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39-492: Jinggangshan or Jinggang Shan (Chinese: 井冈山 ; pinyin: Jǐnggāngshān ) may refer to: Jinggangshan Mountains Jinggangshan City , named after the mountains Jinggang Shan (999) , a Chinese military Type 071 amphibious transport dock BAW Jinggangshan , a car model produced by BAW [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with

78-542: A National Priority Scenic Area. In recent years the Jinggang Mountains has become an attraction for domestic tourists interested in revolutionary history. The scenic area was classified as a AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration . According to Xinhua , tens of thousands of domestic tourists visit the mountain every year. Sites promoted by the local authorities include

117-478: A command named " Order Number One " that evacuated important martial figures to distant areas due to the tension between China and Soviet Union, and Zhu De was taken to Guangdong . In 1973 Zhu was reinstated in the Politburo Standing Committee. He continued to work as a statesman until his death on 6 July 1976. His passing came six months after the death of Zhou Enlai, and just two months before

156-509: A distinct regional variant of Southwestern Mandarin that is unintelligible to other speakers of Standard Chinese (Mandarin). Despite his family's poverty, by pooling resources Zhu was chosen to be sent to a regional private school in 1892. At age nine he was adopted by his prosperous uncle, whose political influence allowed him to gain access to Yunnan Military Academy. He enrolled in a Sichuan high school around 1907 and graduated in 1908. Subsequently, he returned to Yilong's primary school as

195-758: A gym instructor. An advocate of modern science and political teaching rather than the strict classical education afforded by schools, he was dismissed from his post and entered the Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming . There he joined the Beiyang Army and the Tongmenghui secret political society (the forerunner of the Kuomintang ). At the Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming, he first met Cai E (Tsai Ao). He taught at

234-761: A public security commissioner of the provincial government. Around this time he decided to leave China for study in Europe. He first traveled to Shanghai, where he broke his opium habit and, according to historians of the Kuomintang, met Sun Yat-sen . He attempted to join the Chinese Communist Party in early 1922, but was rejected for being a warlord. In late 1922 Zhu went to Berlin , along with his partner He Zhihua. He resided in Germany until 1925, studying at one point at Göttingen University . Here he met Zhou Enlai and

273-399: A small market town encircled by forests guarding the main western route into the mountains. In November, the army occupied Chaling, some 80 km (50 mi) to the west, though this was quickly overrun by KMT troops. When pressure from KMT troops became too great, Mao abandoned Maoping and withdrew up the mountain to Wang Zuo's stronghold at Dajing (Big Well), from which they could control

312-630: A superior early education that led to his admission into a military academy. After graduating, he joined a rebel army and became a warlord . Afterward he joined the CCP. He commanded the Eighth Route Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War . By the end of the civil war he was also a high-ranking party official. Zhu is regarded as one of the principal founders of

351-597: A well-defined military and agrarian policy." This development became a turning point, with the merged forces forming the "Fourth Red Army", with Zhu as Military Commander and Mao as Party representative. Zhu's leadership made him a figure of immense prestige; locals even credited him with supernatural abilities. During this time Mao and Zhu became so closely associated that to the local villagers they were known collectively as "Zhu-Mao" In 1929, Zhu De and Mao Zedong were forced to flee Jinggangshan to Ruijin following military pressure from Chiang Kai-shek . Here they formed

390-635: The Jiangxi Soviet , which would eventually grow to cover some 30,000 square kilometers (11,584 square miles) and include some three million people. In 1931 Zhu was appointed leader of the Red Army in Ruijin by the CCP leadership. He successfully led a conventional military force against the Kuomintang in the lead-up to the Fourth Counter Encirclement Campaign ; However, he was not able to do

429-645: The Jinggang Mountains . Here Mao had formed a soviet in 1927, and Zhu began building up his army into the Red Army , consolidating and expanding the Soviet areas of control. The meeting, which happened on the Longjiang Bridge on 28 April 1928, was facilitated by Mao Zetan , who was Mao's brother serving under Zhu. He carried a letter to his brother Mao Zedong where Zhu stated, "We must unite forces and carry out

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468-690: The People's Republic of China , and was a prominent political figure until dying in 1976. In 1955, he was ranked first among the ten marshals . He was chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1959 to 1976. Zhu was born on 1 December 1886, to a poor tenant farmer's family in Hung , a town in Yilong County , Nanchong , a hilly and isolated part of northern Sichuan province. Of

507-529: The 15 children born to the family only eight survived. His family relocated to Sichuan during the migration from Hunan province and Guangdong province. His origins are often given as Hakka , but Agnes Smedley's biography of him says his people came from Guangdong and speaks of Hakka as merely associates of his. She also says that older generations of his family had spoken the "Kwangtung dialect" (which would be close to but probably different from modern Cantonese ) and that his generation also spoke Sichuanese ,

