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84-410: The Jindyworobak Movement was an Australian literary movement of the 1930s and 1940s whose white members, mostly poets, sought to contribute to a uniquely Australian culture through the integration of Indigenous Australian subjects, language and mythology . The movement's stated aim was to "free Australian art from whatever alien influences trammel it" and create works based on an engagement with

168-444: A "white dreaming ", while the landscapes of Ingamells are: "aflame with energy, but they are also uninhabited, save for the ghostly remnants of Aboriginal tribes, and more frequently, the cockatoos and parakeets whose bright colours and raucous cries express both the power and the alien character of the land. There is little that is really social or cultural about this use of an Aboriginal perspective, and no real sense of history." It

252-516: A belief system based on the Dreaming , or Dreamtime, which refers both to a time when ancestral spirits created land and culture, and to the knowledge and practices that define individual and community responsibilities and identity. The arrival of the first British settlers at what is now Sydney in 1788 introduced Western civilisation to the Australian continent. Although Sydney was initially used by

336-465: A concern for the " battler "—forged against the brutalities of the bush. This image was expressed within the works of its bush poets , the most famous of which are Henry Lawson , widely regarded as Australia's finest short-story writer, and Banjo Paterson , author of classics such as " Clancy of the Overflow " (1889) and " The Man From Snowy River " (1890). In a literary debate about the nature of life in

420-564: A convict free region and experienced prosperity from the late nineteenth century. Contact between the Indigenous Australians and the new settlers ranged from cordiality to violent conflict, but the diseases brought by Europeans were devastating to Aboriginal populations and culture. According to the historian Geoffrey Blainey , during the colonial period: "Smallpox, measles, influenza and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another ... The main conqueror of Aborigines

504-593: A decade (1936–1946) in Australia. Anthologies of Jindyworobak material were produced until 1953. Arguably, the movement failed to make a lasting impression, and its erosion signalled the arrival of modernist painting in Australia, as well as jazz . No Indigenous Australians were members of the movement, but it did indirectly spur commercial interest in Indigenous Australian art . Judith Wright wrote in Because I

588-408: A host of American content. The 1956 Melbourne Olympics , the first to be broadcast to the world, announced a confident, prosperous post-war nation, and new cultural icons like Australian country music star Slim Dusty and dadaist Barry Humphries expressed a uniquely Australian identity. Australia's contemporary immigration program has two components: a program for skilled and family migrants and

672-406: A humanitarian program for refugees and asylum seekers. By 2010, the post-war immigration program had received more than 6.5 million migrants from every continent. The population tripled in the six decades to around 21 million in 2010, including people originating from 200 countries. More than 43 per cent of Australians were either born overseas or have one parent who was born overseas. The population

756-450: A kind of pastoral poetry , harking back to an Arcadian idyll which was removed from the early pioneer period, back to the pre-colonisation era. He claims that "they overlooked the fact that Australian novelists have been there before them", but that unlike the Greek original this Australian "Arcadia" is not full of dryads , fauns and happy shepherds but is "haunted and usually overwhelmed by

840-563: A local variant of football, Australian Rules Football , became treasured cultural traditions. The Commonwealth of Australia was founded in 1901, after a series of referendums conducted in the British colonies of Australasia . The Australian Constitution established a federal democracy and enshrined human rights such as sections 41 (right to vote), 80 (right to trial by jury) and 116 (freedom of religion) as foundational principles of Australian law and included economic rights such as restricting

924-480: A majority of seats in the Australian House of Representatives selecting a leader who becomes Prime Minister . Australia remains a constitutional monarchy in which the largely ceremonial and procedural duties of the monarch are performed by a Governor General selected by the Australian government. Australia fought at Britain's side from the outset of World War I and World War II and came under attack from

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1008-437: A national school of Australian poetry". First published in serial form in 1882, Rolf Boldrewood 's Robbery Under Arms is regarded as the classic bushranging novel for its vivid use of the bush vernacular and realistic detail of situations in the Australian bush. Founded in 1880, The Bulletin did much to create the idea of an Australian national character—one of anti-authoritarianism , egalitarianism , mateship and

