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72-519: Handfield was commissioned in Philipps' Regiment (the 40th Regiment of Foot ) as an Ensign in 1720, taking up his duties at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. Promoted to Lieutenant in 1731 and received promotions to Lieutenant-Captain (1739), Captain (1740), Major (1754), and Lieutenant-Colonel (1758). Appointed to the Nova Scotia Council at Annapolis Royal in 1736 and granted the position of Justice of

144-623: A New England colonial force aided by a British fleet captured Louisbourg , the capital of the French province of Île-Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island ) during the War of the Austrian Succession , known as King George's War in the British colonies . The northern British colonies regarded Louisbourg as a menace, calling it the "American Dunkirk " due to its use as a base for privateers . There

216-494: A French priest named Le Loutre attacked Annapolis , the only British garrison in Nova Scotia. Only eighty men of Phillips' Regiment were available to meet this threat, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Paul Mascarene . Mascarene refused to surrender to Le Loutre. Le Loutre's party eventually burned a number of houses and withdrew. Following this, George II authorized the reorganization of the regiment which increased to six regiments

288-688: A battery at Lighthouse Point . He had hauled ten cannon from the Royal Battery. He shelled the Island Battery for five days and on June 27 the French Battery was silenced. On June 27, French and native reinforcements led by Paul Marin were prevented from reaching Louisbourg in the Naval battle off Tatamagouche . The New Englanders' landward siege was supported by Commodore Warren's fleet and, following 47 days (six weeks and five days) of siege and bombardment,

360-560: A company of the 40th, under the command of Major Lawrence Armstrong , to take up garrison of a small fort in Canso built by a group of New England fishermen. The Mi'kmaq continued preying on nearby shipping, forcing the garrison to take action in February 1723. Serving as marines, the troops and local fishermen were able to disperse the attacking indigenous people. The next engagement came in July 1724 when

432-776: A detachment was sent to Georgia to gather rice for the army in June 1776. It saw action at the Battle of Long Island in August 1776, the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776 and the Battle of Princeton in January 1777. It was in combat again at the Battle of Brandywine in September 1777 and the Battle of Germantown in October 1777. In November 1778 the regiment embarked for Barbados and took part in

504-540: A long history of raiding British settlements along Northern New England in present-day Maine. During the 17th and early-18th century, the Wabanaki fought in several campaigns, including in 1688 , 1703 , 1723 , 1724 . Many of the British military leaders of the siege of Louisbourg came from Northern New England, whose family members were killed in the raids. In the summer of 1744, New Englanders' concerns of further attacks on

576-481: A party of sixty Mi'kmaq attacked Annapolis Royal . The garrison responded with a poorly calculated sortie from the town's dilapidated fort, resulting in the death of a sergeant and private, the wounding of an officer and three privates, and the repulse of the troops. After some pillaging, the Mi'kmaq departed with a number of civilian prisoners. From 1717 to 1743, Phillips' Regiment, garrisoning Annapolis, Placentia, and Canso,

648-556: A request for naval support in the event of an encounter with French warships, which would significantly outclass any of the colonial ships. Warren at first declined this offer, lacking authorization from London to assist. Only a few days later, he received orders from the Admiralty to proceed to protect the New England fisheries. The expedition set sail from Boston in stages beginning in early March 1745 with 4,200 soldiers and sailors aboard

720-591: A ship, New York ten cannons, and Pennsylvania and New Jersey funds. The force was under the command of William Pepperrell of Kittery (in the portion of the Massachusetts colony that is now the state of Maine ), and a fleet of colonial ships was assembled and placed under the command of Captain Edward Tyng . Governor Shirley sent to Commodore Peter Warren , the chief officer of the Royal Navy 's West Indies station,

792-549: A skeleton complement, had its establishment raised to seventy men for each company. Men were quickly impressed in England for service in the regiment. Between 1746 and 1748 the regiment contented itself with garrison duty at Annapolis and St. John's. With a continuing problem of finding recruits in Britain for the Philipp's regiment George II took the unusual step of allowing recruitment from

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864-482: A total of 90 ships. The force stopped at Canso to reprovision. There they were met by Commodore Warren, enlarging the expedition by 16 ships. In late March, the naval forces began to blockade Louisbourg, however ice fields were being swept from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the seas off Louisbourg that spring, presenting a considerable hazard to wooden-hulled sailing ships. The poor weather and general state of disorganization of

