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114-519: John Flammang Schrank (born Johann Nepomuk Schrank ; March 5, 1876 – September 15, 1943), was a German-American tavern owner from Bavaria who attempted to assassinate former President Theodore Roosevelt outside of the Gilpatrick Hotel in Milwaukee on October 14, 1912. Schrank was a wealthy man who claimed to have visions telling him that he had to stop Theodore Roosevelt from being elected to

228-468: A special edition the day after the shooting with the headline "Insane Man Shoots Roosevelt". Schrank insisted after his arrest that he was not insane. He said that God had selected him to receive visions and that he was motivated to prevent Roosevelt from becoming a king. Authorities found papers in Schrank's possession which showed that he had been stalking Roosevelt for some time. After he had been in jail for

342-606: A New York laid out like the West End of London . The point of land on the East River now called Corlears Hook was also called Corlaers Hook under Dutch and British rule and briefly Crown Point during British occupation in the Revolution. It was named after the schoolmaster Jacobus van Corlaer, who settled on this "plantation" that in 1638 was called by a Europeanized version of its Lenape name , Nechtans or Nechtanc . Corlaer sold

456-482: A bit." Roosevelt did not seek medical attention and he went on to his speaking engagement at the Milwaukee Auditorium after being shot. His opening comments to the gathered crowd were, "I don't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot, but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose." Roosevelt then told the crowd, "The bullet went in here—I will show you." He then opened his vest and showed

570-621: A cash economy, it was essential to raise one's esteem with fellow craftsmen to whom one could turn for favors in preference to the Verlag capitalist. A restaurant in Greece is commonly known as a taverna . Their history begins in Classical times, with the earliest evidence of a taverna discovered at the Ancient Agora of Athens ; the style remains the same to this day. Greek tavernes (plural of taverna) are

684-500: A day. According to Schrank's testimony during his trial, he had a vivid dream the day after 25th U.S. President William McKinley was assassinated . In this September 7, 1901 dream, Schrank said he saw McKinley's body rise from the casket during his funeral to say "Avenge my death!", pointing at a corner where a "form clad in Monkish garb" stood; Schrank recognized the form in the corner as Theodore Roosevelt. He did not find significance in

798-547: A few Jewish scribes and variety stores. Some kosher delis and bakeries, as well as a few " kosher style " delis, including the famous Katz's Deli , are located in the neighborhood. Second Avenue in the Lower East Side was home to many Yiddish theatre productions in the Yiddish Theater District during the early part of the 20th century, and Second Avenue came to be known as “Yiddish Broadway”, even though most of

912-507: A few months later in the early hours of September 15, 1912, following the presidential nomination of Roosevelt in August, after he finished a poem entitled "Be A Man" about the McKinley assassination, he heard a voice say "Let no murderer occupy the presidential chair for a third term. Avenge my death!" followed by a tap on his shoulder. Schrank turned around to see what he described as an apparition of

1026-537: A great many non criminals, have". While incarcerated, Schrank was pleased that Theodore Roosevelt did not win a third term. When US President Franklin D. Roosevelt won a third term in the 1940 United States presidential election Schrank told a guard that if he were not incarcerated, he would interfere. Schrank died September 15, 1943, in the Central State Hospital for the Criminally Insane . His body

1140-487: A maximum sentence of 15 years. In court, Schrank stated, "I plead guilty to shooting the man. I did not intend to kill citizen Roosevelt. I intended to kill Theodore Roosevelt the third-termer". Instead of accepting the plea, the judge decided to appoint a panel which was referred to as a "Sanity Commission" to determine whether Schrank was mentally fit. The panel consisted of Dr. F. C. Studley, Dr. W. F. Becker, Dr. Richard Dewey, Dr. W. F. Wegge, and Dr. D. W. Harrington. Schrank

1254-429: A move towards "gastro" pubs where the menu is more ambitious. Originally, taverns served as rest stops about every fifteen miles and their main focus was to provide shelter to anyone who was traveling. Such taverns would be divided into two major parts – the sleeping quarters and the bar . There is generally a sign with some type of symbol, often related to the name of the premises, to draw in customers. The purpose of this

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1368-570: A much larger area, from Broadway to the East River and from East 14th Street to Fulton and Franklin Streets. Traditionally an immigrant, working class neighborhood, it began rapid gentrification in the mid-2000s, prompting the National Trust for Historic Preservation to place the neighborhood on their list of America's Most Endangered Places in 2008. The Lower East Side is part of Manhattan Community District 3 , and its primary ZIP Code

1482-458: A number of buildings historically associated with the Jewish immigrant community. Notable sites include: Synagogues include: Little Fuzhou ( Chinese : 小福州 ; pinyin : Xiǎo Fúzhōu ; Foochow Romanized : Siēu-hók-ciŭ ), or Fuzhou Town ( Chinese : 福州埠 ; pinyin : Fúzhōu Bù ; Foochow Romanized : Hók-ciŭ-pú ) is a neighborhood within the eastern sliver of Chinatown , in

1596-686: A recent addition. In Byzantine times, tavernes were the place for a social gathering, to enjoy a meal, live music and friendly talk with a drink accompanied by small variety dishes ( mezes ). In former Yugoslavia, the kafana serves food and alcoholic beverages. The most frequent Czech translation of tavern or pub is "hospoda". It comes out from hospodář (landlord) and is also close to hostitel (host), host (guest) and hostina (dinner, banquet). And also to Russian gospodin (master, lord, sir) and, not to forget, to hospitality . Traditionally, "hospoda" or "hostinec" were full-fledged facilities, providing lodging, meals and drink, an inn . In modern times,

