Johann Jakob Griesbach (4 January 1745 – 24 March 1812) was a German biblical textual critic . Griesbach's fame rests upon his work in New Testament criticism, in which he inaugurated a new epoch. His solution to the synoptic problem bears his name, but the Griesbach hypothesis has become, in modern times, known as the Two-Gospel hypothesis .
25-453: He was born at Butzbach , a small town in the state of Hesse-Darmstadt , where his father, Konrad Kaspar (1705–1777), was pastor. Griesbach was educated at Frankfurt , and at the universities of Tübingen , Leipzig and Halle , where he became one of J. S. Semler 's most ardent disciples. It was Semler who induced him to turn his attention to the textual criticism of the New Testament. At
50-489: A priest in 1939. At Downside he both taught at the school, served as choirmaster and began his career as a biblical scholar under the tutelage of Abbots John Chapman and Christopher Butler . From 1943 he took advantage of the influence of Divino afflante Spiritu , the encyclical of Pope Pius XII , to embark upon A Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture , eventually published in 1951. After 13 years at Downside, then-Abbot Sigebert Trafford instructed Orchard to take on
75-468: A look-out tower. Butzbach consists of the boroughs Bodenrod , Butzbach (urban core), Ebersgöns , Fauerbach vor der Höhe , Griedel , Hausen-Oes , Hoch-Weisel , Kirch-Göns , Maibach , Münster , Nieder-Weisel , Ostheim , Pohl-Göns and Wiesental . Butzbach is twinned with: This Hesse location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bernard Orchard Dom Bernard Orchard (3 May 1910 – 28 November 2006)
100-565: A new translation of the Bible, suitable for both liturgical and academic use, which was published in 1967. Aged 60, free from stewardship of the school, Orchard resumed his career as a biblical scholar in earnest. He participated in the establishment in 1969 and was the second General Secretary (1970–1972) of the World Catholic Federation and, displaying the same vigour evident in his revival of St Benedict's School, organised and financed
125-582: A particular theory which in its leading features he had derived from J. A. Bengel and J. S. Semler, dividing all the manuscripts into three main groups – the Alexandrian , the Western and the Byzantine . A reading supported by only one recension he considered as having only one witness in its favour; those readings which were supported by all the three recensions, or even by two of them, especially if these two were
150-662: A series of international conferences on the Gospels. During the 1970s he spent four years as spiritual director of the Beda College in Rome and took up the position of visiting professor of New Testament Studies at the University of Dallas (in Dallas, Texas ) before returning to Ealing for the remainder of his life. Following in the footsteps of his mentor Christopher Butler, Orchard promoted, in
175-457: A volume separate from his critical edition of the New Testament (cf. above), of which it had previously been a part, and thereby established the tool of a synopsis as an essential research aid in New Testament studies. For Griesbach's hypothesis concerning the interrelation of the Gospel accounts of Matthew, Mark and Luke, and its modern variant, see Griesbach hypothesis . To mark the bicentenary of
200-585: Is a town in the Wetteraukreis district in Hessen , Germany . It is located approximately 16 km south of Gießen and 35 km north of Frankfurt am Main . In 2007, the town hosted the 47th Hessentag state festival from 1 to 10 June. The "Landgrafenschloss" (" landgraves ' castle"), used by the United States Army until 1990, is now utilized by the city council. The so-called "Roman Way Housing" of
225-551: Is important both for the history of New Testament scholarship and for contemporary research", together with the text in Latin and in English translation of The Dissertation of J. J. Griesbach, Doctor of Theology and Principal Professor in the University of Jena, in which he demonstrates that the entire Gospel of Mark has been extracted from the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, written in the name of
250-512: The Elzevir edition. Where he differed from it he placed the Elzevir reading on the inner margin along with other readings he thought worthy of special consideration (these last, however, being printed in smaller type). To all the readings on this margin he attached special marks indicating the precise degree of probability in his opinion attaching to each. In weighing these probabilities he proceeded upon
275-576: The United States Army with more than 1000 apartments was returned to the German Government in October 2007 and since has been renovated and rented out to the public. The town's market place is enclosed by timber framing . The "Schrenzer" hill (or Heidelbeerberg, 385 m) overlooks the town and the country north of Frankfurt, called Wetterau . Another much higher mountain nearby is the Hausberg which features
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#1732859540912300-402: The University of Cambridge , where he read History and Economics . At Ealing Priory he shared classes with Reginald C. Fuller with whom he would in later life collaborate on scholarly projects. After graduating , Orchard taught initially at a preparatory school before in 1932 taking the monastic habit at Downside Abbey , adopting the name Bernard ; he was subsequently ordained as
