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61-527: John Gyles ( c. 1680 at Pemaquid, Maine —1755 at Roxbury, Boston ) was an interpreter and soldier, most known for his account of his experiences with the Maliseet tribes at their headquarters at Meductic , on the Saint John River . During King William's War , in 1689, when he was nine years of age, he was living with his family at Fort Charles . On 2 August, while labouring with his father Thomas near

122-435: A farming society that supplemented agriculture with hunting and gathering. Generally the men were the hunters. The women tended the fields and grew the crops. In their fields, they planted the crops in groups of "sisters". The three sisters were grown together: the stalk of corn supported the beans, and squash or pumpkins provided ground cover and reduced weeds. The men would hunt bears, deer, fish, and birds. The Abenaki were

183-704: A large population. They made war primarily against neighboring Algonquian peoples , including the Abenaki. Muir uses archaeological data to argue that the Iroquois expansion onto Algonquian lands was checked by the Algonquian adoption of agriculture. This enabled them to support their own populations large enough to have sufficient warriors to defend against the threat of Iroquois conquest. In 1614, Thomas Hunt captured 24 Abenaki people, including Squanto (Tisquantum) and took them to Spain, where they were sold into slavery . During

244-496: A means of teaching children behavior. Children were not to be mistreated, and so instead of punishing the child, they would be told a story. One of the stories is of Azban the Raccoon. This is a story about a proud raccoon that challenges a waterfall to a shouting contest. When the waterfall does not respond, Azban dives into the waterfall to try to outshout it; he is swept away because of his pride . This story would be used to show

305-554: A median income of $ 31,627 versus $ 19,800 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 21,821. About 3.3% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,755 people, 1,309 households, and 828 families residing in the town. The population density was 81.1 inhabitants per square mile (31.3/km ). There were 2,585 housing units at an average density of 76.1 per square mile (29.4/km ). The racial makeup of

366-725: A modern economy, while preserving their culture and traditions. For example, since 1960, the Odanak Historical Society has managed the first and one of the largest aboriginal museums in Quebec, a few miles from the Quebec-Montreal axis. Over 5,000 people visit the Abenaki Museum annually. Several Abenaki companies include: in Wôlinak, General Fiberglass Engineering employs a dozen natives, with annual sales exceeding C$ 3 million. Odanak

427-576: A patrilineal society, which was common among New England tribes. In this they differed from the six Iroquois tribes to the west in New York, and from many other North American Native tribes who had matrilineal societies. Groups used the consensus method to make important decisions. Storytelling is a major part of Abenaki culture. It is used not only as entertainment but also as a teaching method. The Abenaki view stories as having lives of their own and being aware of how they are used. Stories were used as

488-997: A post-contact community after their original tribes were decimated by colonization, disease, and warfare . The word Abenaki and its syncope , Abnaki, are both derived from Wabanaki , or Wôbanakiak, meaning "People of the Dawn Land" in the Abenaki language . While the two terms are often confused, the Abenaki are one of several tribes in the Wabanaki Confederacy . Alternate spellings include: Abnaki , Abinaki , Alnôbak , Abanakee , Abanaki , Abanaqui , Abanaquois , Abenaka , Abenake , Abenaki , Abenakias , Abenakiss , Abenakkis , Abenaque , Abenaqui , Abenaquioict , Abenaquiois , Abenaquioue , Abenati , Abeneaguis , Abenequa , Abenkai , Abenquois , Abernaqui , Abnaqui , Abnaquies , Abnaquois , Abnaquotii , Abasque , Abnekais , Abneki , Abonakies , Abonnekee . Wôbanakiak

549-539: A sacred Abenaki site. The Abenaki language is closely related to the Panawahpskek (Penobscot) language. Other neighboring Wabanaki tribes, the Pestomuhkati (Passamaquoddy), Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet), and Mi'kmaq , and other Eastern Algonquian languages share many linguistic similarities. It has come close to extinction as a spoken language. Tribal members are working to revive the Abenaki language at Odanak (means "in