1710-556: A tavern offered various roast meats, as well as simple foods like bread, cheese, herring, and bacon. Some offered a wider variety of foods, though it would be cabarets and later traiteurs which offered the finest meals before the restaurant appeared in the 18th century. Their stated purpose, however, was to serve wine (not beer or cider, which had other outlets) and they were so disreputable that women of any standing avoided them. After 1500, taxes on wine and other alcoholic beverages grew increasingly more burdensome, not only because of

1824-484: A third term as President of the United States . His shot hit Roosevelt in the chest at very close range, but the assassination attempt was not successful; he was immediately arrested, and was later adjudicated insane. Schrank had hallucinations and claimed that the ghost of assassinated US President William McKinley told him that Roosevelt was his murderer, and that the ghost asked Schrank to avenge his death. When he

1938-468: A week, the sheriff ordered Schrank to bathe regularly; there were complaints about his offensive body odor and reports that he did not like to bathe. Because of the smell, the sheriff also ordered Schrank's clothes destroyed. On October 15, 1912, at 10:35   am, Schrank made his first arraignment appearance before Judge N. B. Neelen. He admitted that he had shot Roosevelt, and was held with bail set at $ 7,500 (equivalent to $ 236,793 in 2023). His bail

2052-627: Is 10002. It is patrolled by the 7th Precinct of the New York City Police Department . The Lower East Side is roughly bounded by East 14th Street on the north, by the East River to the east, by Fulton and Franklin Streets to the south, and by Pearl Street and Broadway to the west. This more extensive definition of the neighborhood includes Chinatown , the East Village , and Little Italy . A less extensive definition would have

2166-562: Is Further Ordered, that all proceedings in this case be stayed indefinitely and until such recovery. On November 25, 1912, Schrank was committed to the Northern Hospital for the Insane in Waupun, Wisconsin . In a December 16, 1912, letter from Theodore Roosevelt to journalist John St. Loe Strachey , Roosevelt wrote that Schrank was not a madman, but had a "disordered brain which most criminals, and

2280-520: Is almost identical to neighboring buildings. In September 2013, it was announced that the Essex Crossing redevelopment project was to be built in the area, centered around the intersection of Essex and Delancey Streets, but mostly utilizing land south of Delancey Street. The census tabulation area for the Lower East Side is bounded to the north by 14th Street and to the west by Avenue B , Norfolk Street, Essex Street , and Pike Street . According to

2394-453: Is an expressive word, and "krčma" is rather archaic in Czech. The word "taverna" (from Italian) is understood as a foreign term for establishment from South-European cultures, especially Greek or Italian. In Moravia , especially South Moravia, this social role is rather fulfilled by "wine cellars". Slovak language prefers the word "krčma" as a neutral colloquial term for pubs and restaurants. It

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2508-575: Is an old panslavic word. One of the earliest references to a tavern is found in the Code of Hammurabi . Lower East Side The Lower East Side , sometimes abbreviated as LES , is a historic neighborhood in the southeastern part of Manhattan in New York City . It is located roughly between the Bowery and the East River from Canal to Houston streets. Historically, it was understood to encompass

2622-617: Is not used for wine bars.) As drinking beer is an important part of the Czech culture, inviting to "hospoda" generally means: "let's go and have a drink together, let's meet, chat, and socialize…". It is often equipped with a TV, billiards table, darts etc. Pubs serve both local regulars as well as excursionists, tourists and other guests. Establishments specialized primarily in the consumption of beer (beer bars) are called "výčep" ("výčap" in Slovak), expressively "nálevna", or "pajzl" (from German Baisel, originally from Jidish). "Knajpa" (from German)

2736-545: Is now lined with upscale boutiques. Similarly, trendy restaurants, including Clinton St. Baking Company & Restaurant , are found on a stretch of tree-lined Clinton Street that New York Magazine described as the "hippest restaurant row" on the Lower East Side. In November 2007, the Blue Condominium , a 32-unit, 16-story luxury condominium tower, was completed at 105 Norfolk Street just north of Delancey Street. The pixellated, faceted blue design starkly contrasts with

2850-602: Is now obscured by shoreline landfill. It was near the east end of the present pedestrian bridge over the FDR Drive near Cherry Street . The name is preserved in Corlears Hook Park at the intersection of Jackson and Cherry Streets along the East River Drive. The bulk of immigrants who came to New York City in the late 19th and early 20th centuries came to the Lower East Side, moving into crowded tenements there. By

2964-423: Is now the East Village , earlier populations of Poles and Ukrainians have moved on and been largely supplanted by newer immigrants. The immigration of numerous Japanese people over the last fifteen years or so has led to the proliferation of Japanese restaurants and specialty food markets. There is also a notable population of Bangladeshis and other immigrants from Muslim countries, many of whom are congregants of

3078-556: Is now used to describe these houses. The legacy of taverns and inns is now only found in the pub names, e.g. Fitzroy Tavern , Silver Cross Tavern , Spaniards Inn , etc. The word also survives in songs such as " There is a Tavern in the Town ". The range and quality of pubs varies wildly throughout the UK as does the range of beers, wines, spirits and foods available. Most quality pubs will still serve cask ales and food. In recent years there has been

3192-455: Is to indicate that the establishment sells alcohol and to set it apart from the competition. Scandinavia had very high drinking rates, which led to the formation of a powerful prohibition movement in the 19th century. Magnusson (1986) explains why consumption of spirits was so high in a typical preindustrial village ( Eskilstuna ) in Sweden , 1820–50. An economic feature of this town of blacksmiths

