Vihāra generally refers to a Buddhist temple or Buddhist monastery for Buddhist renunciates , mostly in the Indian subcontinent . The concept is ancient and in early Pali texts, it meant any arrangement of space or facilities for dwellings. The term evolved into an architectural concept wherein it refers to living quarters for monks with an open shared space or courtyard, particularly in Buddhism . The term is also found in Jain monastic literature, usually referring to temporary refuge for wandering monks or nuns during the annual Indian monsoons. In modern Jainism, the monks continue to wander from town to town except during the rainy season ( chaturmasya ), and the term "vihara" refers to their wanderings.
67-707: Jetavana ( lit. ' Jeta's grove ' ) was one of the most famous of the Buddhist monasteries or viharas in India (present-day Uttar Pradesh ). It was the second vihara donated to Gautama Buddha after the Venuvana in Rajgir . The monastery was given to him by his chief male patron, Anathapindika . Jetavana is located just outside the old city of Savatthi . There was also an important vihara named Jetavana in Sri Lanka . Jetavana
134-511: A Jain or Buddhist temple or "dwelling, waiting place" in many medieval era inscriptions and texts, from vi-har which means "to construct". It contrasts with Sanskrit : araṇya or Pali : arañña , which means "forest". In medieval era, the term meant any monastery, particularly for Buddhist monks. Matha is another term for monastery in the Buddhist tradition, today normally used for Hindu establishments. The eastern Indian state of Bihar derives its name from vihāra due to
201-572: A pistachio . The seeds are used as a cooking spice, especially in Indian cuisine . Though they can be eaten raw, they are often toasted or roasted before use, as this intensifies the flavor of any nut or seed. They are commonly used in sweets in India, or ground into powders for thickening and flavoring savory sauces, batters and kormas . Charoli seeds are used in the Ayurveda , Unani , and Siddha systems of medicine. A decoction can be prepared from
268-608: A vihara-pala , the one who managed the vihara, settled disputes, determined sangha's consent and rules, and forced those hold-outs to this consensus. Three early influential monastic fraternities are traceable in Buddhist history. The Mahavihara established by Mahinda was the oldest. Later, in 1st century BCE, King Vattagamani donated the Abhayagiri vihara to his favored monk, which led the Mahavihara fraternity to expel that monk. In 3rd century CE, this repeated when King Mahasena donated
335-498: A centre of Buddhist learning. Reference to five kinds of dwellings (Pancha Lenani) namely, Vihara, Addayoga, Pasada, Hammiya and Guha is found in the Buddhist canonical texts as fit for monks. Of these only the Vihara (monastery) and Guha (Cave) have survived. At some stage of Buddhism, like other Indian religious traditions, the wandering monks of the Sangha dedicated to asceticism and
402-521: A corporation, serving as centers of learning. Other notable monasteries of the Pala Empire were Traikuta, Devikota (identified with ancient Kotivarsa, 'modern Bangarh'), and Pandit Vihara . Excavations jointly conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India and University of Burdwan in 1971–1972 to 1974–1975 yielded a Buddhist monastic complex at Monorampur, near Bharatpur via Panagarh Bazar in
469-651: A few viharas have been unearthed here and the most elaborate is the Shalban Vihara . The complex consists of a fairly large vihara of the usual plan of four ranges of monastic cells round a central court, with a temple in cruciform plan situated in the centre. According to a legend on a seal (discovered at the site) the founder of the monastery was Bhavadeva , a ruler of the Deva dynasty. As Buddhism spread in Southeast Asia, monasteries were built by local kings. The term vihara
536-409: A gateway, with a room over it. Anāthapindika built in the grounds dwelling rooms, retiring rooms, store rooms and service halls, halls with fireplaces, closets, cloisters, halls for exercise, wells, bathrooms, ponds, open and roofed sheds, etc. (Vin.ii.158f). It is said (MA.i.50; UdA.56f) that Anāthapindika paid eighteen crores for the purchase of the site, all of which Jeta spent in the construction of
603-590: A group of monks. It particularly referred to a hall that was used as a temple or where monks met and some walked about. In the context of the performative arts, the term means the theatre, playhouse, convent or temple compound to meet, perform or relax in. Later it referred to a form of temple or monastery construction in Buddhism and Jainism, wherein the design has a central hall and attached separated shrines for residence either for monks or for dieties and sacred figure such as Tirthankaras , Gautama Buddha . The word means
670-496: A gāvuta, while that of the Kassapa Buddha built by Sumangala covered sixteen karīsas. Anāthapindika's monastery covered a space of eighteen karīsas (BuA.2, 47; J.i.94; DA.ii.424). According to a description given by Faxian (Giles, pp. 31, 33), the vihāra was originally in seven sections (storeys?) and was filled with all kinds of offerings, embroidered banners, canopies, etc., and the lamps burnt from dusk to dawn. One day