325-472: The Alexandrian and the Western, he unhesitatingly accepted as genuine. Only when each of the three recensions gives a different reading does he proceed to discuss the question on other grounds. See his Symbolae criticae ad supplendas et corrigendas variarum N. T. lectionum collectiones (Halle, 1785, 1793), and his Commentarius criticus in textum Graecum N. T. , which extends to the end of Mark and discusses
350-553: The University of Jena (1789–1790), now revised and furnished with many additions , are to be found in Bernard Orchard and Thomas R. W. Longstaff (ed.), J. J. Griesbach: Synoptic and Text-Critical Studies 1776-1976 , Volume 34 in the SNTS Monograph Series (Cambridge University Press, hardback 1978, paperback 2005 ISBN 0-521-02055-7 ). Butzbach Butzbach ( German pronunciation: [ˈbʊtsbax] )
375-539: The close of his undergraduate career he undertook a literary tour through Germany, the Netherlands, France and England. In England he may have met Henry Owen whose seminal work Observations on the Four Gospels (1764) is listed among the books of Griesbach's estate, although he does not seem to have acknowledged any indebtedness to Owen. On his return to Halle, Griesbach acted for some time as Privatdozent , but in 1773
400-581: The face of general scholarly scepticism, the Griesbach hypothesis , which he renamed the Two-Gospel Hypothesis. This maintained that the Gospel of Matthew was the first and the Gospel of Mark the third, being a synthesis of Matthew's Gospel and the Gospel of Luke . Into his old age he remained a familiar face in biblical circles, lecturing worldwide in support of his hypothesis. Aged 95, he publicly declined
425-479: The headship of Ealing Priory School. Established in 1902 as a dependency of Downside, by 1945 it was in a state in which closure rather than further development seemed more likely. Notwithstanding, Orchard threw himself into the task of revitalising the school, which he renamed St Benedict's School , and by 1947 succeeded in obtaining recognition by the Ministry of Education as efficient (thus enabling it to participate in
450-460: The historical books were reprinted in one volume in 1777, the synoptical arrangement of the Gospels having been abandoned as inconvenient. Of the second edition, considerably enlarged and improved, the first volume appeared in 1796 and the second in 1806 (Halle and London). Of a third edition, edited by David Schulz, only the first volume, containing the four Gospels, appeared (1827). For the construction of his critical text Griesbach took as his basis
475-508: The invitation of Cormac Murphy-O'Connor , the Archbishop of Westminster to attend a lecture which would support the priority of Mark's Gospel. Orchard's researches and ideas, regarding the Gospels, have been saved on www.churchinhistory.org After leading the chant at midday on 28 November 2006, Orchard, aged 96, prayed at the bedside of the dying Dom Kevin Horsey . They were the last survivors of
500-494: The monk then appointed in his stead resigned after five years. This resulted in Orchard being called upon in 1965 to resume the post. He held until a further dispute over his ambitions for expansion led in 1969 to his resignation a second time. After completing his biblical commentary in 1951, and in addition to his headmaster's duties, Orchard embarked with Reginald C. Fuller , his erstwhile fellow Ealing Priory pupil, on producing
525-573: The more important various readings with great care and thoroughness (Jena, 1794 if.). Among the other works of Griesbach (which are comparatively unimportant) may be mentioned his university thesis De codicibus quatuor evangeliorum Origenianis (Halle, 1771) and a work upon systematic theology ( Anleitung zur Kenntniss der populären Dogmatik , Jena, 1779). His Opuscula , consisting chiefly of university "Programs" and addresses, were edited by Gabler (2 volumes, Jena, 1824). In 1776 Griesbach published his Greek Gospel synopsis of Matthew, Mark and Luke as
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#1732859540912550-480: The publication of Griesbach's Gospel synopsis as a separate volume a group of distinguished international biblical scholars met in July 1976 at Münster/Westphalia for The Johann Jakob Griesbach Bicentenary Colloquium 1776-1976 . A selection of the papers presented at the colloquium appraising Griesbach's life, work and influence, aimed "to indicate why an understanding of this scholar's contribution to New Testament criticism
575-565: The teachers' pension scheme). In 1951 Orchard was admitted to the Headmasters' Conference , giving St Benedict's the status of a public school , the only Catholic day school to achieve this position. By 1959, Abbot Rupert Hall of the by-then independent Ealing Abbey , was concerned that Orchard's ambitions for the school exceeded the financial capability of the monastic community , and requested that Orchard resign his position as headmaster in 1960. Orchard's successor died after just one term and
600-454: Was a British Catholic Benedictine monk , headmaster and biblical scholar . John Archibald Henslowe Orchard, the son of a farmer, was born in Bromley , Kent . He was educated at Ealing Priory School (to which he would in later life return as headmaster), and on leaving in 1927 became its first pupil since foundation in 1902 to go to university , winning a place at Fitzwilliam House , in
625-521: Was appointed to a professorial chair; in 1775 he went to the University of Jena , where he spent the rest of his life (though he received calls to other universities). Griesbach's critical edition of the New Testament first appeared at Halle, in three volumes, in 1774–1775. The first volume contained the first three Gospels, synoptically arranged; the second, the Epistles and the book of Revelation . All
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