records worldwide. His genre-spanning music embraced country , rock and roll , rockabilly , blues , folk , and gospel sounds. This crossover appeal earned him the rare honor of being inducted into the Country Music , Rock and Roll , and Gospel Music Halls of Fame. Cash was born J. R. Cash in Kingsland, Arkansas , on February 26, 1932, to Carrie Cloveree ( née Rivers) and Ray Cash. He had three older siblings, Roy, Margaret Louise, and Jack, and three younger siblings, Reba, Joanne, and Tommy (who also became

1216-557: Is unclear. The first element could be the Gaelic falach (hidden), failc (wash), or falc (heavy rain). The later folk etymologies of "falcon land" and "folkland" are not plausible. In the Middle Ages, the name Falkland applied only to the Castle; the burgh and parish were known as Kilgour, which may mean "church/cell of Gabrán". The lands of Kilgour existed in the Falkland area prior to

1280-801: The Jack Benny radio program. Cash enlisted in the Air Force on July 7, 1950, shortly after the start of the Korean War . After basic training at Lackland Air Force Base and technical training at Brooks Air Force Base , both in San Antonio, Texas , Cash was assigned to the 12th Radio Squadron Mobile of the U.S. Air Force Security Service at Landsberg , West Germany . While in San Antonio, he met Vivian Liberto , an attractive girl of Sicilian, Irish and German ancestry. They dated briefly before his departure. During

1344-450: The 12th century. But, the erection of Falkland Castle some time after 1160 was the crucial factor in the development of the medieval village, with workers and artisans. When King Malcolm donated the royal hunting estate of Falkland to Duncan, Earl of Fife in 1160, any previous hunting lodge may have been replaced by the castle. The site of Falkland Castle now lies within the grounds of the present Falkland Palace . The church of Kilgour

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1408-399: The 1960s, he appeared on Pete Seeger 's short-lived television series Rainbow Quest . He also acted in, and wrote and sang the opening theme for, a 1961 film entitled Five Minutes to Live . It was later re-released as Door-to-door Maniac . Cash's career was handled by Saul Holiff , a London, Ontario , promoter. Their relationship was the subject of Saul's son's biopic My Father and

1472-622: The C&;W charts. Early in his career, Cash was given the teasing nickname "the Undertaker" by fellow artists because of his habit of wearing black clothes. He said he chose them because they were easier to keep looking clean on long tours. In the early 1960s, Cash toured with the Carter Family, which by this time regularly included Mother Maybelle 's daughters, Anita , June, and Helen . June later recalled admiring him from afar during these tours. In

1536-616: The Lands of Kilgour ( c. 1200), is a village, parish, and former royal burgh in Fife , Scotland, at the foot of the Lomond Hills . According to the 2022 census it has a population of 1,041. The earliest forms of this name include Falleland (c. 1128) and Falecklen (c. 1160). The second element is the Scottish Gaelic lann (enclosure) or possibly its Pictish cognate, but the exact etymology

1600-656: The Line , he recorded the aforementioned album Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian . The album featured stories of a multitude of Indigenous peoples, emphasizing their violent oppression by white settlers: the Pima people ("The Ballad of Ira Hayes "), Navajo ("Navajo"), Apache ("Apache Tears"), Lakota ("Big Foot"), Seneca ("As Long as the Grass Shall Grow"), and Cherokee ("The Talking Leaves"). Cash wrote three of

1664-839: The Loma Linda Behavioral Medicine Center in Loma Linda, California , for his final rehabilitation treatment. (Several months later, his son followed him into this facility for treatment.) In the late 1950s Cash began performing concerts at prisons. He played his first notable prison concert on January 1, 1958, at San Quentin State Prison in California. These performances were recorded live, and released on highly successful albums: Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison (1968) and Johnny Cash at San Quentin (1969). Both live albums reached number one on Billboard country album music and

1728-454: The Man in Black . As his career was taking off in the late 1950s, Cash started drinking heavily and became addicted to amphetamines and barbiturates . For a brief time, he shared an apartment in Nashville with Waylon Jennings , who was deeply addicted to amphetamines. Cash would use the stimulants to stay awake during tours. Friends joked about his "nervousness" and erratic behavior, many ignoring

1792-624: The Sub-Saharan African DNA to Rosanne's enslaved maternal African ancestors: her "third great grand-mother" Sarah A. Shields and Shields' mother, who could have been of "full African descent." Gates also informed Cash that the researchers traced Sub-Saharan African DNA to "an unknown African ancestor on your father's [Johnny's] side." After meeting with the then- laird of Falkland in Fife , Major Michael Crichton-Stuart, Cash became interested in his Scots ancestry. He traced his Scottish surname to 11th-century Fife. Cash Loch and other locations in Fife bear