1092-484: A number of classic comic poems including The Man from Ironbark and The Geebung Polo Club . CJ Dennis wrote humour in the Australian vernacular – notably in The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke . The Dad and Dave series about a farming family was an enduring hit of the early 20th century. The World War I ANZAC troops were said to often display irreverence in their relations with superior officers and dark humour in

1176-464: A pioneer farming family and became immensely popular. Sydney's grand Capitol Theatre opened in 1928 and after restoration remains one of the nation's finest auditoriums. In 1955, Summer of the Seventeenth Doll by Ray Lawler portrayed resolutely Australian characters and went on to international acclaim. That same year, young Melbourne artist Barry Humphries performed as Edna Everage for

1260-540: A porter gaff and tries to persuade me to be a Jindyworobak - that is, a poet who thinks that words from the minute vocabulary of the earth's most primitive race must be used to express Australia". Although "Jindies" concentrated on Australian culture, not all were of Australian origin—for example, William Hart-Smith , who is sometimes connected to the movement, was born in England, and spent most of his life in New Zealand after

1344-502: A source of much art and literature in Australia. In 1984, a group of Pintupi people who were living a traditional hunter-gatherer desert-dwelling life were tracked down in the Gibson Desert and brought into a settlement. They are believed to have been the last uncontacted tribe . While the British cultural influence remained strong into the 21st century, other influences became increasingly important. Australia's post-war period

1428-433: A sunburned country". Early Australian children's literature was also embedded in the bush tradition; perennial favourites include Norman Lindsay 's The Magic Pudding (1918), May Gibbs ' Snugglepot and Cuddlepie (1918) and Dorothy Wall 's Blinky Bill (1933). Significant poets of the early 20th century include Kenneth Slessor , Mary Gilmore and Judith Wright . The nationalist Jindyworobak Movement arose in

1512-477: A traditional story related to him by a Wongaibon man The Australian literary historian Brian Clunes Ross has written on one of the common criticisms of the Jindyworobaks, one that has persisted through the decades, through people of radically different political stripes, namely that of the Jindyworobaks' relationship with Indigenous Australians: Ivor Indyk has suggested that the Jindyworobaks were looking for

1596-416: Is believed that there were between 200 and 300 Australian Aboriginal languages at the time of first European contact, but only about 70 of these have survived and all but 20 are now endangered. An Indigenous language is the main language for 0.25% of the population. Comedy is an important part of the Australian identity. The "Australian sense of humour" is characterised as dry and sarcastic, exemplified by

1680-452: Is highly urbanised, with more than 75% of Australians living in urban centres, largely along the coast though there has been increased incentive to decentralise the population, concentrating it into developed regional or rural areas. Contemporary Australia is a pluralistic society, rooted in liberal democratic traditions and espousing informality and egalitarianism as key societal values. While strongly influenced by Anglo-Celtic origins,

1764-503: Is known as the first Indigenous Australian author. Oodgeroo Noonuccal was the first Aboriginal Australian to publish a book of verse. A significant contemporary account of the experiences of Indigenous Australia can be found in Sally Morgan 's My Place . Contemporary academics and activists including Marcia Langton and Noel Pearson are prominent essayists and authors on Aboriginal issues. Charles Bean ( The Story of Anzac: From

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1848-420: Is largely monolingual with English being the de facto national language . Australian English is a major variety of the language that is immediately distinguishable from British , American , and other national dialects by virtue of its unique accents, pronunciations, idioms and vocabulary, although its spelling more closely reflects British versions rather than American. According to the 2011 census, English