936-726: Is found in Ireland where he dies at Waterford on April 20, 1787. 40th Regiment of Foot The 40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army , raised in 1717 in Annapolis Royal , Nova Scotia . Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 82nd Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) to form the Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment) in 1881. The regiment

1008-563: The Battle of St. Lucia in December 1778. The regiment was then based in Antigua until June 1781 when it returned to Staten Island and then took part in the Battle of Groton Heights in September 1781: Major William Montgomery, commanding the regiment was killed in the assault. In August 1782, the regiment took a county title as the 40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot . The regiment embarked for home in November 1783. In January 1794

1080-520: The Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 40th was linked with the 82nd Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) , and assigned to district no. 14 at Peninsula Barracks, Warrington . On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with

1152-610: The Careening Wharf on June 9. The next day, the French Governor Du Chambon sent 100 inexperienced French troops under the command of Sieur de Beaubassin. Gorham and his rangers were able to launch a surprise attack on the French troops, killing five of them. One of Gorham's (Indian) rangers was killed. (By June 11 (new style), Beaubassin's force was decimated with many Mi’kmaw fighters killed.) By June 21, Gorham had built

1224-569: The Defence and the Boston Packet sent a plundering expedition on shore near "Laten". Upon landing, the British forces immediately launched an attack on the North East Harbour (present-day Louisbourg, Nova Scotia ). The act terrorized the French and they abandoned the Royal Battery with much of its armaments still operational. The British immediately occupied the battery and began firing at

1296-629: The Moderate , of twelve guns and seventy-five men, which was boarded and carried ; then turning the Moderate ' s guns against the remaining ships, without the assistance of the privateers (who did not get into the harbour in time), compelled the whole to surrender. The St. Philip had ten killed, and thirty wounded. The loss on board the French ships was more severe. The five vessels, which had on board 18,000 quintals of fish and eighty tons of oil, mounted together sixty-six guns, and carried 342 men. In July 1744, three hundred Indians under command of

1368-735: The Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo in January 1812, the Siege of Badajoz in March 1812 and the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 as well as the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813. It then pursued the French Army into France and fought at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813, the Battle of Nivelle in November 1813 and the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 before also taking part Battle of Toulouse in April 1814. The regiment returned home in June 1814. In October 1814

1440-572: The West Indies in summer 1795 and took part in an attack on the French troops on Saint Vincent in September 1795. It moved to Saint-Domingue in July 1797 before returning home in December 1798. The regiment also took part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in August 1799 and fought at the Battle of Bergen in September 1799 and the Battle of Alkmaar in October 1799 before returning home in November 1799. The regiment also took part in

1512-598: The 44-gun ship Kinsale , lying in St. John's, Newfoundland, received intelligence that five French ships were in the port of Fishotte and resolved on despatching an armed prize to attack them. The prize was named the St. Philip , and was manned by eighty men of the Kinsale ' s crew, and commanded by one of her lieutenants, and accompanied by three 10-gun colonial privateers. The St. Philip succeeded, after grounding several times, in reaching

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1584-399: The 82nd Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) to form the Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment) . The battle honours of the regiment were as follows: Colonels of the regiment were: Regimental titles in italics indicate they were disbanded or renumbered before 1881. Siege of Louisbourg (1745) The siege of Louisbourg took place in 1745 when

1656-678: The Army of Occupation until returning to England in April 1817. In 1823 the regiment was dispatched in small detachments in convict ships to New South Wales where it served at both Sydney , and Van Diemen's Land , where they participated in the Black War . It was then transferred to Bombay , with the first units of the 40th leaving Australia in 1828. While in India, the regiment was stationed in Belgaum and then Pune before moving to Bombay . In January 1839

1728-830: The Battle of Maharajpore in December 1843 during the Gwalior campaign . It returned to England in September 1845. The regiment returned to Australia in June 1852 and served in Victoria where it suppressed the Eureka Rebellion in December 1854. It also took part in the Taranaki and the Waikato campaigns in the early 1860s during the New Zealand Wars . The regiment arrived home in August 1866 but returned to India in September 1872. As part of

1800-438: The British . The only other action seen by Phillips' Regiment occurred while serving as marines and seamen. A detachment from the garrison at St. John's, Newfoundland volunteered to serve on a captured twenty-gun ship for an expedition with three privateers to Fishotte Bay. The prize entered Fishotte Bay alone and engaged a number of anchored French ships. After five hours of fighting and the loss of ten killed and thirty wounded,