1856-433: The U.S. government. Many non-Native Americans did not address those topics in their music. In 1965, Cash and June Carter appeared on Pete Seeger 's TV show, Rainbow Quest , on which Cash explained his start as an activist for Native Americans: In '57, I wrote a song called "Old Apache Squaw" and then forgot the so-called Indian protest for a while, but nobody else seemed to speak up with any volume of voice. Columbia Music,

1920-559: The United States, he rose to fame during the mid-1950s in the burgeoning rockabilly scene in Memphis, Tennessee . He traditionally began his concerts by introducing himself with "Hello, I'm Johnny Cash". He began to follow that by " Folsom Prison Blues ", one of his signature songs . His other signature songs include " I Walk the Line ", " Ring of Fire ", " Get Rhythm ", and " Man in Black ". He also recorded humorous numbers like " One Piece at

1984-604: The Verdian repertoire, Philip II in Don Carlos is sung by a true bass, while Ferrando in Il trovatore is often taken by a bass-baritone, though the two roles' ranges are very similar. In Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande the role of Golaud, created by Hector Dufranne , sits between Pelléas (high baritone) and Arkel (bass). Some of the classical Mozart baritone roles such as Don Giovanni , Count Almaviva , and Gugliemo —composed before

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2048-537: The age of five, Cash worked in cotton fields with his family, singing with them as they worked. Dyess and the Cash farm suffered a flood during his childhood. Later he wrote the song " Five Feet High and Rising ". His family's economic and personal struggles during the Great Depression gave him a lifelong sympathy for the poor and working class, and inspired many of his songs. In 1944, Cash's older brother Jack, with whom he

2112-522: The architects John Kinross and Robert Weir Schultz to restore a considerable proportion of the village (including the Palace). Scotland's first conservation village is best known as the location of Falkland Palace, begun in 1500 by James IV , and the best example of French-influenced Renaissance architecture in Scotland. The palace was built to accommodate the royal court when they came to Falkland to hunt in

2176-481: The community by Falkland Community Development Trust, an organisation established to maintain, develop and/or operate a centre or centres providing facilities for a wide range of community activities and accommodation for community groups, and for public sector agencies which provide services of benefit to the community. All residents of Falkland can become members of the trust. The Falkland Society holds regular meetings with speakers, and has published several books about

2240-496: The country charts, and the album rose to number two on the album charts. Later, on The Johnny Cash Show , he continued telling stories of Native-American plight, both in song and through short films, such as the history of the Trail of Tears . Bass-baritone The bass-baritone voice is distinguished by two attributes. First, it must be capable of singing comfortably in a baritonal tessitura . Secondly, however, it needs to have

2304-855: The country's leading environmental festivals, The Big Tent, was held for several years up to 2012 in the grounds of Falkland Estate in July. Organised by the Falkland Centre for Stewardship, the 2012 festival was headlined by the Proclaimers and the 2010 event by Rosanne Cash . Since 2016 the main event of the year has been the Craft Symposium. The 2018 Symposium, held in August, celebrates traditional crafts and craftsmanship through talks, discussions, workshops, demonstrations, networking and site tours. The Falkland Library and Falkland Community Hall are run on behalf of

2368-438: The foliage off three mountains and drove off 49 of the refuge's 53 endangered California condors . Cash was unrepentant and said, "I don't care about your damn yellow buzzards." The federal government sued him and was awarded $ 125,172. Cash eventually settled the case and paid $ 82,001. Although Cash cultivated a romantic outlaw image, he never served a prison sentence. Despite landing in jail seven times for misdemeanors , he

2432-432: The label for which Cash was recording then, was opposed to putting the song on his next album, considering it "too radical for the public". Cash singing songs of Indian tragedy and settler violence went radically against the mainstream of country music in the 1950s, which was dominated by the image of the righteous cowboy who makes the native's soil his own. In 1964, coming off the chart success of his previous album I Walk

2496-509: The latter crossed over to reach the top of the Billboard pop album chart. In 1969, Cash became an international hit when he eclipsed even The Beatles by selling 6.5 million albums. In comparison, the prison concerts were much more successful than his later live albums such as Strawberry Cake recorded in London and Live at Madison Square Garden , which peaked at numbers 33 and 39 on the album charts, respectively. The Folsom Prison record

2560-548: The microphone and sang in a higher pitch to blend in with Elvis. Cash's next record, "Folsom Prison Blues", made the country top five. His " I Walk the Line " became number one on the country charts and entered the pop charts top 20. " Home of the Blues " followed, recorded in July 1957. That same year, Cash became the first Sun artist to release a long-playing album . Although he was Sun's most consistently selling and prolific artist at that time, Cash felt constrained by his contract with