610-720: A sloop under the command of a Captain Carr was captured by ten pirates on a 25-ton sloop (formerly owned by a Colonel Stephen Minot) in Pemaquid. The pirate sloop had come from Monhegan to the south, where on April 29, the Snow (a type of two masted vessel) Anne arrived. The Anne had originally been captured off the Virginia Capes in April by the pirate Samuel Bellamy in the Whydah , which wrecked in

671-575: A storm on the night of April 26, 1717 off of Cape Cod. The Anne made it through the storm with another captured vessel, the Fisher (which was soon abandoned and the pirates aboard her transferred to the Anne ). The pirates arrived at Monhegan on April 29, and waited for the Whydah , for the pirates had not seen nor heard about the Whydah' s wrecking in the storm of the night of April 26. The pirates eventually realized

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732-454: A traditional activity practiced by some tribal members. During the Anglo-French wars, the Abenaki were allies of France, having been displaced from Ndakinna by immigrating English settlers. An anecdote from the period tells the story of a Wolastoqew war chief named Nescambuit (variant spellings include Assacumbuit), who killed more than 140 enemies of King Louis XIV of France and received

793-848: Is called the Wôlinak Indian Reserve. When the Wampanoag under King Philip ( Metacomet ) fought the English colonists in New England in 1675 in King Philip's War , the Abenaki joined the Wampanoag. For three years they fought along the Maine frontier in the First Abenaki War . The Abenaki pushed back the line of white settlement through devastating raids on scattered farmhouses and small villages. The war

854-625: Is derived from wôban ("dawn" or "east") and aki ("land") (compare Proto-Algonquian *wa·pan and *axkyi ) — the aboriginal name of the area broadly corresponding to New England and the Maritimes . It is sometimes used to refer to all the Algonquian-speaking peoples of the area—Western Abenaki, Eastern Abenaki, Wolastoqiyik - Passamaquoddy , and Mi'kmaq —as a single group. The Abenaki people also call themselves Alnôbak , meaning "Real People" (c.f., Lenape language : Lenapek ) and by

915-550: Is now active in transportation and distribution. Notable Abenaki from this area include the documentary filmmaker Alanis Obomsawin ( National Film Board of Canada ). The Penobscot Indian Nation , Passamaquoddy people, and Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians have been federally recognized as tribes in the United States. Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation , Koasek Abenaki Tribe , Elnu Abenaki Tribe , and

976-615: Is now northern New England , southern Quebec , and the southern Canadian Maritimes . The Eastern Abenaki population was concentrated in portions of New Brunswick and Maine east of New Hampshire 's White Mountains . The other major group, the Western Abenaki, lived in the Connecticut River valley in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. The Missiquoi lived along the eastern shore of Lake Champlain . The Pennacook lived along

1037-514: Is this man and where does he come from?" There is archaeological evidence of indigenous people in what is today New Hampshire for at least 12,000 years. In Reflections in Bullough's Pond , historian Diana Muir argues that the Abenakis' neighbors, pre-contact Iroquois, were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the corn/beans/squash agricultural complex enabled them to support

1098-515: The Jesuit Relations as not cannibals , and as docile, ingenious, temperate in the use of liquor, and not profane. Abenaki lifeways were similar to those of Algonquian-speaking peoples of southern New England. They cultivated food crops and built villages on or near fertile river floodplains. They also hunted game, fished, and gathered wild plants and fungi . Unlike the Haudenosaunee ,

1159-589: The Merrimack River in southern New Hampshire. The maritime Abenaki lived around the St. Croix and Wolastoq (Saint John River) Valleys near the boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick . English colonial settlement in New England and frequent violence forced many Abenaki to migrate to Quebec . The Abenaki settled in the Sillery region of Quebec between 1676 and 1680, and subsequently, for about twenty years, lived on

1220-533: The Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe are, as of 2011, all state-recognized tribes in the United States . The Missisquoi Abenaki applied for federal recognition as an Indian tribe in the 1980s but failed to meet four of the seven criteria. The Bureau of Indian Affairs found that less than 1 percent of the Missisquoi's 1,171 members could show descent from an Abenaki ancestor. The bureau's report concluded that