3306-653: The 124 Ridge Street Gallery among others. In December 2007, the New Museum relocated to a brand-new, critically acclaimed building on Bowery at Prince. A growing number of galleries are opening in the Bowery neighborhood to be in close proximity to the museum. The Museum of Reclaimed Urban Space , which opened in 2012, exhibits photography featuring the neighborhood in addition to chronicling its history of activism. Social service agencies like Henry Street Settlement and Educational Alliance have visual and performing arts programs,

3420-620: The 2010 United States Census , the population of Lower East Side was 72,957, an increase of 699 (1.0%) from the 72,258 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 535.91 acres (216.88 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 136.1 inhabitants per acre (87,100/sq mi; 33,600/km ). The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 22.6% (16,453) White , 10.9% (7,931) African American , 0.2% (142) Native American , 24.9% (18,166) Asian , 0.0% (13) Pacific Islander , 0.3% (191) from other races , and 1.6% (1,191) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 39.6% (28,870) of

3534-603: The Beat poets and writers were drawn to the neighborhood – especially the parts which later became the East Village – by the inexpensive housing and cheap food. The German population decreased in the early twentieth century as a result of the General Slocum disaster and due to anti-German sentiment prompted by World War I . After World War II , the Lower East Side became New York City's first racially integrated neighborhood with

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3648-537: The First Roumanian-American congregation (the Rivington Street Synagogue), partially collapsed in 2006 and was subsequently demolished. In addition, there is a major Hare Krishna temple and several Buddhist houses of worship. Chinese residents have also been moving into Lower East Side, and since the late 20th century, they have comprised a large immigrant group in the area. The part of

3762-685: The General Slocum disaster, the population of Kleindeutschland dwindled over the years, with the Ziegler family being among the first to move away. The tavern's revenue had already plummeted since many of the regulars stopped showing up when Schrank took over as owner, so upon returning from his trip, he sold it to a man named Charles Wolfert and joined his foster parents in Yorkville, paying off their mortage of US$ 20,000 (equivalent to $ 678,222 in 2023) as well as covering numerous other expenses. His aunt died

3876-559: The Gilpatrick Hotel at 223 Third Street, so he waited across the street from the hotel at Herman Rollfink's saloon. He began drinking beer and told the bartender that he was a journalist. Schrank went to the Gilpatrick at 5:45   pm on October 14, 1912, and stood among a crowd that had gathered. Roosevelt arrived and went to his suite to rest; he also ate a meal before his scheduled speech in Milwaukee. At 7:00   pm Schrank went back to

3990-507: The Monroe Doctrine that would result in another civil war breaking out. Schrank concluded that his 1901 dream was a vision sent by God and that it was his mission to prevent this from happening, even if it meant killing Roosevelt, seeing the Decalogue commandment " thou shalt not kill " as overridden in such a case, as he would be acting as an instrument of God. Schrank recalled that

4104-477: The Two Bridges and Lower East Side areas of Manhattan. Starting in the 1980s and by the 1990s, the neighborhood became a prime destination for immigrants from Fuzhou, Fujian , China. Manhattan's Little Fuzhou is centered on East Broadway . However, since the 2000s, Chinatown, Brooklyn became New York City's new primary destination for Fuzhou immigrants, resulting in a second Little Fuzhou that has far surpassed

4218-618: The middle-class , as well as immigrants from countries such as Taiwan, Indonesia, Bangladesh , China, the Dominican Republic , India, Japan , Korea, the Philippines , and Poland. In the early 2000s, the gentrification of the East Village spread to the Lower East Side proper, making it one of the trendiest neighborhoods in Manhattan. Orchard Street , despite its "Bargain District" moniker,

4332-400: The 1840s, large numbers of German immigrants settled in the area, and a large part of it became known as " Little Germany " or "Kleindeutschland". This was followed by groups of Italians and Eastern European Jews, as well as Greeks, Hungarians, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Slovaks and Ukrainians, each of whom settled in relatively homogeneous enclaves. By 1920, the Jewish neighborhood was one of

4446-590: The British occupation of New York during the Revolution was separated from the densely populated city by rugged hills of glacial till: "this region lay beyond the city proper, from which it was separated by high, uncultivated, and rough hills", observers recalled in 1843. As early as 1816, Corlears Hook was notorious for streetwalkers , "a resort for the lewd and abandoned of both sexes", and in 1821 its "streets abounding every night with preconcerted groups of thieves and prostitutes" were noted by The Christian Herald . In

4560-521: The Dutch and the Native Americans. One of the largest of these was located along the modern Bowery between Prince Street and Astor Place , as well as the "only separate enclave" of this type within Manhattan. These black farmers were some of the earliest settlers of the area. Gradually, during the 17th century, there was an overall consolidation of the boweries and farms into larger parcels, and much of

4674-586: The East Village are still known as Loisaida , a Latino pronunciation of "Lower East Side". Politically, the neighborhood is in New York's 7th and 12th congressional districts. It is in the New York State Assembly 's 65th district and 74th district; the New York State Senate 's 26th district; and New York City Council 's 1st and 2nd districts. As was true of all of Manhattan Island,

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4788-452: The East Village name, and the term was adopted by the popular media by the mid-1960s. As the East Village developed a culture separate from the rest of the Lower East Side, the two areas came to be seen as two separate neighborhoods rather than the former being part of the latter. By the 1980s, the Lower East Side had begun to stabilize after its period of decline , and once again began to attract students, artists, and adventurous members of