546-857: The Chinese revolution”. The Jinggang Mountains is known as the birthplace of the Chinese Red Army , predecessor of the People's Liberation Army and the "cradle of the Chinese revolution". After the Kuomintang (KMT) turned against the Communist Party during the April 12 Incident , the Communists either went underground or fled to the countryside. Following the unsuccessful Autumn Harvest Uprising in Changsha , Mao Zedong led his 1,000 remaining men here, setting up his first peasant soviet. Mao reorganised his forces at

585-721: The Hunanese Eight Army and one regiment of Jiangxi troops, thus saving Maoping from being overrun. As the size of the Communist forces grew and pressure grew from the Kuomintang, the Fourth Army was forced to move out. From January 14, 1929, the organisation moved to Ruijin , further south in Jiangxi province, where the Jiangxi Soviet was eventually set up. At the same time, the Kuomintang were executing another encirclement campaign, involving 25,000 men from fourteen regiments. Peng Dehuai

624-651: The People's Republic of China (1954–1959). Zhu oversaw the PLA during the Korean War within his authority as Commander-in-Chief. In 1955, he was conferred the rank of marshal. At the Lushan Conference , he tried to protect Peng Dehuai , by giving some mild criticisms of Peng; rather than denouncing him, he merely gently reproved his targeted comrade, who was a target of Mao Zedong. Mao was not satisfied with Zhu De's behavior. After

663-748: The Toilers of the East . While in Moscow He Zhihua gave birth to his only daughter, Zhu Min . Zhu returned to China in July 1926 to unsuccessfully persuade Sichuan warlord Yang Sen to support the Northern Expedition . In 1927, following the collapse of the First United Front , Kuomintang authorities ordered Zhu to lead a force against Zhou Enlai and Liu Bocheng 's Nanchang uprising . Having helped orchestrate

702-447: The abortive Nanchang Uprising , joined Mao Zedong toward the end of April 1928. Together the two joined forces and proclaimed the formation of the Fourth Army. Other veterans who joined the new base included Lin Biao , Zhou Enlai and Chen Yi . The partnership between Mao Zedong and Zhu De marked the heyday of the Jinggang Mountains base area, which rapidly expanded to include, at its peak in

741-631: The academy after his graduation in July 1911. Siding with the revolutionary forces after the Chinese Revolution , he joined Brig. Cai E in the October 1911 expeditionary force that marched on Qing forces in Sichuan. He served as a regimental commander in the campaign to unseat Yuan Shikai in 1915–16. When Cai became governor of Sichuan after Yuan's death in June 1916, Zhu was made a brigade commander. Following

780-439: The base of the mountains. The main settlement is at Ciping, which is surrounded by five villages whose literal meanings are Big Well, Little Well, Middle Well, Lower Well, and Upper Well. Henceforth came the name of the mountain, literally means "Well Ridge Mountains". Jinggang Mountains have rich reserves of porcelain clay and rare earth ore, which are two major dominant minerals. Jinggang Mountains are also known as “the cradle of

819-593: The conference, Zhu cooperated with Mao and Zhou on military affairs. In July 1935 Zhu and Liu Bocheng were with the Fourth Red Army while Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai with the First Red Army. When separation between the two divisions occurred, Zhu was forced by Zhang Guotao , the leader of Fourth Red Army, to go south. The Fourth Red Army barely survived the retreat through Sichuan Province. Arriving in Yan'an , Zhu directed

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858-667: The conference, Zhu was dismissed from vice chairmen of Central Military Commission, not in least part due to his loyalty for the fallen Peng. In April 1969, during the summit of the Cultural Revolution , Zhu was dismissed from his position on the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , and the activity of the National People's Congress was halted. In October 1969, Lin Biao issued

897-502: The death of his mentor Cai E and of his first wife Xiao Jufang in 1916, Zhu developed a severe opium habit that afflicted him for several years until 1922, when he underwent treatment in Shanghai. His troops continued to support him, and so he consolidated his forces to become a warlord . In 1920, after his troops were driven from Sichuan toward the Tibetan border, he returned to Yunnan as

936-410: The experiences of their revolutionary forebears. At its peak, more than 30,000 Red Guards arrived a day, causing terrible problems of food, housing, sanitation. Peak numbers continued for more than two months until the government began to discourage the young people. In 1981, an area of 16.6 km (6.4 sq mi) was designated a Natural Protection Area. The next year the mountains was listed as

975-441: The important communication hub of Hengyang . Mao Zedong's 31st and 32nd regiments were supposed to hold Maoping and Ninggang until Zhu returned. They were, however, unable to hold back the advance of the Kuomintang's Jiangxi units and lost Ninggang and two neighbouring counties. On August 30, the young officer He Tingying managed to hold the narrow pass of Huangyangjie with a single under-strength battalion against three regiments of