1281-475: The Whydah was lost, and proceeded to attack vessels in the area, including Matinicus Island (which is where the sloop the pirates used at Pemaquid was captured from). The attack at Pemaquid was described in a deposition as follows: ...[the pirates] went after Capt. Carr's sloop, lying at Pemaquid, which they alsoe took a little distance from said Pemaquid, but finding the Mast and Bowspreat not serviceable [to repair

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1342-426: The autonym Alnanbal, meaning "men". Historically, ethnologists have classified the Abenaki by geographic groups: Western Abenaki and Eastern Abenaki . Within these groups are the Abenaki bands: Smaller tribes: Smaller tribes: Wolastoqiyik and Passamaquoddy: The homeland of the Abenaki, called Ndakinna (Our Land; alternately written as N'dakinna or N'Dakinna ), previously extended across most of what

1403-550: The Abenaki started to emigrate to Quebec due to conflicts with English colonists and epidemics of new infectious diseases. The governor of New France allocated two seigneuries (large self-administered areas similar to feudal fiefs ). The first, of what was later to become Indian reserves , was on the Saint Francis River and is now known as the Odanak Indian Reserve; the second was founded near Bécancour and

1464-451: The Abenaki were patrilineal . Each man had different hunting territories inherited through his father. Most of the year, Abenaki lived in dispersed bands of extended families. Bands came together during the spring and summer at seasonal villages near rivers, or somewhere along the seacoast for planting and fishing. During the winter, the Abenaki lived in small groups further inland. These villages occasionally had to be fortified, depending on

1525-602: The European colonization of North America, the land occupied by the Abenaki was in the area between the new colonies of England in Massachusetts and the French in Quebec. Since no party agreed to territorial boundaries, there was regular conflict among them. The Abenaki were traditionally allied with the French; during the reign of Louis XIV , Chief Assacumbuit was designated a member of the French nobility for his service. Around 1669,

1586-625: The Indian dialects of Acadia made him invaluable to the governing authorities of New England when war broke out again in 1701. During Queen Anne's War , he was with March in the Northeast Coast Campaign (1703) . He served as an interpreter under many flags of truce, sailed with Major Benjamin Church in 1704, and fought with Colonel John March at the Siege of Port Royal (1707) . Most of his later life

1647-444: The Massachusetts militia tried to seize Rale, the Abenaki raided the settlements at Brunswick , Arrowsick , and Merry-Meeting Bay . The Massachusetts government then declared war and bloody battles were fought at Norridgewock (1724), where Rale was killed, and at a daylong battle at the Indian village near present-day Fryeburg, Maine , on the upper Saco River (1725). Peace conferences at Boston and Casco Bay brought an end to

1708-740: The Missisquoi Abenaki membership has Abenaki ancestry, with the rest of the organization's root ancestors being primarily French Canadian and migrating to Vermont in the mid-19th century. The Abenaki Nation of Missisquoi's shifting claims about its root ancestors as well as loose membership criteria are consistent with race-shifting patterns. Leroux's research prompted renewed calls by the Abenaki First Nations to reassess Vermont's state recognition process. New Hampshire does not recognize any Abenaki tribes. It has no federally recognized tribes or state-recognized tribes; however, it established

1769-672: The New Hampshire Commission on Native American Affairs in 2010. The various Cowasuck , Abenaki and other Native and heritage groups are represented to the Commission. In 2021, a bill was introduced to the New Hampshire legislature to allow New Hampshire communities to rename locations in the Abenaki language. This bill did not pass. There are a dozen variations of the name "Abenaki", such as Abenaquiois, Abakivis, Quabenakionek, Wabenakies and others. The Abenaki were described in

1830-593: The Northeastern Woodlands of Canada and the United States. They are an Algonquian -speaking people and part of the Wabanaki Confederacy . The Eastern Abenaki language was predominantly spoken in Maine , while the Western Abenaki language was spoken in Quebec , Vermont , and New Hampshire . While Abenaki peoples have shared cultural traits, they did not historically have a centralized government. They came together as