1932-984: Is not mentioned in the works of the Jindyworobaks, so it is hard to say how much of an influence his book Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines had on the movement. Culture of Australia Australian culture is of primarily Western origins, and is derived from its British , Indigenous and migrant components. Indigenous peoples arrived as early as 60,000 years ago, and evidence of Aboriginal art in Australia dates back at least 30,000 years. The British colonisation of Australia began in 1788 and waves of multi-ethnic (primarily Anglo-Celtic ) migration followed shortly thereafter. Several states and territories had their origins as penal colonies , with this convict heritage having an enduring effect on Australian music , cinema and literature . Manifestations of British colonial heritage in Australia include

2016-711: Is the Miles Franklin Award , which is "presented each year to a novel which is of the highest literary merit and presents Australian life in any of its phases". Patrick White won the inaugural award for Voss in 1957; he went on to win the 1973 Nobel Prize in Literature . Peter Carey , Thomas Keneally and Richard Flanagan are recipients of the Booker Prize . Other acclaimed Australian authors include Colleen McCullough , Nevil Shute , Tim Winton , Ruth Park and Morris West . Helen Garner 's 1977 novel Monkey Grip

2100-466: Is the home of Opera Australia and the Sydney Theatre Company . The Bell Shakespeare Company was created in 1990. A period of success for Australian musical theatre came in the 1990s with the debut of musical biographies of Australian music singers Peter Allen ( The Boy From Oz in 1998) and Johnny O'Keefe ( Shout! The Legend of The Wild One ). William Hart-Smith Hart-Smith

2184-422: Is the only language spoken in the home for around 80% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are Mandarin (1.7%), Italian (1.5%), and Arabic (1.4%); almost all migrants speak some English. Australia has multiple sign languages, the most spoken known as Auslan , which in 2004 was the main language of about 6,500 deaf people, and Australian Irish Sign Language with about 100 speakers. It

2268-432: Is thus arguable in certain cases whether the poetry is aiming at an indigenous consciousness in whites or possession of the land, which the Indigenous Australians are seen as being in close contact with. The greatest indigenous influence on the Jindyworobaks was literature which had been taken down by white folklorists and anthropologists. Written, as opposed to transcribed, indigenous literature did not appear in print until

2352-571: Is today the oldest purpose-built theatre on the mainland. The mid-19th-century gold rushes provided funds for the construction of grand theatres in the Victorian style, such as the Princess Theatre in Melbourne, established in 1854. After Federation in 1901, theatre productions evidenced the new sense of national identity. On Our Selection (1912), based on the stories of Steele Rudd , portrays

2436-449: Is widely considered one of Australia's first contemporary novels–she has since written both fiction and non-fiction work. Notable expatriate authors include the feminist Germaine Greer and humourist Clive James . Greer's controversial 1970 nonfiction book The Female Eunuch became a global bestseller and is considered a watershed feminist text. Among the best known contemporary poets are Les Murray and Bruce Dawe . David Unaipon

2520-683: The Adelaide Festival Center began in 1970 and South Australia's Sir Robert Helpmann became director of the Adelaide Festival of Arts. The new wave of Australian theatre debuted in the 1970s as “a new and more realistic look into [Australia’s] beginnings as a nation”. It explored the confrontation in social relations, the use of vernacular language and expressions of masculine social habits in contemporary Australia. The Belvoir St Theatre presented works by Nick Enright and David Williamson . The Sydney Opera House , inaugurated in 1973,

2604-760: The Australian gold rushes of the latter half of the 19th century, but following Federation in 1901, the Parliament instigated the White Australia Policy that gave preference to British migrants and ensured that Australia remained a predominantly Anglo-Celtic society until well into the 20th century. The post- World War II immigration program saw the policy relaxed then dismantled by successive governments, permitting large numbers of non-British Europeans, and later Asian and Middle Eastern migrants to arrive. The Menzies Government (1949-1966) and Holt government maintained

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2688-503: The Outback , and desired to improve the white Australian's understanding and appreciation of them. Other features came into play, among them white Australia's increasing alienation from its European origins; the Depression of the 1930s which recalled the economic troubles of the end of the 19th century; an increasingly urban or suburban Australian population alienated from the wild Australia of