1014-432: The junction of four counties - Ninggang, Yongxing , Suichuan and Lingxiang . The mountains cover some 670 km (260 sq mi), with an average elevation of 381.5 metres (1,252 ft) above sea level . The highest point is 2,120 m (6,960 ft) above sea level. The range's massif consists of a number of thickly forested parallel ridges. On the heights there is not much farmland with most settlements at

1053-552: The main provocation for the devastating Japanese Three Alls policy later and used it to criticize Peng at the Lushan Conference. In 1949 Zhu was named Commander-in-Chief of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). From November 1949 to May 1955, he served as the first secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection . Zhu also served as the vice-chairman of the Communist Party (1956–1966) and vice-chairman of

1092-599: The mint of the Red Army, the Revolution Museum, and the Martyrs Cemetery. In May 2004 a domestic airport was opened to attract tourists. Zhu De Zhu De (1 December 1886 – 6 July 1976) was a Chinese general, military strategist, politician and revolutionary in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Zhu was born into poverty in 1886 in Sichuan . He was adopted by a wealthy uncle at age nine and received

1131-463: The mountain passes. That winter the Communists drilled with the local bandits and the next year incorporated them into their regular army. In February a battalion from the KMT's Jiangxi Army occupied Xincheng, a town north of Maoping. During the night of February 17, Mao surrounded them with three battalions of his own and routed them the next day. Zhu De and his 1000 remaining troops, who had participated in

1170-518: The mountain village of Sanwan in Yongxin County , consolidating them into a single regiment - the "1st Regiment , 1st Division , of the First Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army". Mao then made an alliance with the local bandit chieftains Wang Zuo and Yuan Wencai , who had previously had little association with the Communists. For the first year he set up military headquarters at Maoping ,

1209-513: The mountains. In late February 1930, the bandits Yuan Wencai and Wang Zuo were assassinated by Communist guerillas, probably on orders from officials in the Jiangxi Soviet. Their men made Wang Yunlong, Wang Zuo's younger brother, their new leader. Most Communist forces left the area in 1934, when the Long March began. By the time they returned in 1949, Wang Yunlong had been succeeded by his son. He

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1248-469: The reconstruction of the Red Army under the political guidance of Mao. During the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War , he held the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army and, in 1940, Zhu, alongside Peng Dehuai, devised and organized the Hundred Regiments Offensive . Initially, Mao supported this offensive. While a successful campaign, Mao later attributed it as

1287-601: The same during the Fifth Counter Encirclement Campaign and the CCP fled. Zhu helped form the 1934 break-out that began the Long March . During the Long March Zhu and Zhou Enlai organized certain battles in tandem. There were few positive effects since the real power was in the hands of Bo Gu and Otto Braun . In the Zunyi Conference , Zhu supported Mao Zedong's criticisms of Bo and Braun. After

1326-541: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinggangshan&oldid=1184541031 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Jinggangshan Mountains The range lies at

1365-562: The summer of 1928, parts of seven counties with a population of more than 500,000. Together with Yuan Wencai and Wang Zuo's forces, their soldiers numbered more than 8000. A popular story from that period recounts the hardworking Zhu De carrying grain for the troops up the mountain since agriculture was nigh impossible in the mountain range itself. It was also around this period that Mao Zedong formulated his theories of rural-based revolution and guerrilla warfare . In July 1928, Zhu De's 28th and 29th regiments crossed into Hunan with plans to take

1404-488: The uprising, Zhu and his army defected from the Kuomintang. The uprising failed to gather support, however, and Zhu was forced to flee Nanchang with his army. Under the false name of Wang Kai, Zhu managed to find shelter for his remaining forces by joining warlord Fan Shisheng . Zhu's close affiliation with Mao Zedong began in 1928 when, with the help of Chen Yi and Lin Biao , Zhu defected from Fan Shisheng's protection and marched his army of 10,000 men to Jiangxi and

1443-422: Was charged with banditry and executed. Along with Mao Zedong's hometown, Shaoshan , the Jinggang Mountains is one of the most important sites of the early Communist Revolution. It was celebrated on posters, songs and operas. During the Cultural Revolution , it became a place of pilgrimage for young Red Guards , who took advantage of a nationwide "networking movement". They often made the journey on foot to relive

1482-533: Was expelled from Germany for his role in a number of student protests. Around this time he joined the Chinese Communist Party; Zhou Enlai was one of his sponsors (having sponsors being a condition of probationary membership, the stage before actual membership). In July 1925, after being expelled from Germany, he traveled to the Soviet Union to study military affairs and Marxism at the Communist University of

1521-468: Was left in command of an 800-man-strong force, formerly the Fifth Army. By February, his remaining troops broke up under heavy attack from Wu Shang 's Hunan troops. After the Jiangxi Soviet had established itself in southern Jiangxi, the Jinggang Mountains became the northwestern frontier of Communist operations. Peng Dehuai returned with a much stronger Fifth Army in early 1930, basing himself just north of

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