1891-530: The Odanak and Wolinak Abenaki First Nations in Quebec initially believed claims from residents of Vermont who said they were Abenaki, the Odanak reversed their position in 2003, calling on the groups in Vermont to provide them with genealogical evidence of Indigenous ancestry. Scholars have not been able to find credible evidence of the Vermont Abenaki's claims of Indigenous ancestry. Anthropological research from

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1952-488: The State of Vermont reported that the Abenaki people have not had a "continuous presence" in the state and had migrated north to Quebec by the end of the 17th century. Facing annihilation, many Abenaki had begun emigrating to Canada, then under French control, around 1669. The Abenaki Nation, based in Quebec, claim that those self-identifying as Abenaki in Vermont are settlers making false claims to Indigenous ancestry. While

2013-551: The United States. There are about 3,200 Abenaki living in Vermont and New Hampshire, without reservations, chiefly around Lake Champlain . The remaining Abenaki people live in multi-racial towns and cities across Canada and the US, mainly in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and northern New England. In December 2012, the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation created a tribal forest in

2074-806: The Wawenock (or Walinakiak, meaning "People of the Bay") Abenaki Indians , early Bristol was one of the most important and embattled frontier settlements in the province. Beginning with seasonal fishing, as early as 1625 the English established at Pemaquid Point a year-round trading post for fur trading . In 1631, the area was granted as the Pemaquid Patent by the Plymouth Council to Robert Aldsworth and Gyles Elbridge, merchants from Bristol , England . A village and palisade fort were constructed. In 1632, Pemaquid

2135-403: The alliances and enemies of other tribes or of Europeans near the village. Abenaki villages were quite small with an average number of 100 residents. Most Abenaki crafted dome-shaped, bark-covered wigwams for housing, though a few preferred oval-shaped longhouses . During the winter, the Abenaki lined the inside of their conical wigwams with bear and deer skins for warmth. The Abenaki were

2196-549: The banks of the Chaudière River near the falls, before settling in Odanak and Wôlinak in the early eighteenth century. In those days, the Abenaki practiced a subsistence economy based on hunting, fishing, trapping, berry picking and on growing corn, beans, squash, potatoes and tobacco. They also produced baskets, made of ash and sweet grass, for picking wild berries, and boiled maple sap to make syrup. Basket weaving remains

2257-465: The famous Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville captured and destroyed the fort along with a combined force of French and Indians from present-day Castine . Commander of the fort, Captain Pascoe Chubb surrendered the fort. Iberville killed three of the soldiers and sent the other ninety-two back to Boston. In response to this raid Benjamin Church was sent from Boston to attack Acadia . In early May 1717,

2318-423: The first half of the 20th century indicates that no Abenaki community actively existed in Vermont during that time period. Researcher Darryl Leroux characterizes the Vermont Abenaki's claims of Abenaki ancestry as " race-shifting ", arguing that genealogical and archival evidence shows that most members of the state-recognized tribes are descended from white French Canadians . Leroux found that only 2.2 percent of

2379-587: The home port of the Pemaquid Patent proprietors. During the War of 1812 , the waters off Pemaquid Point saw the capture of HMS Boxer by the USS Enterprise on September 5, 1813. The town would set off land to create Nobleboro in 1788, Bremen in 1828, Damariscotta in 1848 and South Bristol in 1915. Today, Bristol is a popular tourist destination. According to the United States Census Bureau ,

2440-399: The latter into New York City , Governor Sir Edmund Andros had some of its Dutch inhabitants transported to Pemaquid, now called Jamestown for its royal owner. By 1665, the village had approximately 30 houses. During King Philip's War , in 1676 Indians attacked and burned English settlements up the coast, including Pemaquid. The following year, a new wooden defense called Fort Charles

