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53-787: [REDACTED] Look up jingu in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Jingu may refer to: People [ edit ] Empress Jingū (c. AD 169–269) Toshio Jingu (born 1948), a Japanese fencer Other uses [ edit ] Jingu Stadium , Tokyo, Japan Jingū, a name for Shinto shrines connected to the Imperial House of Japan Busanjin District , South Korea, abbreviated locally as "Jin-gu" Ise Grand Shrine , known simply as Jingū ( The Shrine ) Other shrines called by this at list of Jingu Jingū taima , an ofuda issued by

106-524: A "promised land" (sometimes interpreted as lands on the Korean Peninsula ). She then returned to Japan victorious after three years of conquest where she was proclaimed as Empress. But all of that is known to be revised history of early royalties of Japan, the primary purpose of these two history books was to give the new Fujiwara dynasty a credible family tree. Unlike the Kojiki , which attempted no dates,

159-820: A lack of correct punctuation, the writing can be translated in 4 different ways. This same Stele can also be interpreted as saying Korea crossed the strait and forced Japan into subjugation, depending on where the sentence is punctuated. An investigation done by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2006 suggested that the inscription could also be interpreted as "Silla and Baekje were dependent states of Yamato Japan." The imperialist reasoning for occupation eventually led to an emotional repulsion from Jingu after World War II had ended as she had symbolized Japan's nationalistic foreign policy . Historian Chizuko Allen notes that while these feelings are understandable, they are not academically justifiable. The overall popularity of

212-475: A massive archaeological hoax was exposed. Things changed in 2008 when Japan allowed limited access to Jingū's kofun to foreign archaeologists, who were able to determine that the tomb likely dated to the 4th century AD. The examination also discovered haniwa terracotta figures. Empress Jingū is also enshrined at Sumiyoshi-taisha in Osaka , which was established in the 11th year of her reign (211 AD). According to

265-515: A millennium later was about twenty-seven. The second volume of the Kojiki (中巻 or "Nakatsumaki") states that the Korean kingdom of Baekje (百済 or "Kudara") paid tribute to Japan under "Tribute from Korea". This is based on kojiki 's claim that the Seven-Branched Sword was a tribute paid to Jinmu, when in actuality the translation of the scriptures on the sword itself clearly indicates that

318-538: A regent in the late 4th century AD or late 5th century AD. There is no evidence to suggest that the title tennō was used during the time to which Jingū's regency has been assigned. It is certainly possible that she was a chieftain or local clan leader, and that the polity she ruled would have only encompassed a small portion of modern-day Japan. The name Jingū was more than likely assigned to her posthumously by later generations; during her lifetime she would have been called Okinaga-Tarashi respectively. Empress Jingū

371-624: Is a lack of evidence of Jingū's rule in Korea, or the existence of Jingū as an actual historical figure. This suggests that the accounts given are either fictional or an inaccurate/misleading account of events that occurred. According to the book " From Paekchae Korea to the Origin of Yamato Japan ", the Japanese had misinterpreted the Gwanggaeto Stele . The Stele was a tribute to a Korean king, but because of

424-713: Is also enshrined at the Tamukeyama Hachiman Shrine in Nara. Chūai is traditionally listed as the last Emperor of the Yayoi period, who could have in reality ruled in the 4th century. The next era is known as the Kofun period , where more is known about the Emperors based on modern day archaeological evidence. Outside of the Kiki , the reign of Emperor Kinmei ( c.  509  – 571 AD)

477-474: Is attested. While the location of Jingū's grave (if any) is unknown, she is traditionally venerated at a kofun and at a shrine. It is accepted today that Empress Jingū reigned as a regent until her son became Emperor Ōjin upon her death. She was additionally the last de facto ruler of the Yayoi period . The Japanese have traditionally accepted this regent's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Jingū

