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28-547: Jingha may refer to: Jingha Expressway , expressway in China that links Beijing to Harbin Jingha railway , railway in China that connects Beijing with Harbin Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Jingha . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

56-624: A height of 14 metres (46 feet), and are seven metres (23 feet) thick. The east, south and north sides are surrounded by a deep, wide moat with drawbridges over it. In the middle of the pass stands a tall bell tower. All four sides of the Shanhai Pass once possessed a gate ( 門 ; mén ), with the Zhèndōng Gate ( 鎮東門 ) in the east wall, the Yíng'ēn Gate ( 迎恩門 ) in the west, the Wàngyáng Gate ( 望洋門 ) in

84-530: Is commonly referred to as the Jingha Expressway. This name is derived from the two one-character Chinese abbreviations of the two cities at which the expressway terminates, Jing for Beijing and Ha for Harbin. The Beijing–Harbin Expressway runs from Beijing , the national capital, to Harbin , the capital of Heilongjiang Province. It passes through the following major cities: The first section of

112-459: Is hot-summer humid continental with a monsoon pattern ( Dwa ). The annual average temperature is 11.2 °C (52.2 °F), with an average daily minimum temperature of 5.7 °C (42.3 °F) and an average daily maximum temperature of 16.8 °C (62.2 °F). The average annual precipitation is 613.2 millimetres (24.14 in). The Shanhai Pass is built as a square, with a perimeter of around four kilometres (2.5 mi). The walls reach

140-731: The Baodi toll gate in Tianjin and the Yutian toll gate in Hebei would be demolished, in order to create a networked toll system. Additionally, two expressway toll gates near Shanhaiguan would be merged as one. These plans also suggested that the toll gate at Bailu, Beijing, just east of the Eastern 5th Ring Road , would be demolished as well, as soon as Beijing finished joining the networked toll system. The toll gate at Xianghe in Hebei, however, would be kept. Thus, for

168-656: The Chinese Civil War , the city became a destination for refugees fleeing the Liaoshen campaign . In 1644, Li Zicheng led a rebel army into the Ming dynasty capital of Beijing, marking the end of the Ming dynasty . After occupying the capital, Li attempted to enlist the support of Ming general Wu Sangui , commander of the powerful Ningyuan garrison north of the Great Wall. Rather than submit to Li's new Shun dynasty , Wu contacted

196-689: The Jireliao Military Region (冀热辽军区). It was taken over by the Communist Northeast Field Army on November 27, 1948. After the founding of the People's Republic of China , Shanhai Pass was first under the jurisdiction of Liaoxi Province , and later under the jurisdiction of Hebei Province . Shanhai Pass is one of the best preserved passes in the Great Wall. During the Qing era, the Shanhai Pass, situated between Shenyang and Beijing ,

224-572: The Qing dynasty , Shanhai Pass became the seat of Linyu County (临榆县城) under the jurisdiction of Yongping Mansion (永平府). In the late Qing dynasty, many forts were built to strengthen coastal defense. During the period of the Republic of China, the pass was successively under the control of Zhang Zuolin 's Fengtian clique , Chiang Kai-shek 's Nationalist government , the Imperial Japanese Army , and

252-539: The 50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China . It opened to the general motoring public on September 15, 1999, after four years of work on different sections. The expressway was extended to Harbin during the rapid expansion of the Chinese expressway system in the 2000s. The completed expressway was opened on September 28, 2001. It is now one of the seven radial expressways emanating from Beijing. Improvements were made to

280-585: The Beijing–Harbin Expressway, opened in the 1990s was the short-lived Jingqin Expressway, running between the outskirts of Beijing and Qinhuangdao . In the 1990s the expressway was extended northeast from Qinhuangdao to Shenyang and westward to the 4th Ring Road in Beijing to become the Jingshen Expressway. The 658 km expressway from central Beijing to Shenyang was completed in time for

308-608: The Five Dynasties period. The area and the passes were then controlled by the Liao dynasty . The Liao founded Qianmin County east of Yuguan in present-day Shanhaiguan. Garrisons were built in the area under the Jin and Yuan dynasties . In 1381, Ming general Xu Da and his soldiers were ordered to repair the old Yongping (永平) and Jieling (界岭) passes. From this, they constructed the present pass, which

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336-517: The International Legations by the Boxers . A pre-landing bombardment of the area was unnecessary as few Chinese troops were present. Inter-allied relations were dealt a blow when a drunken fracas occurred at the Shanhai Pass between Japanese and French troops. In the fighting three French and seven Japanese soldiers were killed, and five French and 12 Japanese were wounded. In November 1945,

364-539: The Manchu Qing dynasty , suggesting that they combine forces to drive the rebels from the capital. Dorgon , regent of the Qing, marched his army to Shanhai Pass to receive Wu's surrender. Together, Wu and the Manchus defeated Li Zicheng's army near the pass, and Li was forced to abandon the capital. The Qing victory enabled their army to enter Beijing unopposed, and established them as the dominant power in China. The climate