737-455: A number of small cells. Rock-cut cells are often fitted with rock-cut platforms for beds and pillows. The front wall had one or more entrances, and often a verandah . Later the back wall facing the entrance had a fairly small shrine-room, often reached through an ante-chamber. Initially these held stupas , but later a large sculpted Buddha image , sometimes with reliefs on the walls. The verandah might also have sculpture, and in some cases
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#1732847788860804-455: A place that was both accessible to followers and peacefully secluded, he came across a park belonging to Prince Jeta, the son of King Pasenadi of Kosala . Anathapindika offered to buy the park from the prince but the prince refused, after Anathapindika persisted, the prince jokingly said he will sell him the park if he covers it with gold coins, to which Anathapindika agreed. Anathapindika later came back with wagons full of gold pieces to cover
871-501: A rat, holding in its mouth a lamp wick, set fire to the banners and canopies, and all the seven sections were entirely destroyed. The vihāra was later rebuilt in two sections. There were two main entrances, one on the east, one on the west, and Faxian found thūpas erected at all the places connected with the Buddha, each with its name inscribed. Near Jetavana was evidently a monastery of rival teachers where Ciñcāmānavikā spent her nights as she
938-502: Is an example of a structural monastery with 115 cells, where the lower parts of the brick-built structure have been excavated. Somapura Mahavihara , also in Bangladesh, was a larger vihara, mostly 8th-century, with 177 cells around a huge central temple. Usually the standard form as described above is followed, but there are some variants. Two vihara halls, Cave 5 at Ellora and Cave 11 at Kanheri , have very low platforms running most of
1005-585: Is cognate with the Modern Korean Chǒl from Middle Korean Tiel , the Jurchen Taira and the reconstructed Old Chinese dɘiaʁ , all meaning "Buddhist Monastery". These words are apparently derived from the Aramaic word for " monastery " dērā/ dairā/ dēr (from the root dwr "to live together"), rather than from the unrelated Indian word for monastery vihara , and may have been transmitted to China by
1072-691: Is credited to Emperor Ashoka, and it is a donation to the Ajivikas. According to Johannes Bronkhorst, this created competitive financial pressures on all traditions, including the Hindu Brahmins. This may have led to the development of viharas as shelters for monks, and evolution in the Ashrama concept to agraharas or Hindu monasteries. These shelters were normally accompanied by donation of revenue from villages nearby, who would work and support these cave residences with food and services. The Karle inscription dated to
1139-638: Is distinguished by elaborate gavaksha and railing relief carving around the cell-doors, but especially by having a rounded roof and apsidal far end, like a chaitya hall. The earliest Buddhist rock-cut cave abodes and sacred places are found in the western Deccan dating back to the 3rd century BCE. These earliest rock-cut caves include the Bhaja Caves , the Karla Caves , and some of the Ajanta Caves . Vihara with central shrine containing devotional images of
1206-485: Is increasingly questioned by the discovery of pre-Kushana era Buddha images outside the northwestern territories. Further, states Huntington, "archaeological, literary, and inscriptional evidence" such as those in Madhya Pradesh cast further doubts. Devotional worship of Buddha is traceable, for example, to Bharhut Buddhist monuments dated between 2nd and 1st century BCE. The Krishna or Kanha Cave (Cave 19) at Nasik has
1273-458: Is located in the present-day Indian state of Bihar . According to the Great Chronicle of Buddhas , he spent one week at each of seven successive locations there. During these seven weeks, he did not eat or drink, wash or excrete, or lie down. The specific locations were: The seventh week was passed while sitting under a rājāyatana ( B. cochinchinensis ) tree, where the Buddha enjoyed
1340-483: Is named for Francis Buchanan (1762–1829), a Scottish botanist , explorer, naturalist, and surgeon in the British East India Company . B. cochinchinensis is one of 25 currently accepted species in genus Buchanania . The species was first described as Toluifera cochinchinensis in 1790 by João de Loureiro , a Portuguese Jesuit missionary and botanist. Initially placed in genus Toluifera ,
1407-577: Is of a later date. According to Behrendt, these "must have been the architectural prototype for the later northern and western Buddhist shrines in the Ajanta Caves, Aurangabad , Ellora , Nalanda , Ratnagiri and other sites". Behrendt's proposal follows the model that states the northwestern influences and Kushana era during the 1st and 2nd century CE triggered the development of Buddhist art and monastery designs. In contrast, Susan Huntington states that this late nineteenth and early twentieth century model