530-551: Is conventionally considered to have been from 192 to 200 AD. The events leading up to the Emperor's death have been subject to interpretation as they involve a vengeful Kami (spirit) indirectly killing Chūai. This event allegedly occurred after the Emperor disrespectfully scoffed at the Kami's request. His wife Jingū carried out the Kami's request which was to invade Korea , but this has since been considered legendary rather than factual. While

583-416: Is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki , which are collectively known as Kiki ( 記紀 ) or Japanese chronicles . These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since been exaggerated and/or distorted over time. According to extrapolations from mythology, Jingū's birth name

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636-543: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Empress Jing%C5%AB Jingū's reign is conventionally considered to have been from 201 to 269 AD, and was considered to be the 15th Japanese imperial ruler until the Meiji period. Modern historians have come to the conclusion that the name "Jingū" was used by later generations to describe this legendary Empress. It has also been proposed that Jingū actually reigned later than she

689-401: Is that Chūai's son ( Homutawake ) became the next Emperor after Jingū acted as a regent. She would have been de facto ruler in the interim. Emperor Chūai is regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor" as there is insufficient material available for further verification and study. The lack of this information has made his very existence open to debate. There is no evidence to suggest that

742-461: Is that Chūai's son ( Homutawake ) became the next Emperor after Jingū acted as a regent. She would have been de facto ruler in the interim. Empress consort Jingū is regarded by historians as a legendary figure, as there is insufficient material available for further verification and study. The lack of this information has made her very existence open to debate. If Empress Jingū was an actual figure, investigations of her tomb suggest she may have been

795-686: Is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates. The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu between 737 and 806 AD. Empress: Okinagatarashi-hime ( 気長足姫尊 ) , later Empress Jingu , Prince Okinaga no sukune's daughter Consort: Ōnakatsu-hime ( 大中姫命 ) , Prince Hikohitoōe's daughter ( Emperor Keiko 's son) Consort: Oto-hime ( 弟媛 ) , Ōsakanushi's daughter Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE  / AD   Imperial Consort and Regent Empress Jingū

848-564: Is traditionally listed as the last Emperor of the Yayoi period . The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Chūai is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki , which are collectively known as Kiki ( 記紀 ) or Japanese chronicles . These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since been exaggerated and/or distorted over time. The records state that Chūai

901-589: Is traditionally venerated at a kofun -type Imperial tomb in Nara . This kofun is also known as the "Gosashi tomb", and is managed by the Imperial Household Agency . The tomb was restricted from archaeology studies in 1976 as the tomb dates back to the founding of a central Japanese state under imperial rule. The Imperial Household Agency had also cited "tranquility and dignity" concerns in making their decision. Serious ethics concerns had been raised in 2000 after

954-498: The Nihon Shoki does date events. Its chronology is unreliable until the fifth century; most events in the fourth century were placed 120 years too early, when compared with continental histories. Before the fourth century, the Nihongi ’s dates are not reliable at all. For example, Japan's first dozen emperors are given an average of over a century of life, when the lifespan for Japanese

1007-503: The Kiki ) record events that took place during Chūai's alleged lifetime. Chūai is the first monarch to ascend the throne who was not a son of the previous Emperor as the latter's only child died young. He is also noted for having his capital in Kyushu , rather than Yamato like his predecessors. The records state that Chūai had a wife named Okinagatarashihime-no-Mikoto (later Jingū ), and 2 consorts that all bore him 4 children. Chūai's reign

1060-419: The Kiki , Empress Jingū gave birth to a baby boy whom she named Homutawake (aka Emperor Ōjin ) following her return from Korean conquest. The legend alleges that her son was conceived but unborn when Emperor Chūai died. As three more years would pass before Homutawake was finally born, this claim appears to be mythical and symbolic rather than real. Scholar William George Aston has suggested that this claim

1113-453: The Korean Peninsula is now considered controversial and up for debate due to the complete lack of evidence and involvement of both the Japanese and Korean points of view. According to the Nihon Shoki , the king of Baekje gifted Jingū a Seven-Branched Sword sometime in 253 AD. Empress Jingū was the de facto ruler until her death in 269 at the age of 100. The modern traditional view