2772-460: The monarch . At least 14,9% of lands in Australia are referred to as Crown land , considered public land . There are many geographic places that have been named in honour of a reigning monarch, including the states of Queensland and Victoria , named after Queen Victoria , with numerous rivers, streets, squares, parks and buildings carrying the names of past or present members of the royal family. Although Australia has no official language, it

2856-560: The 'European' gaze." and shortly after the first Jindyworobak Anthology came out. In 1941, the poet and critic A. D. Hope ridiculed the Jindyworobaks as "the Boy Scout school of poetry", a comment for which he apologised in Native Companions in 1975 saying "some amends are due, I think, to these Jindyworobaks". Others such as R. H. Morrison derided "Jindyworobackwardness". Hal Porter wrote of meeting Rex Ingamells who he said "buys me

2940-549: The 1850s into the 21st century. During the colonial era, distinctive forms of Australian art , music , language and literature developed through movements like the Heidelberg school of painters and the work of bush balladeers like Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson , whose poetry and prose did much to promote an egalitarian Australian outlook which placed a high value on the concept of " mateship ". Games like cricket and rugby were imported from Britain at this time and with

3024-536: The 1850s resulted in exponential population and economic growth, as well as racial tensions and the introduction of novel political ideas; the growing disparity between the prospectors and the established colonial governments culminated in the Eureka Stockade rebellion and the shifting political climate ushered in significant electoral reform, the labour movement, and women's rights ahead of any such changes in other Western countries. Federation occurred in 1901 as

3108-440: The 1920s when David Unaipon , a Christian from Point McLeay mission, South Australia, published a large body of work. Unaipon was publishing into the 1950s, by which time the Jindyworobaks were in decline. Unaipon was the sole published Indigenous Australian writer during their heyday, and indeed it was not until the 1960s that a second was published - Oodgeroo Noonuccal (Kath Walker). Unaipon, despite coming from South Australia,

3192-544: The 1930s and sought to develop a distinctive Australian poetry through the appropriation of Aboriginal languages and ideas. In contrast, the Angry Penguins , centred around Max Harris ' journal of the same name, promoted international modernism . A backlash resulted in the Ern Malley affair of 1943, Australia's most famous literary hoax . The legacy of Miles Franklin , renowned for her 1901 novel My Brilliant Career ,

3276-537: The 1950s, the satirical character creations of Barry Humphries have included housewife "gigastar" Edna Everage and "Australian cultural attaché" Les Patterson , whose interests include boozing, chasing women and flatulence. For his delivery of dadaist and absurdist humour to millions, biographer Anne Pender described Humphries in 2010 as "the most significant comedian to emerge since Charlie Chaplin ". The vaudeville talents of Daryl Somers , Graham Kennedy , Don Lane and Bert Newton earned popular success during

3360-466: The 1960s, at which point full legal equality was established. A 1967 referendum to include all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the national electoral roll census was overwhelmingly approved by voters, signal the beginning of action and organisation at a national level in Aboriginal affairs. Since then, conflict and reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians has been

3444-406: The 1970s onwards. According to Paul James , this consciously created interlock of the image of the multinational corporation with aspects of Australia’s national mythology, has itself over the last decade [the 1970s to 1980s] contributed to the maintenance and evolution of those national themes. But paradoxically, during the same period it has reinforced Australia’s international orientation. When

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3528-428: The 1970s, satirical talk-show host Norman Gunston (played by Garry McDonald), with his malapropisms , sweep-over hair and poorly shaven face, rose to great popularity by pioneering the satirical "ambush" interview technique and giving unique interpretations of pop songs. Roy and HG provide an affectionate but irreverent parody of Australia's obsession with sport. The unique character and humour of Australian culture

3612-404: The 1980s, mainstream rock bands such as Midnight Oil , Goanna and Gondwanaland created Aboriginal-inspired music, echoing the efforts of the Jindyworobaks. A wireegun , a clever-feller, sings That tree. He hums a song, a Mapooram , A song to close things up, or bring things out A song to bring a girl, a woman from that tree from "Mapooram", a poem by Roland Robinson , based on

