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33-399: The lowlands of Limbuwan (present-day terai lands of Sunsari , Morang and Jhapa) was collectively known as Morang since the time of King Mawrong of 7th century. In the beginning of 1400 AD, Morang Kingdom patriated from Kingdom of Ilam and Kingdom of Mikluk Bodhey (Choubise) and started ruling on its own. Jhapa is the easternmost district of Nepal and lies in the fertile Terai plains. It

66-553: A Tibeto-Burman ethnic group. ( Nepali :सुनुवार जाति| Sunuwār Jāti ) a Kirati tribe native to Nepal , parts of India ( West Bengal and Sikkim ) and southern Bhutan. They speak the Sunuwar language . According to the 2001 census of Nepal, 17% of the tribe follow the Kirant religion and adopt the Mundhum (Kiranti) culture. The Kõinch's (Sunuwar) number 82,705 in total. The term ‘Kõinchs’

99-655: A Limbuwan federal state in Nepal’s eastern borderland. Eastern Nepal and the dominant ethnic groups of that region are indigenously called Kirat. The land was sub-divided into three regions, namely, the Wallo, Majh and Pallo Kirat. Limbuwan is also called Pallo-kirat 'Further Kirat'. The Ten Kings of Limbus came together to formally declare all the ten kingdoms between the Arun River and Teesta River to be called "Yakthung Laaje". The ten rulers, their kingdoms and their forts: After

132-697: A brief period, Limbu King Mawrong Hang came to prominence and took over Terai lands of Chethar, Bodhey, Panthar, and Ilam (present day Jhapa , Morang Sunsari and Dhankuta ). He named his Kingdom Morang after his name and rose to power. He subdued all the Ten Yakthung Kings of Limbuwan and became their overlord. He died without any male heir and King Uba Hang took over as supreme ruler of Limbuwan in 849 AD- 865 AD. He made many religious and social reforms in Limbuwan. Uba Hang's worthy son Mabo Hang succeeded him in 865 AD and ruled till 880 AD. Uba Hang kept on with

165-470: A new town in the middle of Varatappa and Shangori fort and named it Bijaypur after him. He had no issue and died without an heir. Bijaypur town was founded in 1584 AD and is currently located next to Dharan , Sunsari District. Bijaypur town remained the capital of Morang Kingdom and Limbuwan region until the Limbuwan-Gorkha War in 1774 AD. Morang Kingdom was the most powerful and influential of all

198-551: A year, and mostly during the monsoon season in the summer, and its hilly northern area receives more rainfall than the south. The maximum temperature recorded is 42.5 °C in summer and 1 °C in winter. The lowest elevation point is 58 meters which is the lowest land in Nepal and the highest elevation point is 500 meters from mean sea level. Jhapa consists of 15 administrative divisions including eight municipalities and seven rural municipalities . Each division has wards according to

231-506: Is 1.93%. However, the growth is balanced and in-migration is rapidly increasing day to day into the district. At the time of the 2021 Nepal census , Jhapa District had a population of 994,090 making it the 4th largest district in Nepal after Kathmandu , Morang and Rupandehi . Being at the cross-roads of the eastern hills and the eastern Terai, Jhapa has huge ethnic diversity with 110 castes/ethnic groups represented. The largest communities are Bahun and Chhetri . Other communities include

264-495: Is a movement for regional autonomy. The later arrivals are Newars , Bramhin as missionaries of Hindu religion in the 1790s during the reign of King Prithivi Narayan Shah , Pratap Singh Shah and Rana Bahadur Shah . The Gurungs , Magars and chhetris living in Limbuwan are also later arrivals who came as soldiers of Gorkha King during the Limbuwan Gorkha War in the 1780s. The Madheshi settlers moved north and east from

297-638: Is also the name of the mother tongue. Other terms like Mukhiya or Mukhia are exonyms of the tribe. Sunuwar have their distinct language, religion, culture and social customs. They inhabit the eastern hills of Nepal and Himalayan. They are concentrated along the Molung Khola, Likhu Khola and Khimti Khola (‘Khola’ Indo-Aryan Nepali etymon ‘rivulet’) regions. By administrative division, they dwell in Okhaldhunga , Ramechhap and Dolakha districts of Nepal, politically known as Wallo kirat (‘Near/Hither’), Kirant (in

330-556: Is an area of the Himalayan region historically made up of 10 Limbu kingdoms, now part of eastern Nepal . Limbuwan means "abode of the Limbus" or "Land of the Limbus". Limbuwan was incorporated into the Kingdom of Nepal by means of a collective Gorkha-Limbuwan Treaty with the kings of the ten Limbuwan kingdoms and their ministers. The ten kingdoms formed after the great revolution of Limbuwan in