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1166-482: The Kumaso soon afterwards in a fit of revenge. Jingū then respected the wishes of the Kami by invading Korea, and subjugated the eastern Korean kingdom of Shiragi . The other two Korean kingdoms at the time voluntarily submitted, and Jingū ascended to the throne as Empress. Jingū's occupation of the Korean Peninsula , and reign as Empress are now considered to be legendary rather than factual. The modern traditional view

1219-501: The Yalu , which forms the western half of the present border of North Korea. Would Jingu, if she were indeed a native of Japan, have even heard of this river? Why should she consider an oath by this remote northern spot especially binding? The ”King of Silla " might have knowledge of this river in memories which the Eastern Buyeo had brought down to Gaya with them. The oath indicates that

1272-557: The 6th century. The Chinese Book of Song of the Liu Song dynasty also allegedly notes the Japanese presence in the Korean Peninsula, while the Book of Sui says that Japan provided military support to Baekje and Silla. In 1883, a memorial stele for the tomb of King Gwanggaeto (374 – 413) of Goguryeo was discovered and hence named the Gwanggaeto Stele . An issue arose though, when

1325-513: The Government Printing Bureau as his model for Jingū. This picture was also used for 1908/14 postage stamps, the first postage stamps of Japan to show a woman. A revised design by Yoshida Toyo was used for the 1924/37 Jingū design stamps. The usage of a Jingū design ended with a new stamp series in 1939. Excluding the legendary Empress Jingū, there were eight reigning empresses and their successors were most often selected from amongst

1378-604: The Ise Grand Shrine Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Jingu . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jingu&oldid=1154846844 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Japanese-language surnames Hidden categories: Short description

1431-447: The Jingū theory has been declining since the 1970s due to concerns raised about available evidence. In 1881, Empress Jingū became the first woman to be featured on a Japanese banknote . As no actual images of this legendary figure are known to exist, the representation of Jingū which was artistically contrived by Edoardo Chiossone is entirely conjectural; Chiossone used a female employee of

1484-597: The Toko-ji Temple; title posthumously restored in 943 was made High Empress or de jure empress dowager during her husband's reign Emperor Ch%C5%ABai Emperor Chūai ( 仲哀天皇 , Chūai-tennō ) , also known as Tarashinakatsuhiko no Sumeramikoto ( 足仲彦天皇 ) was the 14th legendary Emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . Both the Kojiki , and the Nihon Shoki (collectively known as

1537-447: The battlefield. Sources which include Yao, Francis Brinkley , and Kikuchi Dairoku also cite the enemy arrow scenario. While the actual site of Chūai's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ( misasagi ) at Nara . The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Chūai's mausoleum , and is formally named Ega no Naganu no nishi no misasagi . The Kami (spirit) of Chūai

1590-443: The eastern coast of Korea . The route followed is reasonable and militarily brilliant. However, in order to revise history and make Jingu a Japanese, the court histories needed to start Jingu from Kyushu and take her to Koryong and then backtrack southward (in other words she passed peacefully over south Korean territory, and then reversed her route, fighting all the way). An interesting little indication of Jingu's ancestral roots in

1643-476: The extrapolated birth year of his granddaughter Jingū ). At some point in time she wed Tarashinakahiko (or Tarashinakatsuhiko), who would later be known as Emperor Chūai and bore him one child under a now disputed set of events. Jingū would serve as "Empress consort" during Chūai's reign until his death in 200 AD. Emperor Chūai died in 200 AD, having been killed directly or indirectly in battle by rebel forces. Okinagatarashi-hime no Mikoto then turned her rage on

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1696-521: The extreme north, near the mighty Yalu River , someway crept into the Nihongi and has been preserved; perhaps not being understood. It goes as follows: When Jingu subjugated "the King of Silla ," he promised to faithfully serve her as a vassal "until the "River Arinarae" runs backward in its course." William George Aston , the Nihongi 's translator had no nationalistic ax to grind, and he considered this river to be