1872-420: The Canso raid were first brought to Louisbourg, where they were given freedom to move around. Some of the military men took careful note of the fortress design, layout, and condition, as well as the size and condition of its garrison and armaments. These men were eventually released to Boston , where their intelligence, along with that provided by merchants who did business at Louisbourg, proved useful in planning

1944-508: The French capitulated on June 28, 1745. News of the victory reached Governor Shirley in Boston on July 3 which, coincidentally, was commencement day at Harvard (usually a day of celebration in itself). All of New England celebrated the taking of France's mighty fortress on the Atlantic. Losses to the New England forces in battle had been modest, although the garrison that occupied the fortress during

2016-444: The French wounded three English. On May 19, Edward Tyng in the vessel HMS  Prince of Orange along with the ship Massachusetts destroyed St. Ann's Bay, burning the town and shipping. They killed 20 people and took 25 prisoners. The French killed one British soldier. On May 21, the Prince of Orange was joined by the Defence , and together they destroyed Ingonish , burning a town of 80 houses. They continued on to destroy

2088-671: The Island Battery and bombarded the battery for days. On June 6, Captain Brooks led 400 British troops against the Island Battery and were repulsed by the French troops. The French killed 60 British troops and took 116 prisoner. Later on June 7, Gorham commanded 650 troops to attack but was forced to retreat. The French killed 189 New Englanders in the failed assault. On June 9, the 100 British troops fight 100 French and 80 Indigenous. The British killed 40 and took seventeen prisoners. The French and Indigenous killed 6 British and wounded many more. Gorham and 40 rangers discovered 30 French canon at

2160-475: The Missaguash River in August 1750 where he routed in the Battle at Chignecto a superior number of Indians under Le Loutre. That fall he built Fort Lawrence across the river where the following spring the French would build Fort Beausejour. In 1752 Peregrine Hopson succeeded Cornwallis as Nova Scotia's governor and colonel of the 40th Regiment. In poor health, Hopson returned to England in 1753 leaving

2232-431: The New England naval forces resulted in numerous delays to the expedition, however, they kept busy harassing French fishing and shipping in the waters surrounding Île-Royale. With the ice fields gone by late April, the siege began in earnest. Pepperell's land forces sailed in transports from Canso. On May 2, he besieged Port Toulouse (present-day St. Peter's, Nova Scotia ) as well as destroying several coastal villages in

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2304-545: The Northern New England increased after a French and Wabanaki force sailed from Louisbourg to the nearby British fishing port of Canso , attacking a small fort on Grassy Island and burned it to the ground, taking prisoner 50 British families. This port was used by the New England fishing fleet; however, the Canso Islands (including Grassy Island) were contested by both Britain and France. The prisoners taken during

2376-835: The Peace by Governor Peregrine Hopson in 1752. During Father Le Loutre's War , Captain Handfield was first in command of Fort Vieux Logis (1749); successfully defending the fort during the Siege of Grand Pre , while losing his son and future son-in-law Captain John Hamilton who were taken prisoner by the Mi'kmaq and Acadian militias . In 1750 he was commander at Fort Anne , Annapolis Royal. He took command at Fort Lawrence where he married John Hamilton (British army officer) to his daughter (1752). Through his marriage to Acadian Elizabeth Winniet (sister of Joseph Winniett , both of whom were grandchildren of Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste ), John

2448-475: The area between Canso and Louisbourg. On May 11, John Gorham and his rangers led the charge to land troops on the shores close to the fortress. They tried to land their whale boats at Flat Point Cover while covered by the fire power of the Lord Montague , Boston Packet and Massachusetts . Gorham was repelled by 20 French troops that occupied the cove. Gorham quickly regrouped with several other vessels and

2520-417: The attack. The French, army and civilian alike, were not in the best of condition at Louisbourg. Supplies were short in 1744, and the fishermen were reluctant to sail without adequate provisions. The military rank and file claimed that they were promised a share of the spoils from the Canso raid, which had instead gone to officers, who sold those same provisions and profited in the endeavour. In December 1744,

2592-572: The colonelcy of the regiment. By the Royal Warrant of 1 July 1751, Cornwallis' Regiment was given the numerical distinction of the 40th Regiment of Foot . Neglected for so many years by its former colonel, Cornwallis set about enhancing the condition of his new regiment. The companies in Newfoundland were rotated and discipline was improved. Desertion was poorly tolerated by Cornwallis. Of six deserters stationed at Fort Vieux Logis , two were shot and