363-542: Is an important trade point for Nepal. Among 77 districts, Jhapa has a literacy rate of 75.2%, higher than the national average. There are enough primary schools, secondary schools, high schools and colleges available both from private sector and the government. Jhapa district is home to notable personalities including one former prime minister and two former deputy prime ministers. 27°55′03″N 84°11′37″E  /  27.917373°N 84.193726°E  / 27.917373; 84.193726 Limbuwan Limbuwan

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396-512: Is part of the Outer Terai . Jhapa borders with Ilam in the north, Morang in the west, the Indian state of Bihar in the south and the Indian state of West Bengal to the southeast and east. Geographically, it covers an area of 1,606 km (620 sq mi) and lies on 87°39’ east to 88°12’ east longitude and 26°20’ north to 26°50’ north latitude. Jhapa receives 250 to 300 cm of rainfall

429-623: The 6th century. It was collectively decided to name the land by the name of "Limbuwan." The current state of Limbu nation, culture, language and ethnicity is believed to have taken shape during this period. The northern boundary was fixed to be in Tibet , the southern boundary in Jalalgarh in Bihar , the eastern boundary at the river Teesta and the western boundary at the Dudhkoshi River. In modern times,

462-585: The Bhutia Kings of Sikkim. Since then Limbuwan comprises all the area between Arun River and Koshi River in the west to Kunchenjunga Mountains and Mechi River in the east. At the beginning of the 15th century, the descendants of King Sirijonga hang became weak and Limbuwan again fell into chaos and anarchy. At the time, the two Yakthung Ing brothers from Kamrup Assam, had come and proclaimed the independent country of Phedap, Pokblabang and Bijayapur, Morang. The elder brother Sidi Ing became king of Poklabang, Phedap and

495-731: The Gorkhas, they invaded Limbuwan on two fronts. One front was in Chainpur (present-day Sankhuwasabha District ) and the second front was in Bijaypur (present-day Dharan, Sunsari District). Bijaypur was the capital of the Morang the Kingdom of Limbuwan. Archival research for the period 1830 to 1917 reveals that the British administrators were conscious that the Limbus were indigenous to Sikkim. Only small portion of Limbus migrated into Sikkim in 18th century. Following

528-675: The Janajati Limbu and other Kirati peoples , Dalit communities like Kami and Damai, as well as Tamang , Newar and Magar and Adivasi communities like the Rajbanshi/Tajpuriya , Gangai or Ganesh , Santal , Tharu and Dhimal in the Terai. Jhapa borders the Indian state of Bihar to the south and the Indian state of West Bengal to the east. Jhapa is an eastern entry point of Nepal from India. Kakarbhitta-Mechinagar border lies in Jhapa and

561-637: The Kingdoms in Limbuwan region and was able to establish its hegemony among all the other Limbu rulers. But in 1609 AD Sen King Lohang Sen of Sen dynasty captured Morang and ruled it for seven generations. King of Phedap Murray Hang Khebang was made the chief minister of Morong. He stayed in Bijaypur and the King of Morong made his post hereditary. Murray Hang Khebang was given a Hindu name and he became Bidya Chandra Raya. His descendants remained Chief Ministers of Morong until Buddhi Karna Raya Khebang . Buddhi Karna succeeded

594-801: The Limbuwan Gorkha treaty of 1774, Limbuwan was annexed to Nepal. Limbuwan was attacked several times by Sikkim after 1774 AD. Battle of Morong during the British Gurkha war took place in Morong. Limbuwan was divided into present-day administrative districts in Panchayat era by King Mahendra . The original inhabitants of Limbuwan are the Yakthung and Yakkha people From the establishment of Limbuwan, these cultures have maintained their independent identity in Limbuwan coexisting peacefully with each other. Today, there

627-586: The Lowland Limbuwan Kingdom of Morang was King Sangla Ing. After the 17th generations of the King Sidi Ing , got a glorius king Tena Hang. He had seven sons and called them as "Satre Nu hang" or "Sat Raya." Among of them Yen Hang Mukpa Raya was the king of Phedap and the descendants of him goes on "Sambahangphe" Limbus. The 21st descendant of King Sidi Ing, named Aatahang Raya made a treaty with Gorkha king Prithvi Narayan Shah in 1774 A.D. Some of