1749-496: The inscriptions describing events during the king's reign were found to be in bad condition with portions illegible. At the center of the disagreement is the "sinmyo passage" of year 391 as it can be interpreted in multiple ways. Korean scholars maintain that it states the Goguryeo subjugated Baekje and Silla, while Japanese scholars have traditionally interpreted that Wa had at one time subjugated Baekje and Silla. The stele soon caught

1802-486: The interest of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office , who obtained a rubbed copy from its member Kageaki Sakō in 1884. They particularly became intrigued over the passage describing the king's military campaigns for the sinmyo in 391 AD. Additional research was done by some officers in the Japanese army and navy, and the rubbed copy was later published in 1889. The interpretation

1855-599: The king of the territory referred to as ” Silla " in later times (eighth century) and Jingu shared a common heritage. While returning to Japan she was nearly shipwrecked but managed to survive thanks to praying to Watatsumi , and she made the shrine to honor him. Ikasuri Shrine and Ikuta Shrine and Watatsumi Shrine were both also made at the same time by the Empress. She then ascended the Chrysanthemum Throne as Empress Jingū, and legend continues by saying that her son

1908-469: The lifetime ascribed to Chūai, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki . The manner in which Chūai died has since been broken down to at least two theories. In his book Confucianism O - Z , professor Xinzhong Yao notes that it is possible the late Emperor could have succumbed to illness rather than death on

1961-405: The location of Chūai's grave (if any) is unknown, he is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto tomb , and at a Hachiman shrine. Modern historians have come to the conclusion that the title of "Emperor" and the name "Chūai" were used by later generations to describe this legendary Emperor. It has also been proposed that Chūai actually reigned much later than he is attested. Emperor Chūai

2014-488: The males of the paternal Imperial bloodline, which is why some conservative scholars argue that the women's reigns were temporary and that male-only succession tradition must be maintained in the 21st century. Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE  / AD   Imperial Consort and Regent Empress Jingū is not traditionally listed. Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE  / AD   individuals that were given

2067-518: The next Emperor. Unlike his predecessors who had maintained their capitals in Yamato Province , the records state his palace was first located on the northern shores of Shimonoseki Strait , then south of that in Kyushu . Emperor Chūai is described in the Kiki as having been ten feet tall , with "a countenance of perfect beauty". He had one wife who was named Okinagatarashi (aka Jingū ), and two consorts who all bore him four children. During

2120-409: The reasoning that the Kumaso were not worthy of "his steel". Chūai refused with scorn for a number of reasons which included giving up a military campaign, and doubting that such a land even existed. It is said that the Kami was so enraged by this disrespect, that Emperor Chūai was later killed in a battle that beat down his troops. The death of the Emperor was kept quiet by Jingū, who vanquished

2173-461: The rebels whom she vanquished in a fit of revenge. She led an army in an invasion of a "promised land" (sometimes interpreted as lands on the Korean Peninsula ), and returned to Japan victorious after three years. The Nihongi of 720 A.D. gives Jingu's route of conquest, beginning with Koryong (Taegu) and continuing southward, overrunning the Gaya League cities and pushing the resisting remnants up

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2226-463: The start of his reign, he made progress to modern day Tsuruga , and led an expedition to Kii where he heard news of a revolt. Jingū accompanied him to the west to fight against a tribe in Tsukushi (located in modern-day Fukuoka Prefecture ) called Kumaso . On the eve of battle though, his wife was suddenly possessed by some unknown kami who advised Chūai to invade and conquer Korea . The Kami gave

2279-402: The sword was a gift given by the prince of Baekje to his tributary/vessel state; Wei. The Nihon Shoki states that Jingū conquered a region in southern Korea in the 3rd century AD naming it "Mimana". One of the main proponents of this theory was Japanese scholar Suematsu Yasukazu, who in 1949 proposed that Mimana was a Japanese colony on the Korean peninsula that existed from the 3rd until