3696-535: The Australian bush ballad tradition, Kangaroo (1928) by D. H. Lawrence and P. R. Stephensen 's The Foundations of Culture in Australia (1936), and shared a vision similar to that of some of their contemporaries in the arts, such as author Xavier Herbert , artist Margaret Preston and composer John Antill . However, the movement also attracted criticism for being culturally insular and overtly nationalist, and has more recently been described as racist in appropriating Indigenous culture. The Jindyworobak Anthology

3780-579: The Australian colonies federated on 1 January 1901, an official competition for a design for an Australian flag was held. The design that was adopted contains the Union Jack in the left corner, symbolising Australia's historical links to the United Kingdom , the stars of the Southern Cross on the right half of the flag indicating Australia's geographical location, and the seven-pointed Federation Star in

3864-643: The Australian landscape and an "understanding of Australia's history and traditions, primeval, colonial and modern". The movement began in Adelaide , South Australia , in 1937, when Rex Ingamells and other poets founded the Jindyworobak Club. Ingamells outlined the movement's aims in an address entitled On Environmental Values (1937). "Jindyworobak" comes from the Woiwurrung language , formerly spoken around modern-day Melbourne , meaning "to join" or "to annex". It

3948-492: The British as a place of banishment for prisoners, the arrival of the British laid the foundations for Australia's democratic institutions and rule of law, and introduced the long traditions of English literature , Western art and music, and Judeo-Christian ethics and religious outlook which shaped the Australian national culture and identity. The British Empire expanded across the whole continent and established six colonies. The colonies were originally penal colonies, with

4032-448: The Empire of Japan during the latter conflict. These wars profoundly affected Australia's sense of nationhood and a proud military legend developed around the spirit of Australia's ANZAC troops, who came to symbolise the virtues of endurance, courage, ingenuity, good humour, and mateship. The Australian colonies had a period of extensive non-British European and Chinese immigration during

4116-507: The Islands (1958). In Australian cinema , director Charles Chauvel 's vision of Australia, presented in films such as Jedda (1955), has been compared to that of the Jindyworobaks. Musicologist Roger Covell , writing about composer Clive Douglas in 1967, said "if there ever was a musical Jindyworobak, it has been Clive Douglas". John Antill has been described as another "Jindyworobak composer", particularly for his ballet Corroboree . In

4200-469: The Jindyworobaks' aims, and half-jokingly described himself as "the last of the Jindyworobaks". The attitude to Australia presented in Eleanor Dark 's 1941 novel The Timeless Land has been described as very similar to that of the Jindyworobaks. The movement's lingering influence has also been identified in the poetry of Peter Porter , as well as Patrick White 's Voss (1957) and Randolph Stow 's To

4284-638: The Outback etc.; the First World War and the coming of World War II and also the coming of early mass market media in the form of the radio, recordings, newspapers and magazines. Sense of place was particularly important to the Jindyworobak movement. Ingamells produced Colonial Culture as a prose manifesto of the movement, "in response to L. F. Giblin's urging that poets in Australia should portray Australian nature and people as they are in Australia, not with

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4368-684: The Outbreak of War to the End of the First Phase of the Gallipoli Campaign 4 May 191 5, 1921) Geoffrey Blainey ( The Tyranny of Distance , 1966), Robert Hughes ( The Fatal Shore , 1987), Manning Clark (A History of Australia , 1962–87), and Marcia Langton ( First Australians , 2008) are authors of important Australian histories. European traditions came to Australia with the First Fleet in 1788, with

4452-567: The United States became Australia's foremost military ally after the latter. After the Second World War, 6.5 million people settled in Australia from 200 nations, further enriching Australian culture in the process. Over time, as immigrant populations gradually assimilated into Australian life, their cultural and culinary practices became part of mainstream Australian culture. The oldest surviving cultural traditions of Australia—and some of