660-519: The Mithila region in the west, and thus also came during this time to cultivate the terai lands of Limbuwan. Limbus have become minorities, or they have become homeless/landless in their own Homeland due to mass migration. The arrival of the non-limbu settler was part of a policy instituted by Kathmandu encouraging the immigration of Hindus into Limbuwan. Limbus, for their part, were urged to settle these emigrants of their lands. The Limbuwan Gorkha War

693-650: The Sikkimese King, they assembled and decided to leave Limbuwan forever. About 32,000 in number and migrated in three groups. The first group went to Sikkim and settles in Rung, Rhino and Magnesia villages, the second group migrated to Bhutan and settled in Kuching, Tendu, and Jumsa villages and third group migrated to Assam and settles in Beni, Kalchini and other Meche and Koch villages. Sunuwar people The Sunuwar or Koinch are

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726-667: The boundaries of Limbuwan came to rest at the Arun river in the west and Kanchenjunga mountain and the Mechi river in the east. This area covers nine districts: Jhapa, Ilam, Panthar, Taplejung, Morang, Sunsari, Dhankuta, Terhthum and Sankhuwashava. From the time of King Sirijunga Hang to King Mahendra of Nepal, Limbuwan enjoyed the Kipat system of land and semi or full autonomy. A political movement in Nepal has developed which claims to territorial authority for

759-2141: The demographic and geographic size. These are: At the time of the 2011 Nepal census , Jhapa District had a population of 812,650. As first language, 55.7% spoke Nepali , 31.3% Rajbanshi , 5.6% Limbu , 5.5% Maithili , 3.6% Santali , 2.5% Rai , 2.4% Urdu , 2.1% Tamang , 1.5% Newar , 1.5% Tajpuriya , 1.2% Magar , 1.0% Dhimal , 0.8% Tharu , 0.7% Bengali , 0.6% Gurung , 0.5% Meche , 0.4% Bantawa , 0.4% Bhojpuri , 0.4% Hindi , 0.4% Rajasthani , 0.2% Chamling , 0.2% Danuwar , 0.2% Sunuwar , 0.2% Uranw/Urau , 0.1% Bhujel , 0.1% Ganagai , 0.1% Haryanvi , 0.1% Kisan , 0.1% Kulung , 0.1% Kumhali , 0.1% Majhi , 0.1% Sherpa , 0.1% Yakkha and 0.4% other languages. Ethnicity/caste: 23.8% were Hill Brahmin , 15.7% Chhetri , 29.1% Rajbanshi , 8.6% Limbu , 4.5% Rai , 3.8% Satar/ Santal , 3.3% Newar , 3.2% Musalman , 3.0% Kami , 2.9% Tamang , 2.2% Magar , 1.9% Damai /Dholi, 1.5% Tajpuriya , 1.3% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 1.2% Gangai, 1.2% Tharu , 1.1% Dhimal , 0.9% Gharti/ Bhujel , 0.9% Gurung , 0.9% Majhi, 0.7% Teli , 0.6% Sarki , 0.6% Yadav , 0.5% Bengali , 0.5% Marwadi , 0.5% Meche , 0.5% other Terai, 0.4% Terai Brahmin , 0.4% Hajam /Thakur, 0.4% Musahar , 0.3% Danuwar, 0.3% Dhanuk , 0.3% Halwai , 0.3% Kumal , 0.3% Sunuwar , 0.2% Jhangad/Dhagar, 0.2% Kathabaniyan, 0.2% Kurmi , 0.2% Mallaha , 0.2% Sherpa , 0.1% Baraee, 0.1% Chamar /Harijan/Ram, 0.1% Chamling, 0.1% other Dalit , 0.1% Dom , 0.1% Dusadh/ Paswan /Pasi, 0.1% other Janajati , 0.1% Kalwar , 0.1% Kayastha , 0.1% Kewat, 0.1% Khawas, 0.1% Kisan , 0.1% Koche , 0.1% Koiri / Kushwaha , 0.1% Kulung , 0.1% Munda , 0.1% Nuniya, 0.1% Punjabi /Sikh, 0.1% Rajput , 0.1% Sonar , 0.1% Sudhi, 0.1% Tatma/Tatwa, 0.1% Thakuri , 0.1% Yakkha and 0.5% others. Religion: 79.9% were Hindu , 8.3% Kirati , 4.8% Buddhist , 3.2% Muslim , 1.9% Christian , 1.4% Prakriti and 0.3% others. Literacy: 75.0% could read and write, 1.8% could only read and 23.2% could neither read nor write. Jhapa District has average population density of around 619 per square kilometer. The district population growth rate