4902-405: The Lower East Side is especially remembered as a place of Jewish beginnings for Ashkenazi American Jewish culture. Vestiges of the area's Jewish heritage exist in shops on Hester and Essex Streets , and on Grand Street near Allen Street. An Orthodox Jewish community is based in the area, operating yeshiva day schools and a mikvah . A few Judaica shops can be found along Essex Street, as are

5016-487: The Lower East Side was then part of the Delancey farm. James Delancey 's pre-Revolutionary farm east of post road leading from the city ( Bowery ) survives in the names Delancey Street and Orchard Street . On the modern map of Manhattan, the Delancey farm is represented in the grid of streets from Division Street north to Houston Street. In response to the pressures of a growing city, Delancey began to survey streets in

5130-474: The Lower East Side, the East Village and Chinatown . Community District 3 had 171,103 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 82.2 years. This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are adults: a plurality (35%) are between the ages of 25–44, while 25% are between 45–64, and 16% are 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents

5244-479: The Zieglers, consisting of mother Melanje "Minnie" Ziegler and three of her children, Alfred, Elisa (also called Ella), and Emily Ziegler, as they had space for him after Emily's brother Edward moved to Baltimore for work. Schrank and Emily, who was nine years his junior, were close friends, having known each other since childhood; according to some sources, both from the 1920s and contemporary, Schrank had told them that

5358-486: The age of 38. His mother Katharina subsequently shuffled between homes, sometimes living with her brother Joseph Auer and his family and sometimes with her elderly parents, until Schrank was nine years old. Joseph acted as a paternal substitute for Schrank in his childhood, showing him how to tend to the vegetable garden and helping with his school work. He was raised as a Roman Catholic and attended public school in Bavaria from

5472-498: The age of twelve, first as a bus boy and later as a bartender. Schrank became a lapsed Catholic , partially because his foster parents did not attend church, writing "I am a Roman Catholic . I love my religion but I hate my church as long as the Roman parish is not independent from Rome , as long as Catholic priests are prevented from getting married , as long as Rome is still more engaged in politics and accumulation of money contrary to

5586-410: The ages of seven to twelve, where he was noted to be an "outstanding student". In the fall of 1889, Schrank, aged twelve, was informally adopted by his paternal aunt Anne Flamming ( née Anna Schrank) and her Luxembourg German husband Dominick Flamming (also known as Domenikus Flamang); they were visiting from the United States, to which they had both immigrated in the 1850s. The adoption agreement

5700-459: The area now known as the Lower East Side was occupied by members of the Lenape tribe, who were organized in bands that moved from place to place according to the seasons, fishing on the rivers in the summer, and moving inland in the fall and winter to gather crops and hunt for food. Their main trail took approximately the route of Broadway . One encampment in the Lower East Side area, near Corlears Hook

5814-638: The bloody stain which had spread from his right breast to his waist. He spoke for 50 minutes before completing his speech and accepting medical attention. After the speech Roosevelt was taken to a hospital emergency room in Milwaukee where he had x-rays taken. Roosevelt decided to take the midnight train to Chicago and while on the train he got the news about the x-ray. The doctors determined that Schrank's bullet had traveled upward 4 inches (10 cm) and had broken Roosevelt's fourth rib on his right side. When Roosevelt arrived in Chicago he checked into Mercy Hospital . He

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5928-510: The brother of his landlord at the hotel where he was living, to pay the travel expenses for the stalking expedition, making up a story about needing funds to travel to a rich uncle to collect an inheritance. He stated that after not killing Roosevelt in New Orleans he followed him to Charleston, South Carolina ; Atlanta, Georgia ; Chattanooga, Tennessee ; Evansville, Indiana ; Indianapolis ; and Chicago , and he claimed that for at least part of

6042-423: The city of Waupun alone. It was reported that Schrank's cause of death was bronchial pneumonia . Tavern Over time, the words "tavern" and "inn" became interchangeable and synonymous. In England, inns started to be referred to as public houses or pubs and the term became standard for all drinking houses. From at least the 14th century, taverns, along with inns, were the main places to dine out. Typically,

6156-502: The colonists and the natives of the area, including the natives' unwillingness to pay tribute and their refusal to turn over the accused killer of a colonist. The projection into the East River that retained Corlaer's name was an important landmark for navigators for 300 years. On older maps and documents, it is usually spelled Corlaers Hook, but since the early 19th century, the spelling has been anglicized to Corlears . The rough unplanned settlement that developed at Corlaer's Hook under

6270-627: The continual increase in the level of taxation but also because of the bewildering variety and multiplicity of the taxes. This chaotic system was enforced by an army of tax collectors. The resultant opposition took many forms. Wine growers and tavern keepers concealed wine and falsified their methods of selling it to take advantage of lower tax rates. The retailers also refilled their casks secretly from hidden stocks. Wine merchants stealthily circumvented inspection stations to avoid local import duties. When apprehended, some defrauders reacted with passive resignation, while others resorted to violence. Situated at

6384-418: The course of the 19th century, they came to be called hookers . In the 1832 summer of New York City's cholera epidemic, a two-story wooden workshop in the neighborhood was commandeered to serve as a makeshift cholera hospital; between July 18 and September 15, when the hospital was closed as the epidemic wound down, 281 patients were admitted, both black and white, of whom 93 died. In 1833, Corlear's Hook