4536-726: The White Australia Policy but relaxed it, and then the legal barriers to multiracial immigration were dismantled during the 1970s, with the promotion of multiculturalism by the Whitlam and Fraser governments . From the protest movements from the 1930s, with the gradual lifting of restrictions, Indigenous Australians began to develop a unity sense of Aboriginality , maintained by all Aboriginal artists, musicians, sportsmen and writers. However, some States and Territories of Australia retained discriminatory laws relating to voting rights for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people into

4620-540: The bottom left representing the six states and the territories of Australia . Other official flags include the Australian Aboriginal flag , the Torres Strait Islander flag and the flags of the individual states and territories. The Australian Coat of Arms was granted by King George V in 1912 and consists of a shield containing the badges of the six states, within an ermine border. The crest above

4704-406: The bush, Lawson said Paterson was a romantic while Paterson attacked Lawson's pessimistic outlook. C. J. Dennis wrote humour in the Australian vernacular, notably in the verse novel The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke (1915), while Dorothy Mackellar wrote the iconic patriotic poem " My Country " (1908) which rejected prevailing fondness for England's "green and shaded lanes" and declared: "I love

4788-520: The culture of Australia has also been shaped by multi-ethnic migration which has influenced all aspects of Australian life, including business, the arts, cuisine , sense of humour and sporting tastes. Contemporary Australia is also a culture that is profoundly influenced by global movements of meaning and communication, including advertising culture. In turn, globalising corporations from Holden to Exxon have attempted to associate their brand with Australian cultural identity. This process intensified from

4872-592: The early years of Australian television. The variety show Hey Hey It's Saturday screened for three decades. Among the best loved Australian sitcoms was Mother and Son , about a divorcee who had moved back into the suburban home of his mother – but sketch comedy has been the stalwart of Australian television . The Comedy Company , in the 1980s, featured the comic talents of Mary-Anne Fahey , Ian McFadyen , Mark Mitchell , Glenn Robbins , Kym Gyngell and others. Growing out of Melbourne University and The D-Generation came The Late Show (1991–1993), starring

4956-440: The exception of Western Australia and South Australia , which were each established as a "free colony" with no convicts and a vision for a territory with political and religious freedoms, together with opportunities for wealth through business and pastoral investments. However, Western Australia became a penal colony after insufficient numbers of free settlers arrived. Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, grew from its status as

5040-402: The face of battle. Australian comedy has a strong tradition of self-mockery, from the outlandish Barry McKenzie expat-in-Europe ocker comedies of the 1970s, to the quirky outback characters of the "Crocodile" Dundee films of the 1980s, the suburban parody of Working Dog Productions ' 1997 film The Castle and the dysfunctional suburban mother–daughter sitcom Kath & Kim . In

5124-620: The first production being performed in 1789 by convicts. In 1988, the year of Australia's bicentenary , the circumstances of the foundations of Australian theatre were recounted in Timberlake Wertenbaker 's play Our Country's Good . Hobart's Theatre Royal opened in 1837 and is Australia's oldest continuously operating theatre. Inaugurated in 1839, the Melbourne Athenaeum is one of Melbourne's oldest cultural institutions, and Adelaide's Queen's Theatre , established in 1841,

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5208-596: The first time at Melbourne University 's Union Theatre. His satirical stage creations, notably Dame Edna and Les Patterson , became Australian cultural icons. Humphries also achieved success in the US with tours on Broadway and has been honored in Australia and Britain. Founded in Sydney 1958, the National Institute of Dramatic Art boasts famous alumni including Cate Blanchett , Mel Gibson and Hugo Weaving . Construction of

5292-462: The government to acquiring property only "on just terms". The Australian Labor Party was established in the 1890s and the Liberal Party of Australia in 1944, both rising to be the dominant political parties and rivals of Australian politics , though various other parties have been and remain influential. Voting is compulsory in Australia and government is essentially formed by a group commanding