792-611: The descendants of Yen Hang Mukpa Raya were not in favor of the treaty with Gorkha kings because they wanted to make their own territorial ruling system in great Yakthung Laje . The other brother King Sangla Ing declared independence and became the first independent ruler of Morang in a century. His son Pungla Ing adopted Hinduism and changed his Hindu name into Aamar Raya Ing. He was succeeded by his descendants, who also bore Hindu names. Kirti Narayan Raya Ing, Aap Narayan Raya Ing, Jarai Narayan Raya Ing, Ding Narayan Raya Ing, and Bijay Narayan Raya Ing. King Bijay Narayan Raya Sanlga Ing built

825-502: The end of Sikkim-Gorkha war at Limbuwan, the Gorkha officers started searching Limbus who had sided with the Sikkimese King or Sikkhim Kingdon. To weaken the Limbu collective power, Gorkha officers falsely accused of many Limbus of betraying Gorkha Kingdon; then, they captured, tortured, and executed a huge number of Limbus. Seeing this, all the Limbus who had fought against the Gorkhas by siding with

858-497: The last Sen King of Morang Kama Datta sen and sat in the throne of Bijaypur Palace in 1769 AD. Meanwhile, the Gorkha King Prithivi Narayan Shah was on a campaign to conquer all the hill kingdoms into his Empire. He attacked Limbuwan on two fronts. After the Limbuwan Gorkha War 1771-1774 AD, the Limbu ministers of Morong, and Limbu rulers of the ten principalities came to an agreement with the King of Gorkha. With

891-859: The main agricultural works. Sunuwar people also took part in the Second World War and were known as Gorkhali fighters, as well as honest. Some Sunuwar still join the Nepal Army , Indian Army , Singapore Police Force and British Army . Sunuwar are very rich in culture and traditions. They have hundreds of traditional feasts and festivals with complex rituals and rules. Every traditional feast or festival has its own objectives, characteristics, and system of celebration. Some festivals, such as Shandar Dance in Baisakh Purnima, Shandar (Shyadar-Pidar), Gil puja (Gil-Pidar), and Meserani puja (Meserani-Pidar), are considered more important than others. They celebrate

924-537: The past and also in use among the Kirantis at present) after the fall of the Kirant dynasty (ruling for about 1903 years and 8 months) at the ancient Nepal valley. Wallo Kirant in the past was their Kipat or communal land . The Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal classifies the Sunuwar as a subgroup within the broader social group of Mountain/Hill Janajati. At the time of the Nepal census of 2011, 55,712 people (0.2% of

957-408: The population of Nepal) were Sunuwar. The frequency of Sunuwar by province was as follows: The frequency of Sunuwar was higher than national average (0.2%) in the following districts: Most Sunuwar practice agriculture (approximately 55%). They do so throughout the eastern hills of present-day Nepal. Crop cultivation and cattle farming ( rice , millet , wheat , soybean , potato , and maize ) are

990-411: The reforms his father had started. Uba Hang was succeeded by his son Muda Hang. Muda Hang was a weak ruler so the local chiefs started ruling their areas independently. Muda Hang was succeeded by his son Wedo Hang, by this time Limbuwan was in chaos and every principality was ruling independently and fighting with each other. Wedo hang was murdered and his son Chemjonghang succeeded. During this chaos and

1023-689: The same writing system in Limbu script . He also brought feudal reform in Limbuwan and divided Limbuwan into new boundaries and districts. Eventually after the establishment of Namgyal dynasty in Sikkim and under the Lho-Mehn-Tsong Tsum, a treaty between the Bhutia, Lepcha and Limbu people of the Sikkim area, Limbuwan lost the area between Kangchenjunga range (present-day eastern border of Nepal) and Teesta River to

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1056-453: The waning phase of King Chemjong hang, King Sirijonga of Yangwarok kingdom rose to power. He subdued all the independent rulers and took over as the new supreme ruler of Limbuwan. He built two big forts in Phedap (present-day Terhathum district) and Chainpur (present-day Sankhuwasabha district). The remains of the structure still stand today. One of legacy was that he brought all the Limbus under

1089-467: Was a series of battles fought between the King of Gorkha and the rulers of various principalities of Limbuwan from 1771 to 1774 AD. The war came to an end in 1774 with the Limbuwan Gorkha treaty which recognized Limbu peoples' right to Kipat land in Limbuwan and full autonomy. History of Limbuwan covers the rest of the Limbuwan History. After the conquest of Majh Kirant (Khambuwan /Rai kingdoms) by

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