6498-550: The dream until Roosevelt announced his bid for the presidential candidacy in February 1912. Schrank, who followed the developments of the 1912 presidential elections with great interest through newspapers, was opposed to Roosevelt and believed seeking a third term violated Schrank's interpretation of the Declaration of Independence and George Washington's Farewell Address , in what he termed "The Unwritten Laws". He claimed that Roosevelt

6612-424: The first was ABC No Rio . Begun by a group of Colab no wave artists (some living on Ludlow Street ), ABC No Rio opened an outsider gallery space that invited community participation and encouraged the widespread production of art. Taking an activist approach to art that grew out of The Real Estate Show (the take over of an abandoned building by artists to open an outsider gallery only to have it chained closed by

6726-428: The former at Abrons Arts Center , a home for contemporary interdisciplinary arts. The neighborhood is also home to several graffiti artists, such as Chico and Jean-Michel Basquiat . As the neighborhood has gentrified and become safer at night, it has transformed into a popular late-night destination. Orchard, Ludlow and Essex between Rivington Street and Stanton Street have become especially packed at night, and

6840-406: The heart of the country town or village, the tavern was one of the traditional centers of social and political life before 1789, a meeting place for both the local population and travelers passing through and a refuge for rogues and scoundrels. Taverns symbolized opposition to the regime and to religion. Taverns sometimes served as restaurants . In Paris, the first restaurant in the modern sense of

6954-545: The household, women could deploy public power to impose limits on men's drinking behaviour. Taverns were popular places used for business as well as for eating and drinking – the London Tavern was a notable meeting place in the 18th and 19th centuries, for example. However, the word tavern is no longer in popular use in the UK as there is no distinction between a tavern and an inn. Both establishments serve wine and beer/ale. The term ' pub ' (an abbreviation of 'public house')

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7068-485: The influx of African Americans and Puerto Ricans . Areas where Spanish speaking was predominant began to be called Loisaida . By the 1960s, the influence of the Jewish and Eastern European groups declined as many of these residents had left the area, while other ethnic groups had coalesced into separate neighborhoods, such as Little Italy . The Lower East Side then experienced a period of "persistent poverty, crime, drugs, and abandoned housing". A substantial portion of

7182-571: The insurance branch, both unsuccessfully, and fell behind on his own mortgage payments, with his last known residence in New York City being at Homestead Hotel. Following his uncle's death, Schrank kept no known social contacts and became forlorn and depressed. He was described as a disconnected and awkward man who did not associate with other people. Around that time Schrank began drinking heavily, his daily intake averaging five pints of beer, and also took up smoking cigars , sometimes as many as six in

7296-555: The judge made the following statement: The court now finds that the defendant John Schrank is insane, and therefore incapacitated to act for himself. It is Therefore Ordered and Adjudged, that the defendant John Schrank be committed to the Northern Hospital for the Insane , near Oshkosh, in the county of Winnebago , state of Wisconsin, until such time when he shall have recovered from such insanity, when he shall be returned to this court for further proceedings according to law. And it

7410-529: The largest of these ethnic groupings, with 400,000 people, pushcart vendors and storefronts prominent on Orchard and Grand Streets, and numerous Yiddish theatres along Second Avenue between Houston and 14th Streets. Living conditions in these "slum" areas were far from ideal, although some improvement came from a change in the zoning laws, which required "new law" tenements to be built with air shafts between them so that fresh air and some light could reach each apartment. Still, reform movements, such as

7524-613: The late President McKinley, staring at him with "dying eyes".He may have also had other hallucinations involving Emily Ziegler. Doctors at the time diagnosed Schrank as having paranoid schizophrenia ; diagnostic criteria have since changed, and "paranoid schizoprenia" as a specific diagnosis has been obsolete since 2013. After his second hallucination, Schrank purchased a $ 14 (equivalent to $ 442 in 2023) .38 caliber Colt revolver and began stalking Roosevelt. He first followed Roosevelt to New Orleans by steamship . He borrowed $ 350 (equivalent to $ 11,050 in 2023) from Herman Larunger,

7638-479: The meaning of the word has a bit narrowed. Nevertheless, it is used colloquially to denote both traditional restaurants where people go to eat, and bars, where people mainly go to drink and socialize. "Hospoda" is nowadays a very widespread but only colloquial word, while "hostinec" or "pohostinství" were often official names of such establishment in the 20th century, now a bit obsolete. "Hospoda" could be with meals served or without, typically with tapped beer. (This term

7752-564: The most common restaurants in Greece. A typical menu includes portion dishes, or small dishes of meat and fish, as well as salads and appetizers. Mageirefta is the menu section that includes a variety of different casserole cooked dishes every day. The other choices are mainly prepared roasted ( tis oras) or fried. Orektika (appetizers) include small dishes of Greek sauces, alifes , usually eaten on bites of bread. Tavernes offer different kinds of wines and retsina in barrels or in bottles, ouzo or tsipouro , with beer and refreshments being

7866-570: The neighborhood bordered in the south and west by Chinatown , – which extends north to roughly Grand Street – in the west by Nolita and in the north by the East Village . Historically, the "Lower East Side" referred to the area alongside the East River from about the Manhattan Bridge and Canal Street up to 14th Street , and roughly bounded on the west by Broadway . It included areas known today as East Village , Alphabet City , Chinatown , Bowery , Little Italy , and NoLIta . Parts of

7980-513: The neighborhood in a strong manner, and Chinatown holds a special place in the imagination of Chinese Americans, just as Astoria in Queens holds a place in the hearts of Greek Americans . It was a hub for ancestors of many people in the metropolitan area, and much depicted in fiction and films. Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem , established in 1907, was long led by Moshe Feinstein . In the late 20th century, Jewish communities have worked to preserve