5376-539: The head of state. Women's suffrage in Australia was achieved from the 1890s. Women became eligible to vote in South Australia in 1895. This was the first legislation in the world permitting women to stand for political office and, in 1897, Catherine Helen Spence , an Adelaidean, became the first female political candidate. Though constantly evolving, the key foundations for elected parliamentary government have maintained an historical continuity in Australia from

5460-492: The influential talents Santo Cilauro , Tom Gleisner , Jane Kennedy , Tony Martin , Mick Molloy and Rob Sitch (who later formed Working Dog Productions ); and during the 1980s and 1990s Fast Forward ( Steve Vizard , Magda Szubanski , Marg Downey , Michael Veitch , Peter Moon and others) and its successor Full Frontal , which launched the career of Eric Bana and featured Shaun Micallef . The perceptive wit of Clive James and Andrew Denton has been popular in

5544-475: The office of the Prime Minister's political advisory (spin) department, and The Chaser's War on Everything , which cynically examines domestic and international politics. Actor/writer Chris Lilley has produced a series of award-winning "mockumentary" style television series about Australian characters since 2005. The annual Melbourne International Comedy Festival is one of the largest comedy festivals in

5628-491: The oldest surviving cultural traditions on earth—are those of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, collectively referred to as Indigenous Australians . Their ancestors have inhabited Australia for between 40,000 and 60,000 years, living a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. In 2006, the Indigenous population was estimated at 517,000 people, or 2.5 per cent of the total population. Most Aboriginal Australians have

5712-534: The primacy of the English language and Western Christianity , the institution of constitutional monarchy , a Westminster -style system of democratic parliamentary government, and Australia's inclusion within the Commonwealth of Nations . The American political ideals of constitutionalism and federalism have also played a role in shaping Australia's distinctive political identity. The Australian gold rushes from

5796-427: The result of a burgeoning sense of national unity and identity that had developed over the latter half of the 19th century, hitherto demonstrated in the works of Heidelberg School artists and authors like Banjo Paterson , Henry Lawson , and Dorothea Mackellar . World War I and World War II profoundly impacted Australia, ushering in the heroic ANZAC legend of the former and the geopolitical reorientation in which

5880-456: The shield and helmet is a seven-pointed gold star on a blue and gold wreath, representing the 6 states and the territories. The shield is supported by a red kangaroo and an emu , which were chosen to symbolise a nation moving forward. Green and gold were confirmed as Australia's national colours in 1984, though the colours had been adopted on the uniforms of Australia’s sporting teams long before this. The Golden Wattle ( Acacia pycnantha )

5964-401: The spectres of death and dispossession", i.e. the atrocities, betrayal and misunderstandings of white contact with the natives. He also says of Judith Wright that she is "oppressed by feelings of 'arrogant guilt'. Guilt, as a burden of white history, is felt again in the division between the settlers and the land itself, despoiled by greed and incomprehension", in spite of her trying to inaugurate

6048-624: The styles inherited by Australia's various migrant communities. As the convict era passed—captured most famously in Marcus Clarke 's For the Term of His Natural Life (1874), a seminal work of Tasmanian Gothic —the bush and Australian daily life assumed primacy as subjects. Charles Harpur , Henry Kendall and Adam Lindsay Gordon won fame in the mid-19th century for their lyric nature poems and patriotic verse. Gordon drew on Australian colloquy and idiom; Clarke assessed his work as "the beginnings of

6132-418: The talk-show interview style. Representatives of the "bawdy" strain of Australian comedy include Rodney Rude , Austen Tayshus and Chad Morgan . Rolf Harris helped defined a comic tradition in Australian music . Cynical satire has had enduring popularity, with television series such as Frontline , targeting the inner workings of "news and current affairs" TV journalism, The Hollowmen (2008), set in

6216-435: The works of performing artists like Barry Humphries and Paul Hogan . The convicts of the early colonial period helped establish anti-authoritarianism as a hallmark of Australian comedy. Influential in the establishment of stoic, dry wit as a characteristic of Australian humour were the bush balladeers of the 19th century, including Henry Lawson , author of " The Loaded Dog ". His contemporary, Banjo Paterson , contributed