2332-400: The title tennō was used during the time to which Chūai's reign has been assigned. It is certainly possible that he was a chieftain or local clan leader, and that the polity he ruled would have only encompassed a small portion of modern-day Japan. The name Chūai -tennō was more than likely assigned to him posthumously by later generations. His name might have been regularized centuries after

2385-433: The title of empress posthumously individuals elevated to the rank of empress due to their position as honorary mother of the emperor Shōshi served briefly as honorary empress for her younger brother Emperor Go-Daigo Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE  / AD   individuals that were given the title of empress dowager posthumously title removed in 896 due to a suspected affair with head priest of

2438-404: Was Okinaga-Tarashi ( 息長帯比売 ) , she was born sometime in 169 AD. Her father was named Okinaganosukune ( 息長宿禰王 ) , and her mother Kazurakinotakanuka-hime ( 葛城高額媛 ) . Her mother is noted for being a descendant of Amenohiboko ( 天日槍 ) , a legendary prince of Korea (despite the fact that Amenohiboko is believed to have moved to Japan between the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, at least 100 years after

2491-477: Was actually Yamatohime-no-mikoto and that Wa armies obtained control of southern Korea. Yamatohime-no-Mikoto supposedly founded the Ise Shrine in tribute to the sun-goddess Amaterasu . While historian Higo Kazuo suggested that she is a daughter of Emperor Kōrei (Yamatototohimomosohime-no-Mikoto). Both the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki give accounts of how Okinaga-Tarashi (Jingū) led an army to invade

2544-529: Was actually the shaman-queen Himiko . The kiki does not include any mentions of Queen Himiko , and the circumstances under which these books were written is a matter of unending debate. Even if such a person was known to the authors of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, they may have intentionally decided not to include her. However, they do include imperial-family shamans identified with her which include Jingū. Modern scholars such as Naitō Torajirō have stated that Jingū

2597-449: Was born to Futaji no Iri Hime sometime in 149 AD, and was given the name Tarashinakahiko or Tarashinakatsuhiko ( 足仲彦天皇 ) . Chūai's father was allegedly the legendary prince, Yamato Takeru . He was the first Emperor who was not the child of the previous Emperor, being instead the nephew of his predecessor Emperor Seimu . The title of Crown Prince was given to him by his uncle before his death in 190 AD, two years later Chūai became

2650-484: Was conceived but unborn when Chūai died. According to a certain source Empress Jingu had sex with the god Azumi-no-isora while pregnant with Emperor Ojin after he said from the womb that it was acceptable, and then Azumi no Isora gave her the tide jewels , and she later strapped a stone to her stomach to delay the birth of her son. After those three years she gave birth to a baby boy whom she named Homutawake . The narrative of Empress Jingū invading and conquering

2703-462: Was later removed from the imperial lineage during the reign of Emperor Meiji as a way of making sure the lineage remained unbroken. This occurred when examining the emperors of the Northern Court and Southern Court of the fourteenth century. Focus was given on who should be the "true" ancestors of those who occupied the throne. While the actual site of Jingū's grave is not known, this regent

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2756-454: Was made by Japanese scholars at the time that the "Wa" had occupied and controlled the Korean Peninsula. The legends of Empress Jingū's conquest of Korea could have then been used by Imperial Japan as reasoning for their annexation of Korea in 1910 as "restoring" unity between the two countries. As it was, imperialists had already used this historical claim to justify expansion into the Korean Peninsula. The main issue with an invasion scenario

2809-475: Was misinterpreted, and instead refers to a period of less than nine months containing three "years" (some seasons), e.g. three harvests . If Ōjin was an actual historical figure then historians have proposed that he ruled later than attested years of 270 to 310 AD. Jingū's identity has since been questioned by medieval and modern scholars whom have put forward different theories. Kitabatake Chikafusa (1293–1354) and Arai Hakuseki (1657–1725) asserted that she

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