8094-418: The neighborhood south of Delancey Street and west of Allen Street has, in large measure, become part of Chinatown . Grand Street is one of the major business and shopping streets of Chinatown. Also contained within the neighborhood are strips of lighting and restaurant supply shops on the Bowery. While the Lower East Side has been a place of successive immigrant populations, many American Jews relate to

8208-546: The neighborhood was slated for demolition under the Cooper Square Urban Renewal Plan of 1956, which was to redevelop the area from Ninth to Delancey Streets from the Bowery/Third Avenue to Chrystie Street /Second Avenue with new privately owned cooperative housing . The United Housing Foundation was selected as the sponsor for the project, which faced great opposition from the community. Neither

8322-574: The next year in 1907, followed by her husband in 1911. Schrank, as the sole grantee in both of their wills, inherited several properties in New York. He sold those properties for US$ 25,000 (equivalent to $ 817,500 in 2023) and moved to Brooklyn to be closer to the graves of his foster parents in The Evergreens Cemetery , where he became a frequent visitor. Left with a sizable amount of money but no job, Schrank tried to invest in real estate and

8436-481: The north of Delancey Street continued south. Several restaurants, bars, and galleries opened below Delancey Street after 2005, especially around the intersection of Broome and Orchard Streets. The neighborhood's second boutique hotel, Blue Moon Hotel, opened on Orchard Street just south of Delancey Street in early 2006. However, unlike The Hotel on Rivington, the Blue Moon used an existing tenement building, and its exterior

8550-422: The oldest neighborhoods of the city, the Lower East Side has long been a lower-class worker neighborhood and often a poor and ethnically diverse section of New York. As well as Irish , Italians , Poles , Ukrainians , and other ethnic groups, it once had a sizeable German population and was known as Little Germany (Kleindeutschland) . Today it is a predominantly Puerto Rican and Dominican community, and in

8664-537: The one started by Jacob Riis 's book How the Other Half Lives continued to attempt to alleviate the problems of the area through settlement houses , such as the Henry Street Settlement , and other welfare and service agencies. The city itself moved to address the problem when it built First Houses , the first such public housing project in the United States, in 1935–1936. The development, located on

8778-655: The original as the Fuzhou cultural center of the New York metropolitan area , and is still rapidly growing in contrast to Manhattan's Little Fuzhou that is shrinking under gentrification . Since the 2010s, the Fuzhou immigrant population and businesses have been declining throughout the whole eastern portion of Manhattan's Chinatown due to gentrification. There is a rapidly increasing influx of high-income, often non-Chinese, professionals moving into this area, including high-end hipster -owned businesses. The neighborhood has become home to numerous contemporary art galleries. One of

8892-462: The original large-scale development nor a 1961 revised proposal was implemented, and it was not until 1991 that an agreement was made to redevelop a small portion of the proposed renewal site. The East Village was once considered the Lower East Side's northwest corner. However, in the 1960s, the demographics of the area above Houston Street began to change as hipsters , musicians, and artists moved in. Newcomers and real estate brokers popularized

9006-540: The percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 48% in Community District 3, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51%, respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , Community District 3 was considered to be gentrifying : according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010. One of

9120-405: The physical and moral degradation of alcoholics. Zola's correspondence with physicians reveals that he used authentic medical sources for his realistic depictions in the novel. A common German name for German taverns or pubs is Kneipe . Drinking practices in 16th-century Augsburg, Germany, suggest that the use of alcohol in early modern Germany followed carefully structured cultural norms. Drinking

9234-566: The plantation to Wilhelmus Hendrickse Beekman (1623–1707), founder of the Beekman family of New York; his son Gerardus Beekman was christened at the plantation on August 17, 1653. On February 25, 1643, as part of Kieft's War , volunteers from the New Amsterdam colony killed forty Wiechquaesgecks at their encampment in the Massacre at Corlears Hook , in retaliation for ongoing conflicts between

9348-419: The police) ABC No Rio kept its sense of activism , community, and outsiderness. The product of this open, expansive approach to art was a space for creating new works that did not have links to the art market place and that were able to explore new artistic possibilities. Other outsider galleries sprung up throughout the Lower East Side and East Village—some 200 at the height of the scene in the 1980s, including

9462-749: The population. The racial composition of the Lower East Side changed moderately from 2000 to 2010, with the most significant changes being the White population's increase by 18% (2,514), the Asian population's increase by 10% (1,673), and the Hispanic / Latino population's decrease by 10% (3,219). The minority Black population experienced a slight increase by 1% (41), while the very small population of all other races decreased by 17% (310). The Lower East Side lies in Manhattan Community District 3 , which encompasses

9576-528: The process of gentrification (as documented by the portraits of its residents in the Clinton+Rivington chapter of The Corners Project.) Since the immigration waves from Eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century, the Lower East Side became known as having been a center of Jewish immigrant culture. In her 2000 book Lower East Side Memories: A Jewish Place in America , Hasia Diner explains that

9690-452: The saloon across the street and waited. There was a band at Rollfink's saloon, and Schrank requested that they play " The Star-Spangled Banner "; he danced while they played the song. The bartender, Paul Thume, said that Schrank bought each of the musicians in the band a drink. Witnesses at Rollfink's said that Schrank was quiet and pleasant. Right before he left, he bought another round of drinks. At approximately 8:00   pm Schrank crossed