2624-528: The name "John R. Cash". In 1955, when signing with Sun Records , he started using the name "Johnny Cash". In March 1935, when Cash was three years old, the family settled in Dyess, Arkansas , a New Deal colony established during the Great Depression under the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt . It was intended to give poor families the opportunity to work land that they might later own. From

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2688-510: The nearby forests; Mary, Queen of Scots , was a frequent visitor. The palace houses a Roman Catholic church which was used for the undertaking of mass. As at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, a fire broke out during the occupation of the buildings by Oliver Cromwell 's troops in 1654. The fire destroyed the East Range. The Court never returned to Falkland Palace after 1665 and until the 19th century

2752-627: The ripely resonant lower range typically associated with the bass voice. For example, the role of Wotan in Die Walküre covers the range from F 2 (the F at the bottom of the bass clef) to F ♯ 4 (the F ♯ above middle C), but only infrequently descends beyond C 3 (the C below middle C). Bass-baritones are typically divided into two separate categories: lyric bass-baritone and dramatic bass-baritone . Bass-baritones should not be confused with their vocal cousin—the so-called Verdi baritone . This type of Italianate baritone voice has

2816-415: The small label. Phillips did not want Cash to record gospel and was paying him a 3% royalty rather than the standard rate of 5%. Presley had already left Sun, and Cash felt that Phillips was focusing most of his attention and promotion on Lewis. In 1958, Cash left Phillips to sign a lucrative offer with Columbia Records . His single " Don't Take Your Guns to Town " became one of his biggest hits. He recorded

2880-734: The songs by contemporary artists and the making of a documentary film about Cash's efforts with the album. This film was aired on PBS in February and November 2016. His Sings the Ballads of the True West (1965) was an experimental double record, mixing authentic frontier songs with Cash's spoken narration. Reaching a low with his severe drug addiction and destructive behavior, Cash and his first wife divorced after having separated in 1962. Some venues cancelled his performances, but he continued to find success. In 1967, Cash's duet with June Carter, " Jackson ", won

2944-455: The songs himself and one with the help of Johnny Horton . The majority of these protest songs were written by folk artist Peter La Farge (son of Oliver La Farge , an activist and Pulitzer prizewinner). Cash met the younger La Farge in New York in the 1960s and admired him for his activism. The album's single, " The Ballad of Ira Hayes " was generally not played by commercial radio. ( Ira Hayes

3008-408: The surname of his father. He is a distant cousin of British Conservative politician Sir William Cash . He also had English ancestry. Because his mother wanted to name him John and his father preferred to name him Ray when he was born, they compromised on the initials "J. R." But when Cash enlisted in the Air Force after high school, he was not permitted to use initials as a first name. He adopted

3072-429: The term "baritone" gained currency—are occasionally played by a bass-baritone. Gilbert and Sullivan 's Savoy operas usually featured a comic bass-baritone character, created to make use of D'Oyly Carte company member Richard Temple . In short: the bass-baritone is a voice that has the resonant low notes of the typical bass allied with the ability to sing in a baritonal tessitura. Colloquially, it refers to

3136-608: The village and palace were neglected. In the late 19th century extensive rebuilding and restoration work began. Today the palace and gardens are open to the public through the National Trust for Scotland . Falkland contains a number of Listed buildings , including five at Category A: Other features of the village include an old horse market, also including the Falkland Cricket Club, and the Falkland Golf Club. One of

3200-561: The village. Falkland has one of the oldest real tennis courts, which was built for James V of Scotland in 1539. It is the oldest tennis court in use today, and the only active tennis court without a roof. Play is organized by the Falkland Palace Royal Tennis Club . Forming in 1860, Falkland Cricket Club are the oldest cricket club in Fife. The club have played at Scroggie Park since 1948. Local running groups include Falkland Trail Runners , Get Fit Falkland , and

3264-420: The warning signs of his worsening drug addiction . Although he was in many ways spiraling out of control, Cash could still deliver hits due to his frenetic creativity. His rendition of " Ring of Fire " was a crossover hit, reaching number one on the country charts and entering the top 20 on the pop charts. It was originally performed by June Carter 's sister, but the signature mariachi -style horn arrangement

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3328-488: The years he served overseas, they exchanged thousands of letters. He worked in West Germany as a Morse code operator, intercepting Soviet Army transmissions. While working this job, Cash was said to be the first American to be given the news of Joseph Stalin 's death (supplied via Morse code). His daughter, Rosanne , said that Cash had recounted the story many times over the years. While at Landsberg, he created his first band, "The Landsberg Barbarians". On July 3, 1954, he