2501-497: The many small hunting parties that moved as far north as Gaspésie and endured harsh treatment. His fortunes greatly improved in the summer of 1695 when he was sold to Louis D'Amours de Chauffours , who had a seigneury at Jemseg . John hunted and traded for D'Amours and worked in his store. In October 1696, the English came up the Saint John River to attack the capital of Acadia in the Siege of Fort Nashwaak (1696) . D'Amours

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2562-699: The new fort, he was taken prisoner by Maliseets in the Siege of Pemaquid (1689) . His father was killed, one brother James was taken by the Penobscot, and only one brother escaped. John was conveyed up the Penobscot River , across portages to the Chiputneticook Lakes , and on to the main Maliseet village Meductic . For six years, Gyles was a slave to the Maliseets . He was forced to serve as drudge to one of

2623-546: The other near Bécancour (now known as Wôlinak ) on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River , directly across the river from Trois-Rivières . These two Abenaki reserves continue to grow and develop. Since the year 2000, the total Abenaki population (on and off reserve) has doubled to 2,101 members in 2011. Approximately 400 Abenaki reside on these two reserves, which cover a total area of less than 7 km (2.7 sq mi). The unrecognized majority are off-reserve members, living in various cities and towns across Canada and

2684-432: The petitioner is "a collection of individuals of claimed but mostly undemonstrated Indian ancestry with little or no social or historical connection with each other before the early 1970s." State recognition allows applicants to seek certain scholarship funds reserved for American Indians and to for members to market artwork as American Indian or Native American-made under the 1990 Indian Arts and Crafts Act . In 2002,

2745-535: The rank of knight. Not all Abenaki natives fought on the side of the French, however; many remained on their native lands in the northern colonies. Much of the trapping was done by the people and traded to the English colonists for durable goods. These contributions by Native American Abenaki peoples went largely unreported. Two tribal communities formed in Canada, one once known as Saint-Francois-du-lac near Pierreville (now called Odanak , Abenaki for "coming home"), and

2806-561: The snow] they left her there, and brought the Master thereof aboard the Snow then at Menhagen [Monhegan]... The pirates soon left the area, abandoning all the other vessels (including the Anne ) they had captured and most of their prisoners at Matinicus on or about May 9, 1717 on Minot's sloop. During Father Rale's War , the location was a rendezvous for Natives and French to return inhabitants of Pemaquid and vicinity that they had taken prisoner during

2867-469: The town dismantled the fort to prevent it from becoming a British stronghold during the Revolutionary War . The state acquired the site in 1902, and in 1908 rebuilt the tower of Fort William Henry under guidance of historian John Henry Cartland, using many original stones. In 1993, the site was designated a National Historic Landmark . On June 21, 1765, the town was incorporated as Bristol, named after

2928-577: The town has a total area of 78.23 square miles (202.61 km ), of which 33.99 square miles (88.03 km ) is land and 44.24 square miles (114.58 km ) is water. Bristol is situated on the Pemaquid Peninsula, which extends into the Gulf of Maine and the Atlantic Ocean . As of 2000 the median income for a household in the town was $ 38,400, and the median income for a family was $ 45,184. Males had

2989-679: The town of Barton, Vermont . This forest was established with assistance from the Vermont Sierra Club and the Vermont Land Trust . It contains a hunting camp and maple sugaring facilities that are administered cooperatively by the Nulhegan. The forest contains 65 acres (0.26 km ). The Missiquoi Abenaki Tribe owns forest land in the town of Brunswick, Vermont , centered around the Brunswick Springs. These springs are believed to be

3050-554: The town was 98.4% White , 0.1% African American , 0.2% Native American , 0.4% Asian , and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.5% of the population. There were 1,309 households, of which 18.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.7% were non-families. 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17% had someone living alone who

3111-435: The village"), a First Nations Abenaki reserve near Pierreville, Quebec , and throughout New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York state. The language is polysynthetic , meaning that a phrase or an entire sentence is expressed by a single word. For example, the word for "white man" awanoch is a combination of the words awani meaning "who" and uji meaning "from". Thus, the word for "white man" literally translates to "Who