9804-479: The shot, he appeared ready to fire again, with his firearm still raised. Schrank was then tackled by Roosevelt's stenographer Elbert E. Martin who also wrested the gun away. Roosevelt remained calm and Schrank was captured. The crowd began to call for Schrank's lynching but Roosevelt asked them to stop. People did not realize that Roosevelt had been harmed by the shot. Someone asked Roosevelt if he had been hurt and he remarked, "Oh no, missed me that time. I'm not hurt

9918-773: The small Madina Masjid, a mosque on First Avenue and 11th Street. The neighborhood still has many historic synagogues, such as the Bialystoker Synagogue , Beth Hamedrash Hagadol , the Eldridge Street Synagogue , Kehila Kedosha Janina (the only Greek synagogue in the Western Hemisphere), the Angel Orensanz Center (the fourth oldest synagogue building in the United States), and various smaller synagogues along East Broadway. Another landmark,

10032-580: The south side of East 3rd Street between First Avenue and Avenue A , and on the west side of Avenue A between East 2nd and East 3rd Streets, is now considered to be located within the East Village. By the turn of the twentieth century, the neighborhood had become closely associated with radical politics, such as anarchism , socialism , and communism . It was also known as a place where many popular performers had grown up, such as Eddie Cantor , Al Jolson , George and Ira Gershwin , Jimmy Durante , and Irving Berlin . Later, more radical artists such as

10146-469: The southern part of the "West Farm" in the 1760s. A spacious projected Delancey Square —intended to cover the area within today's Eldridge, Essex, Hester and Broome Streets—was eliminated when the loyalist Delancey family's property was confiscated after the American Revolution . The city Commissioners of Forfeiture eliminated the aristocratic planned square for a grid, effacing Delancey's vision of

10260-557: The status of their relationship, her death greatly affected Schrank, who referred to it as "the greatest tragedy of [his] life" and later said, "I never had a friend in my life, except for one girl who was killed in a steamship accident." After successfully applying for a passport the year before, Schrank briefly returned to Germany in spring 1906 to visit his family in Erding, where he collected an inheritance from his deceased godmother , presumed to have been his maternal grandmother. Following

10374-495: The street and blended in with the crowd to wait for Roosevelt to emerge. When Roosevelt emerged from the Gilpatrick Hotel at 8:10   pm, he climbed into a waiting convertible . He initially sat down but a crowd that had gathered cheered and Roosevelt stood up and raised his hat to acknowledge them. Schrank then pushed through the crowd and aimed his revolver at Roosevelt's chest. He shot Roosevelt at point-blank range ; after

10488-505: The surrounding neighborhood. Following the construction of the Hotel on Rivington one block away, several luxury condominiums around Houston, and the New Museum on Bowery , this new wave of construction is another sign that the gentrification cycle is entering a high-luxury phase similar to in SoHo and Nolita in the previous decade. More recently, the gentrification that was previously confined to

10602-518: The teachings of the Lord." He became a naturalized citizen on July 23, 1897. According to family and friends, Schrank developed a great admiration for American ideals and the Founding Fathers , naming historical figures such as George Washington , James Madison , Tadeusz Kościuszko , and Abraham Lincoln as his personal heroes, and kept tags and documents from his immigration process as mementos. He

10716-702: The term was founded in 1765. However, the first Parisian restaurant worthy of the name was the one founded by Beauvilliers in 1782 in the Rue de Richelieu, called the Grande Taverne de Londres . Émile Zola 's novel L'Assommoir ('The Tavern', 1877) depicted the social conditions typical of alcoholism in Paris among the working classes. The drunk destroyed not only his own body, but also his employment, his family, and other interpersonal relationships. The characters Gervaise Macquart and her husband Coupeau exemplified with great realism

10830-463: The theaters are now gone. Songwriter Irving Berlin , actor John Garfield , and singer Eddie Cantor grew up here. Since the mid-20th century, the area has been settled primarily by immigrants, primarily from Latin America , especially Central America and Puerto Rico. They have established their own groceries and shops, marketing goods from their culture and cuisine. Bodegas have replaced Jewish shops, and there are mostly Roman Catholics . In what

10944-492: The trip, he traveled under the name Walter Roos. He followed Roosevelt for 24 days, and found that at each place there were complications that prevented him from getting access to Roosevelt. He said that in Chattanooga he had been within 10 feet (3 m) of Roosevelt but had been too nervous to shoot. When Schrank heard that Roosevelt's next stop was Milwaukee, Wisconsin, he went there to wait. He learned that Roosevelt would be at

11058-517: The two were a romantic couple. Emily died at the age of 19 in a fire on the PS General Slocum on June 15, 1904, after which Schrank identified Ziegler's body to pathologist William O'Gorman, though his name was misspelled as "John Schrenck" in news reports, variously calling her his girlfriend or fiancée. Edward Ziegler denied that Schrank was ever engaged and said that his sister was only casually acquainted with Schrank as roommates. Regardless of

11172-466: Was attempting to dismantle the U.S. Constitution to give himself the power to replace the democratic system with a dictatorship and that Roosevelt, as McKinley's vice president , had orchestrated McKinley's murder to secure the president's office for himself. Schrank also believed that Roosevelt was being backed by "foreign powers" with plans to annex the Panama Canal , which he considered a violation of

11286-514: Was born in Erding , Kingdom of Bavaria , on March 5, 1876, to carpenters Michael and Katharina Schrank ( née Auer). The Herald-Press stated that his birth certificate listed him as John Nepomuk Schrank while a letter from Friedrich Herbig , the mayor of Erding from 1905 to 1929, gave his birth name as Johann Nepomuk Schrank. He had four siblings, two of whom died in infancy. His maternal aunt, Anna Binghammer, suffered from persecutory delusions and