2664-464: The colonies for the British regiment. The 40th was also actively engaged in Father Le Loutre's War . In July 1749, the grenadier company under Captain Handfield were sent to garrison the new settlement of Halifax founded the month earlier by the new Governor of Nova Scotia, Edward Cornwallis . A surprise attack by local Mi'kmaq in the Siege of Grand Pré resulted in the capture of a detachment of

2736-592: The command of John Handfield , the 40th were engaged in the Expulsion of the Acadians from Annapolis Royal. After such a long stay in the colony, a number of the officers had married into the local Acadian population. Therefore, the deportation order forced officers to exile their own relations. Even the commander of the garrison, Major Handfield, had to deport his wife's "sister-in-law, nephews and nieces, uncles, aunts, and cousins." Handfield wrote to another officer performing

2808-458: The company including Lieutenant Hamilton and Handfield's son. The captives were later returned to Halifax. Further engagements occurred with the Indians that year as the troops preserved the line of communication between Halifax and Annapolis Royal. Additional members of the regiment formed the garrison of Fort Sackville and established themselves at Fort Edward . By 1750 Cornwallis had taken over

2880-505: The cost of its defenses was reckoned at thirty million livres. Although the fortress's construction and layout was acknowledged as having superior seaward defences, a series of low rises behind them made it vulnerable to a land attack. The low rises provided attackers places to erect siege batteries. The fort's garrison was poorly paid and supplied, and its inexperienced leaders mistrusted them. The colonial attackers were also lacking in experience, but ultimately succeeded in gaining control of

2952-462: The end of the day. While most of the troops were employed at attacking the Royal Battery, the Island Battery and Fortress Louisbourg, others were scouting around the perimeter of the fortress, destroying small fishing villages. On May 8, the Mi'kmaq defended against an attack on near-by Margaret's Bay and killed seven of Warren's troops. On May 11, the English killed or took prisoner seventeen French and

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3024-499: The enemy, this time three hundred regulars and militia with Indian support, reappeared outside the dilapidated earthworks of Annapolis Royal. After a four-week siege and lacking a train of artillery, the French withdrew from the defiant garrison. A force of six hundred French and Indians again attempted to take Annapolis in May 1745 . This demonstration ended quickly with the French and Mi'kmaq being ordered back to help defend Louisbourg from

3096-508: The expedition to the Mediterranean and fought at the Battle of Abukir and Battle of Alexandria in March 1801 and then returned to England in October 1801. The regiment was part of the force assembled for the invasions of the River Plate in September 1806 and took part in the attack on Battle of Montevideo in February 1807 before returning to England in December 1807. In July 1808

3168-490: The following winter suffered many deaths from cold and disease. After the fall of Louisbourg, the New Englanders also assumed control of Port-La-Joye on present-day Prince Edward Island (which the French regained in battle the following year). Despite the British conquest of Louisbourg, the French and Wabanaki attacks continued on Northern New England in the campaigns of 1745 , 1746 , and 1747 . Duchambon's actions in

3240-471: The fortress. They repulsed a French and Indian attempt to re-take the battery the following day. The Island Battery was the most formidable and took the New Englanders six weeks to silence. The Island Battery, which had 160 troops, needed to be defeated before the Royal Navy could enter the harbour. On May 26, the 100 British troops under the command of Samuel Waldo turned the canons of the Royal Battery on

3312-499: The garrison at Annapolis, with an authorized complement of 450. Initially only seventy additional men were received. Recruitment efforts continued and Governor Shirley sent 206 recruits in February 1746. Despite the additional manpower the regiment remained under strength. It was at this time that Captain John Winslow first took command of a Philipp's regiment at Annapolis Royal, after being transferred from Newfoundland. In September

3384-429: The governing of the colony to Lawrence. In 1755 Hopson officially resigned as governor and Lawrence was appointed. However Hopson remained the colonel of the 40th Regiment until his death in 1759. (Afterward, for the first time since its formation, the regiment's colonel was not the governor of Nova Scotia. Hopson was succeeded as colonel in 1759 by John Barrington, followed by Robert Armiger in December 1760.) By 1755 it

3456-450: The mutiny and siege were the subject of inquiries upon his return to France in August 1745. Duchambon was protected from reprisals by the actions of François Bigot , Louisbourg's civilian administrator , who deflected much of the blame onto others. Duchambon retired from the service with a pension in March 1746. William Pepperrell and Peter Warren were both richly rewarded for their efforts. Warren, in addition to profiting from prize money,