392-534: The North Eastern People's Liberation Army (PLA) attempted to hold Shanhaiguan against Kuomintang forces attacking from the south. They sought to keep Chiang Kai-shek 's Nationalist government out of Manchuria. The People's Liberation Army forces of 10,000 were under equipped and too few to defend the position and retreated to Siping . Later, after the Communist Party began to gain the upper hand in

420-526: The expressway in 2003 and 2004 by removing several toll stations in 2003 and repairing the previously uneven road surface between the 6th Ring Road and Xijizhen in Beijing in 2004. On October 8, 2004, 36 vehicles were involved a horrendous series of car crashes on the expressway. The crashes occurred in the westbound lanes near the interchange with the Jinji Expressway , in the Tianjin municipality. Traffic

448-400: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jingha&oldid=932910532 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Jingha Expressway The Beijing–Harbin Expressway

476-547: The networked toll system nationwide, starting with the Jingshen expressway as a testing ground. The changes have been accepted positively. Average speed on the expressway has gone up, and the Road Traffic Safety Law of the People's Republic of China raised maximum speed limits on expressways nationwide from 110 km/h to 120 km/h. These improvements have made traffic jams far less frequent. Note: italic indicates

504-576: The pass guarded the narrow passage between Northeast and Central East China. The Northern Qi dynasty , Sui dynasty and the Tang dynasty constructed passes here. The site was called Yuguan during the Tang dynasty and by 785, a garrison was established there. Eight more garrisons were established from Yuguan to Jinniukou. During the Later Tang and Five Dynasties periods, the territory was controlled by autonomous governors. No garrisons (except Yuguan) remained by

532-556: The pass served as a frontline defensive outpost against ethnic groups from Northeast China ( Manchuria ), including the Khitan and Jurchen ( Manchus ). Shanhai Pass is the eastern end of the Great Wall , and is the first barrier for guarding the frontier, therefore it is called the "First Pass Under Heaven" (天下第一关). Located south of Yan Mountain , and north of the Bohai Sea , for centuries

560-613: The railways leading from Port Arthur to the Siberian main line. The pass formed the southern limit of the Russian sphere of influence as defined in the convention between Great Britain and Russia of the 28th of April 1899." In July   1900, 15,000 Imperial Japanese Army troops landed at Shanhai Pass as part of the Eight-Nation Alliance , prior to marching on Beijing to relieve the Siege of

588-458: The routes that were available in 2013 network plan, but removed in 2022 network plan Shanhaiguan Shanhai Pass or Shanhaiguan ( simplified Chinese : 山海关 ; traditional Chinese : 山海關 ; pinyin : Shānhǎi Guān ; lit. 'Mountain Sea Pass';) is the eastern end of the Great Wall of China and one of its major passes . It commands the narrowest choke point in

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616-465: The sea, leaving a kwon or pass of limited extent between China proper and Manchuria. It is thus an important military station, and the thoroughfare of trade between Manchuria and the great plain of China. The Imperial Northern railway from Tientsin and Taku, 174 m. from the former, runs through the pass, and skirts the shore of the Gulf of Liao-tung as far as the treaty port of Niu-chwang, where it connects with

644-416: The section from Xianghe in western Hebei through to Shanhaiguan in eastern Hebei (and even through the Tianjin portion), this networked toll system applies—one of the first of its kind. This does away with the previous system, where toll booths appeared every time the jurisdiction changed. For some odd reason, Beijing and Liaoning are still not part of the networked toll system. China plans to expand

672-746: The strategic Liaoxi Corridor , a crucial coastal landway between the North and Northeast China . It is located in Shanhaiguan District , Qinhuangdao , Hebei province , on the east bank of the Shi River between the Yan Mountains and the coast of Liaodong Bay . In 1961, the pass was selected as a Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level by the State Council of China , and it

700-587: Was delayed up for over one and a half hours. When the expressway opened in September 1999, there was a large amount of complaints about the number of toll booths . In some cases, a toll booth appeared every 15 kilometres. The Jingshen expressway was constructed by several different organisations, and as a result, each organization set up their own toll gate. This made the route slow to travel on, as traffic piled up in front of toll gates. The PRC Ministry of Communications declared that, effective September 1, 2003,

728-571: Was listed as a World Heritage Site as part of the Great Wall by UNESCO in 1987. The pass is a popular tourist destination at the eastern terminus of the Ming Great Wall . The location where the wall meets the Bohai Sea is nicknamed " Old Dragon's Head " (老龙头). The pass lies nearly 300 kilometres (190 mi) east of Beijing and is linked via the Jingshen Expressway that runs northeastward to Shenyang . Throughout Chinese history,

756-460: Was named Shanhaiguan (literally "mountain-sea-pass") because of its location between the mountains and the sea. In the late 16th century, Ming general Qi Jiguang began fortification and construction of a military city around the pass, building cities and forts to the east, south and north, making it one of the most heavily fortified passes in China. During the Qianlong Emperor 's reign under

784-523: Was referred to as the "Key to the Capitals". During the Republican era , as well as during the Eight-Nation Alliance and World War II , the pass witnessed many conflicts. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica noted: "SHANHAI-KWAN, a garrison town in the extreme east of the province of Chih-li, China. Pop. about 30,000. It is situated at the point where the range of hills carrying the Great Wall of China dips to

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