6300-548: The world, and a popular fixture on the city's cultural calendar. The arts in Australia — film , music , painting , theatre , dance and crafts—have achieved international recognition. While much of Australia's cultural output has traditionally tended to fit with general trends and styles in Western arts, the arts as practised by Indigenous Australians represent a unique Australian cultural tradition, and Australia's landscape and history have contributed to some unique variations in

6384-589: Was Invited in 1975 that the movement had succeeded in bringing poetry into the public arena: Also, many of Australian literature's elder statespeople, some still living today, got their breaks through the Jindyworobak movement. Brian Matthews wrote during the 1980s that: Ackland argues in The Cambridge Companion to Australian Literature that the movement "reactualised debate on Indigenous culture, and promoted local talent in its annual anthologies". Leading Australian poet Les Murray has sympathised with

6468-521: Was a prolific writer of poetry into old age, though many of his later poems have never been collected. He was also a distinguished conchologist, specialising in classifying cowrie shells. He said he had come to Perth from Sydney to find unpolluted water for shelling. He was awarded the ALS Gold Medal in 1960, and won the Patrick White Award in 1987. He died in 1990. This article about

6552-513: Was connected with the Jindyworobak Movement and had some of his work, such as Columbus Goes West (1943), published by them. However he spent only a decade in Australia, returning to New Zealand in 1946. From 1948 to 1954 he taught in adult education. He spent several years in Perth from the late 1960s, associating with younger poets including Andrew Lansdown, Hal Colebatch and Lee Knowles. He

6636-416: Was defined in cartoons by immigrants, Emile Mercier and George Molnar , and in the novel They're a Weird Mob (1957) by John O'Grady , which looks at Sydney through the eyes of an Italian immigrant. Post-war immigration has seen migrant humour flourish through the works of Vietnamese refugee Anh Do , Egyptian-Australian stand-up comic Akmal Saleh and Greek-Australian actor Nick Giannopoulos . Since

6720-428: Was marked by an influx of Europeans who broadened the nation's vision. The Hawaiian sport of surfing was adopted in Australia where a beach culture and the locally developed surf lifesaving movement was already burgeoning in the early 20th century. American pop culture and cinema were embraced in the 20th century, with country music and later rock and roll sweeping Australia, aided by the new technology of television and

6804-553: Was officially proclaimed as the national floral emblem in 1988. Reflecting the country's status as a constitutional monarchy , the Crown remains part of Australian public life, maintaining a visual presence through federal and state coats of arms, charitable and cultural patronage , the names and symbols of public institutions and the governor-general and state governors, who are the monarch's representatives on Australian soil. Some Australian banknotes and all coins bear an image of

6888-494: Was published annually from 1938 to 1953, and the Jindyworobak Review (1948) collected the first ten years of this publication. An extensive history of the movement, The Jindyworobaks , was published in 1979. Starting off as a literary club in Adelaide , South Australia in 1938, the Jindyworobak movement was supported by many Australian artists, poets, and writers. Many were fascinated by Indigenous Australian culture and

6972-478: Was to be disease and its ally, demoralization." Calls for responsible government began to develop; William Wentworth established Australia's first political party in 1835 to demand democratic government for New South Wales and later was central in the establishment of Australia's first parliament . From the 1850s, the colonies set about writing constitutions which produced democratically advanced parliaments as constitutional monarchies with Queen Victoria as

7056-427: Was used by James Devaney in his 1929 book The Vanished Tribes , in which he claims to have sourced it from a 19th-century vocabulary. Ingamells is said to have chosen the word due to its outlandish and symbolic qualities. The name was sometimes shortened to "Jindy", and "Jindys" came to refer to members of the group, which included Nancy Cato , Ian Mudie and Roland Robinson . The Jindyworobaks found inspiration in

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