3528-595: The objections of the victorious British North Americans, to French control after the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle , in return for French concessions elsewhere. From 1688 onward there had been a number of military campaigns fought between the French and their allies and the English in the region. Under the Treaty of Utrecht , which ended the War of the Spanish Succession , the French colony of Acadia had been ceded to Great Britain. The tribes of Wabanaki Confederacy had

3600-400: The operation was re-directed to Kennington Cove. The French troops were unable to re-position themselves in time to stop the landing of British troops. After 1500 British were already on shore, 200 French troops arrived to repel the British, led by Pierre Morpain and De la Boularderie. Morpain retreated while De La Boularderie gave himself up as a prisoner. The British would land 2000 troops by

3672-545: The regiment embarked for Barbados for service in the French Revolutionary Wars and took part in the capture of Martinique in March 1794 and the attack on Guadeloupe in April 1794: some members of the regiment became prisoners of war and were held on the island for over a year. The rest of the regiment returned home and in June 1794 embarked for Ostend : the regiment was not significantly engaged and returned home again in April 1795. The regiment returned to

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3744-532: The regiment embarked for Portugal , as part of Sir Arthur Wellesley 's army, for service in the Peninsular War . It fought at the Battle of Roliça in August 1808, the Battle of Vimeiro later that month and the Battle of Talavera in July 1809. The regiment also took part in the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810 and then fell back to the Lines of Torres Vedras in October 1810. The regiment later took part in

3816-499: The regiment participated in the second siege of Louisbourg. Some companies of the regiment participated in the Louisbourg Grenadiers on its formation in 1759. The following year, the regiment took part in the successful three pronged attack against Montréal in September which concluded the war there. The regiment moved to Barbados in December 1761 and then took part in the Battle of Havana in June 1762. In June 1763

3888-516: The regiment rotated out of Havana to Annapolis Royal where it served until 1767 when it was transferred to Ireland . This would be the first time in its 48-year history that the British regiment would serve on British soil. The regiment landed in Boston for service in the American Revolutionary War in June 1775. It was evacuated from Boston in March 1776 and went to Halifax from where

3960-603: The regiment was sent to New Orleans for service in the War of 1812 but recalled upon the ending of that conflict in March 1815. In May 1815 the regiment was rushed to join with Wellington's army just before the Battle of Waterloo commenced. Initially placed in reserve, they were later in the day moved to the centre of his line to a position near La Haye Sainte . They held firm all day and helped drive off Napoleon 's final massed infantry attack, ultimately losing 170 killed or wounded, including their commanding officer Major Arthur Rowley Heyland. The regiment then formed part of

4032-471: The regiment was sent to the Sindh and took part in the capture of Karachi . The regiment camped at Quetta on their way to Afghanistan where they experienced one of the worst out breaks of disease of any regiment of the British Army. It arrived in Kandahar in October 1841 and then fought under General William Nott at the Battle of Kabul in August 1842 during the First Anglo-Afghan War . The regiment returned to India in December 1842 and fought at

4104-399: The rest reprieved. Three other deserters were hanged and their bodies suspended in chains as a warning to others. Further changes happened in the 40th with Cornwallis' appointment of Major Charles Lawrence of the 45th to the regiment's lieutenant colonelcy. Lawrence proved to be an energetic and effective military and administrative leader. After his appointment, Lawrence lead an expedition to

4176-408: The same task: "I heartily join with you in wishing that we were both of us got over this most disagreeable and troublesome part of the Service." In 1757, after forty years in Annapolis Royal, the town where the regiment had been raised, 43rd relieved the 40th where it then went to Halifax to prepare for service in the Seven Years' War. In 1758, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel John Handfield,

4248-403: The ship had captured three fourteen-gun and two twelve-gun enemy ships; forty six of their crews were killed and three hundred and thirty two made prisoner. The lagging privateers entered the harbour and assisted in the destruction of French fishing stages and the removal of enemy ships and prisoners. By the end of the war Phillips' Regiment, after defending Britain's foothold in Nova Scotia with

4320-406: The surrounding defences. The defenders surrendered in the face of an imminent assault. Louisbourg was an important bargaining chip in the peace negotiations to end the war, since it represented a major British success. Factions within the British government were opposed to returning it to the French as part of any peace agreement, but these were eventually overruled, and Louisbourg was returned, over