11400-526: Was brought before Judge August C. Backus in Milwaukee Municipal Court he quickly pleaded guilty to shooting Roosevelt. Judge Backus did not accept the guilty plea, and appointed a panel to determine if Schrank was mentally fit. The panel decided that Schrank was insane, and in November 1912 he was committed to the Central State Hospital for the Criminally Insane for 31 years until his death. Schrank

11514-414: Was called Rechtauck or Naghtogack. The population of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam was located primarily below the current Fulton Street , while north of it were a number of small plantations and large farms called " bouwerij " ("bowery", equivalent to " boerderij " in present-day Dutch). Around these farms were a number of enclaves of free or "half-free" Africans, which served as a buffer between

11628-468: Was committed to an asylum, Königlich Bayerische Heil- und Pflegeeinrichtung für Nervenkranke  [ de ] , in Gabersee , where she died on November 21, 1904, from encephalomalacia . The Herald-Press also reported that Schrank's paternal grandfather was recorded as having suffered a sudden mental decline and died shortly after. When Schrank was three, his father Michael died from consumption at

11742-522: Was described as "mild-mannered, reserved but cheerful, with a wry sense of humor" and well-liked by his neighbors, but also quiet, shy, and withdrawn, and, by his own account, never formed friendships. In the spring of 1904, his uncle Dominick retired and passed ownership of the tavern to Schrank. Dominick and his wife also sold off the tenement room they had been sharing with him so that they could afford an apartment in Yorkville , so Schrank began lodging with

11856-474: Was given to Milwaukee's Marquette University School of Medicine . Time magazine reported that Schrank received no visitors and no mail during his 31 years of incarceration. In 1943 The Knoxville Journal reported that the superintendent of the Central State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, Dr. R.   A. Remley, stated that Schrank was a model prisoner and he was occasionally allowed to go to

11970-719: Was known as John Flamming, having anglicized his original first name Johann to the English equivalent and taken on the last name of his foster parents, with whom he lived in a tenement in the Kleindeutschland neighborhood in Lower East Side . He learned English at night classes for the next four years, gaining a keen interest in history and American politics through the newspapers and other literature he read for his courses and began writing poetry in both German and English at 15. Schrank worked at his aunt and uncle's tavern starting at

12084-413: Was later raised to $ 15,000 (equivalent to $ 473,586 in 2023) based on rumors that there were people who might bail him out of jail to make a movie about him. Schrank's next court appearance was on November 12, 1912, at 10:00   am; he appeared in court before Judge August C. Backus for a preliminary hearing . Schrank pleaded guilty. He was charged with shooting with the intent to kill, which carried

12198-461: Was lower, at 13% and 11%, respectively. As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 3 was $ 39,584, though the median income in the Lower East Side individually was $ 51,649. In 2018, an estimated 18% of Community District 3 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twelve residents (8%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or

12312-609: Was made because the Auer family were already caring for four other children (Schrank's surviving brother and sister, as well as his two cousins, Joseph's daughters) and the middle-aged Flammings had no children of their own. He accompanied them on their return trip from Bremerhaven on the SS Fulda , being listed as their son on the passenger list, and arrived in Manhattan , New York , on October 22, 1889. During his early years in America, Schrank

12426-412: Was not a sign of insecurity and disorder. It helped define and enhance men's social status and was therefore tolerated among men as long as they lived up to both the rules and norms of tavern society and the demands of their role as householders. Tavern doors were closed to respectable women unaccompanied by their husbands, and society condemned drunkenness among women, but when alcohol abuse interfered with

12540-528: Was not more seriously wounded because the bullet first had to pass through his fifty-page speech which had been folded in half, and his spectacle case. When he was arrested, Schrank initially refused to give his name. During questioning he eventually did give his name, and confessed to the crime. Sergeant Robert Flood asked him why he did it, and he said, "I did it because I was opposed to the third term. Don't talk to me, I will not say anything until tomorrow, for I want to sleep." The Milwaukee Sentinel published

12654-458: Was right-handed, 5 feet 4 + 1 ⁄ 2  inches (164 cm) tall without shoes and he weighed 160 pounds (73 kg) wearing his clothing. He had blonde hair and his eyes were described as bluish-gray. They noted that his jailer described him as a quiet, fastidious and cheerful man. Here is the end of their report dated November 22, 1912: Our conclusions are as follows: When Schrank appeared before Judge Backus on November 22, 1912,

12768-469: Was sent back to the jail and the court made plans to have a second preliminary hearing at 2:00   pm. The court assigned James G. Flanders to be Schrank's attorney. At 2:00   pm that day the panel of physicians were told that they were to determine whether Schrank was "insane at the present time" or not. On November 14, 1912, the Sanity Commission began its evaluation of Schrank. They said he

12882-473: Was the Verlag , or outwork production system , with its complex network of credit relationships. The tavern played a crucial role in cultural and business life and was also the place where work and leisure were fused. Heavy drinking facilitated the creation of community relationships in which artisans and workers sought security. Buying drinks rather than saving money was a rational strategy when, before adjustment to

12996-488: Was the location of some of the first tenements built in New York City. Corlears Hook is mentioned on the first page of Chapter 1 of Herman Melville 's Moby Dick , first published in 1851: "Circumambulate the city of a dreamy Sabbath afternoon. Go from Corlears Hook to Coenties Slip , and from thence, by Whitehall, northward. What do you see? ..." and again in Chapter 99—The Doubloon. The original location of Corlears Hook

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