3392-405: Was smuggling heroin from Mexico, but found instead 688 Dexedrine capsules (amphetamines) and 475 Equanil (sedatives or tranquilizers) tablets hidden inside his guitar case. Because the pills were prescription drugs rather than illegal narcotics, Cash received a suspended sentence . He posted a $ 1,500 bond and was released until his arraignment. In this period of the mid-1960s, Cash released

3456-598: Was a Native American who was one of the six soldiers featured in a photo raising the U.S. flag at Iwo Jima during World War II.) The record label denied it promotion due to what it considered a provocative and "unappealing" nature. Cash faced resistance and was urged by an editor of a country music magazine to leave the Country Music Association , who said: "You and your crowd are just too intelligent to associate with plain country folks, country artists, and country DJs." In reaction, on August 22, 1964, Cash posted

3520-613: Was close, was cut almost in two by an unguarded table saw at work. He died of his wounds a week later. According to Cash's autobiography, he, his mother, and Jack all had a sense of foreboding about that day; his mother urged Jack to skip work and go fishing with Cash, but Jack insisted on working as the family needed the money. Cash often spoke of the guilt he felt over the incident. He would say that he looked forward to "meeting [his] brother in Heaven". Cash's early memories were dominated by gospel music and radio. Taught guitar by his mother and

3584-630: Was drug-free for a period of seven years. In his memoir about time with Cash, Grant said that the birth of Cash's son, John Carter Cash , inspired the singer to end his dependence. Cash began using amphetamines again in 1977. By 1983, he was deeply addicted again. He entered rehab at the Betty Ford Clinic in Rancho Mirage for treatment. He stayed off drugs for several years, but relapsed. In 1989, he entered Nashville's Cumberland Heights Alcohol and Drug Treatment Center. In 1992, he started care at

3648-528: Was held only one night each time. On May 11, 1965, he was arrested in Starkville, Mississippi , for trespassing late at night onto private property to pick flowers. (He used this incident as the basis for the song "Starkville City Jail". He discussed this on his live At San Quentin album.) While on tour later that year, he was arrested October 4 in El Paso, Texas , by a narcotics squad. The officers suspected he

3712-489: Was honorably discharged as a staff sergeant , and he returned to Texas. During his military service, he acquired a distinctive scar on the right side of his jaw as a result of surgery to remove a cyst . Soon after his return, Cash married Vivian Liberto in San Antonio. She had grown up Catholic and was married in the church by her paternal uncle, Father Franco Liberto. In 1954, Cash and his first wife Vivian moved to Memphis, Tennessee . He sold appliances while studying to be

3776-465: Was in the studio cutting new tracks, with Jerry Lee Lewis backing him on piano. Cash was also in the studio, and the four started an impromptu jam session . Phillips left the tapes running and the recordings, almost half of which were gospel songs, survived. They have since been released under the title Million Dollar Quartet . In Cash: the Autobiography , Cash wrote that he was the farthest from

3840-522: Was introduced by a rendition of his "Folsom Prison Blues", while the San Quentin record included the crossover hit single " A Boy Named Sue ", a Shel Silverstein novelty song that reached number one on the country charts and number two on the U.S. top-10 pop charts. In 1972 Cash performed at the Österåker Prison in Sweden. The live album På Österåker ( At Österåker ) was released in 1973. "San Quentin"

3904-458: Was located to the west of the present town. The benefice was counted as part of the Priory of Saint Andrews. It is known that an African servant of hers were buried in the kirk yard there in July 1591. The benefice was counted as part of the Priory of Saint Andrews. It is known that coffins were interred at a spot called the "Pillars of Hercules" on the way to Kilgour. About thirty years later,

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3968-590: Was provided by Cash. He said that it had come to him in a dream. His first wife Vivian (Liberto) Cash claimed a different version of the origins of "Ring of Fire". In her book, I Walked the Line: My Life with Johnny (2007), Liberto says that Cash gave Carter half the songwriting credit for monetary reasons. In June 1965, Cash's camper caught fire during a fishing trip with his nephew Damon Fielder in Los Padres National Forest in California. It set off

4032-486: Was recorded with Cash replacing "San Quentin" with "Österåker". In 1976, a concert at Tennessee State Prison was videotaped for TV broadcast. It was posthumously released after Cash's death as a CD entitled A Concert Behind Prison Walls . Cash used his stardom and economic status to bring awareness to the issues surrounding the Native American people. Cash sang songs about indigenous humanity in an effort to confront

4096-469: Was the birthplace of the famous 17th-century Covenanter Richard Cameron . He was the town schoolmaster before he became a field or itinerant preacher. His house still stands in the main street of the village. Another Covenanter, Robert Gillespie , was arrested for preaching here; he was imprisoned on the Bass Rock . John, Marquis of Bute , inherited much of this land in the late 19th century. He employed

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