4392-626: The towns of Bradore and Bayonne. On May 23, 20 British troops from Jeremiah Moulton 's Regiment attacked a small village. While they were in the village, they were surrounded by 100 fighters made up of French and Mi'kmaq. They killed 18 of the 20 British troops. On May 30, the Mi'kmaq at Chapeau Rouge ( L'Ardoise ) attacked thirteen English soldiers from Captain Fletcher's crew on the Boston Packet , who were seeking wood and water. They killed seven English soldiers, three of whom were scalped. They also took three prisoners, two of whom were later found butchered and one later died of wounds. On June 24,

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4464-434: The troops mutinied over the poor conditions and pay that was months overdue. Even after acting Governor Louis Du Pont Du Chambon managed to quiet the discontent by releasing back pay and supplies, the following winter was extremely tense, as the military leadership maintained a tenuous hold on the situation. Duchambon was even reluctant to send for help, fearing the message would be intercepted and spark further unrest. Word of

4536-415: The unrest did, however, make its way to Boston. In 1745, the governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay , William Shirley , secured by a narrow margin the support of the Massachusetts legislature for an attack on the fortress. He and the governor of the Province of New Hampshire , Benning Wentworth , sought the support of other colonies. Connecticut provided 500 troops, New Hampshire 450, Rhode Island

4608-403: Was decided that the recently erected French Fort Beausejour had to be removed as a threat. The English force, including members of the 40th Regiment, was met by a large body of regulars and militia as they crossed the Missaquash river. This enemy force was attacked and dispersed quickly. Beausejour was subsequently laid siege to on 21 June and it surrendered four days later. Also in 1755, under

4680-501: Was destroyed and the prisoners sent to Louisbourg. Once the regiment's officers and men were paroled in September 1744, the regiment was evacuated to Boston where they provided valuable information on the defences of Louisbourg for the British siege the following year. Governor Shirley was having difficulty raising troops requested by Mascarene and therefore he ordered the ex-Canso garrison to Annapolis Royal. The Newfoundland Campaign started during August 1744. Captain Robert Young, of

4752-429: Was dispatched from France to retake Louisbourg and recover Acadia in 1746. However it was destroyed by storms, disease, and British naval attacks and never reached the fortress. The British government made plans, based on suggestions by Shirley and Warren, for a follow-up expedition to seize Quebec . For a variety of reasons, including a late start and contrary winds, the 1746 expedition did not leave European waters, and

4824-482: Was instead diverted to raid the French port of Lorient . Although the idea was also considered for the 1747 campaign season, it again failed to bear fruit. When the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, Louisbourg was returned to France in exchange for the return of Madras to Britain, and the withdrawal of French troops from the Low Countries . The decision to withdraw from Louisbourg came under fierce attacks in London from opponents of

4896-514: Was promoted to rear admiral . Pepperrell was made a baronet by King George II and given a commission as colonel of a new regiment , numbered 66th at the time (but not to be confused with the later 66th Regiment of Foot ). Governor Shirley was also given a colonel's commission to raise his own regiment . Both France and Britain planned expeditions to North America in the wake of the capture. The great Duc d'Anville Expedition led by Admiral Jean-Batiste, De Roye de la Rochefoucauld, Duc d'Anville

4968-402: Was raised at Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia by General Richard Philipps as the Richard Philipps's Regiment of Foot in August 1717 out of independent companies stationed in North America and the West Indies. Prior to Father Rale's War , the Mi'kmaq responded to the establishment of a British fort at Canso, Nova Scotia by raiding the settlement's fishing station in 1720. Phillips sent

5040-414: Was regular, intermittent warfare between the French and the Wabanaki Confederacy on one side and the northern New England colonies on the other ( See the Northeast Coast Campaigns of 1688 , 1703 , 1723 , 1724 ). For the French, the Fortress of Louisbourg also protected the chief entrance to Canada , as well as the nearby French fisheries. The French government had spent 25 years in fortifying it, and

5112-439: Was related to many Acadians and thus found carrying out his duties to deport the Acadians at Annapolis disagreeable. In a letter to John Winslow he states, "I heartily join with You in wishing that we were both of us got over this most disagreeable and troublesome part of the Service." In 1758 he fought at the Siege of Louisbourg , retiring from His majesty's service in 1760. He moves to Boston upon his retirement and by 1776

5184-530: Was successful in protecting settlers from Indian attacks, checking French influence in the area, and preserving the British foothold in Atlantic Canada. At the outbreak of King George's War , the French at Louisbourg immediately engaged in the Raid on Canso in May 1744. A flotilla containing 900 French regulars and militia. The four poorly supplied companies of Phillips' Regiment were forced to surrender. The town

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