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3172-404: The war ended. Some captives were adopted into the Mohawk and Abenaki tribes; older captives were generally ransomed, and the colonies carried on a brisk trade. The Third Abenaki War (1722–25), called the Dummer's War or Father Rale's War, erupted when the French Jesuit missionary Sébastien Rale (or Rasles, ~1657?-1724) encouraged the Abenaki to halt the spread of Yankee settlements. When

3233-410: The war. Colonel David Dunbar, Surveyor-General of the King's Woods, rebuilt the fort in 1729–1730, renaming it Fort Frederick . He renamed the town Harrington after the Earl of Harrington , who had helped arrange the 1729 Treaty of Seville . During King George's War , Fort Frederick withstood two attacks in 1747, but in 1759 was decommissioned at the end of the French and Indian Wars . In 1775,

3294-402: The war. After Rale died, the Abenaki moved to a settlement on the St. Francis River . The Abenaki from St. Francois continued to raid British settlements in their former homelands along the New England frontier during Father Le Loutre's War (see Northeast Coast campaign (1750) ) and the French and Indian War . The development of tourism projects has allowed the Canadian Abenaki to develop

3355-593: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.55. The median age in the town was 54.1 years. 15.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.3% were from 25 to 44; 34.8% were from 45 to 64; and 28.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.4% male and 50.6% female. 43°57′27″N 69°30′33″W  /  43.95750°N 69.50917°W  / 43.95750; -69.50917 Abenaki The Abenaki ( Abenaki : Wαpánahki ) are Indigenous people of

3416-473: Was built. During King William's War —the first of four French and Indian Wars —Fort Charles and the village were attacked and destroyed in 1689 by the French from Castine, Maine . The inhabitants of Pemaquid were either killed or taken prisoner. By 1692, the English regained control of the region, and Sir William Phipps ordered construction of Fort William Henry , named after King William III of England . This time built of stone. On August 14–15, 1696,

3477-514: Was given to military service and liaison with the Indians. In 1715 he helped construct Fort George at Brunswick ; which was attacked in 1722. He remained to command the fort throughout Father Rale's War , until 1725. He finished his military career as commander of the New England garrison on Fort St. George (Thomaston, Maine) . He married his first wife, Ruth True, in 1703 and his second, Hannah Heath in 1722. In 1736 Gyles published his memoirs of his adventures. First printed in Boston in 1736, it

3538-415: Was in France at the time, but Gyles helped to save his master's house from destruction. He posted on the door a statement, written by D'Amours' wife, that English captives had been treated kindly there. After the Treaty of Ryswick , Gyles was delivered to the captain of an English vessel at the mouth of the Saint John and sailed for Boston, where he arrived on 19 June 1698. Gyles' knowledge of and fluency in

3599-411: Was raided and plundered by the pirate Dixie Bull . The Great Colonial Hurricane on August 15, 1635 sank the galleon Angel Gabriel while it was anchored off the settlement, drowning some crew and passengers. In 1664, the Duke of York (the future King James II ) claimed Pemaquid was within his patent, which also included Sagadahoc and recently acquired New Amsterdam . To help anglicize

3660-532: Was reprinted in 1853 and in 1875, and used as the basis for a modern adaptation of the memoirs by Stuart Trueman in 1966. Gyles Cove, north of Hillman in York County, New Brunswick was named for him. The memoirs are considered a precursor to the frontier romances of James Fenimore Cooper , William Gilmore Simms , and Robert Montgomery Bird . A play was produced about his life called John Gyles: an Indian Experience by Theatre New Brunswick 's Young Company in 1978. Pemaquid, Maine Once territory of

3721-475: Was settled by a peace treaty in 1678, with the Wampanoag more than decimated and many native survivors having been sold into slavery in Bermuda. During Queen Anne's War in 1702, the Abenaki were allied with the French; they raided numerous English colonial settlements in Maine, from Wells to Casco , killing about 300 settlers over ten years. They also occasionally raided into Massachusetts, for instance in Groton and Deerfield in 1704. The raids stopped when

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