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#17328477888601474-732: Is part of the Buddhist pilgrim route in North-India. The most revered place in Jetavana is the Gandhakuti, where Buddha used to stay. Jetavana is located at 27°30′34″N 82°02′24″E / 27.509466°N 82.040073°E / 27.509466; 82.040073 . In Japan the deity Gozu Tenno is considered to have originated as a guardian of Jetavana. He is a central deity of the Gion faith and identified with Susanoo-no-Mikoto . The district Gion where
1541-493: Is preferred. Monks wandering from place to place preaching and seeking alms often stayed together in the sangha . In the Punjabi language , an open space inside a home is called a vehra . In Korea , Japan , Vietnam and China , the word for a Buddhist temple or monastery seems to have a different origin. The Japanese word for a Buddhist temple is Tera ( 寺 ) , it was anciently also written phonetically 天良 tera , and it
1608-453: Is still sometimes used to refer to the monasteries/temples, also known as wat , but in Thailand it also took on a narrower meaning referring to certain buildings in the temple complex. The wihan is a building, apart from the main ubosot (ordination hall) in which a Buddha image is enshrined. In many temples, the wihan serves as a sermon hall or an assembly hall where ceremonies, such as
1675-595: Is the presence of circular corner cells. It is believed that the general layout of the monastic complex at Jagjivanpur is by and large similar to that of Nalanda. Beside these, scattered references to some monasteries are found in epigraphic and other sources. Among them Pullahari (in western Magadha), Halud Vihara (45 km south of Paharpur), Parikramana vihara and Yashovarmapura vihara (in Bihar) deserve mention. Other important structural complexes have been discovered at Mainamati (Comilla district, Bangladesh). Remains of quite
1742-649: Is unclear. Monasteries in the form of caves are dated to centuries before the start of the common era, for Ajivikas , Buddhists and Jainas . The rock-cut architecture found in cave viharas from the 2nd-century BCE have roots in the Maurya Empire period. In and around the Bihar state of India are a group of residential cave monuments all dated to be from pre-common era, reflecting the Maurya architecture. Some of these have Brahmi script inscription which confirms their antiquity, but
1809-407: The kathina , are held. Many of these Theravada viharas feature a Buddha image that is considered sacred after it is formally consecrated by the monks. Buchanania cochinchinensis Buchanania cochinchinensis , commonly known as charoli nut , almondette , Cuddapah almond , calumpong , Hamilton mombin , is a deciduous tree of the cashew family . The charoli tree is native to
1876-416: The sangha . The rules are preceded by stories telling how the Buddha came to lay them down, and followed by explanations and analysis. According to the stories, the rules were devised on an ad hoc basis as the Buddha encountered various behavioral problems or disputes among his followers. Each major early Buddhist tradition had its own variant text of code of discipline for vihara life. Major vihara appointed
1943-466: The Bardhaman district of West Bengal. The date of the monastery may be ascribed to the early medieval period. Recent excavations at Jagjivanpur (Malda district, West Bengal) revealed another Buddhist monastery ( Nandadirghika-Udranga Mahavihara ) of the ninth century. Nothing of the superstructure has survived. A number of monastic cells facing a rectangular courtyard have been found. A notable feature
2010-512: The Deccan in particular, but this is an accident of survival. Originally structural viharas of stone or brick would probably have been at least as common everywhere, and the norm in the south. By the second century BCE a standard plan for a vihara was established; these form the majority of Buddhist rock-cut "caves". It consisted of a roughly square rectangular hall, in rock-cut cases, or probably an open court in structural examples, off which there were
2077-531: The Indian subcontinent , South Central China , and much of Southeast Asia . The charoli tree produces fruit that is edible to humans. The seeds are used as a cooking spice , especially in India. Charoli seeds are also used in the Ayurveda , Unani , and Siddha systems of medicine. The tree grows to about 20 metres (66 feet). Young branches are covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs . The leaves are 10–20 by 6–9 centimetres (3.9–7.9 by 2.4–3.5 inches), broadly oblong with emarginate (slightly indented at
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2144-463: The setthi Punabbasumitta built a monastery extending for a whole league, while for Sikhī Buddha , the setthi Sirivaddha made one covering three gavutas. The Sanghārāma built by Sotthiya for Vessabhū Buddha was half a league in extent, while that erected by Accuta for Kakusandha Buddha covered only one gāvuta. The monastery of the Koṇāgamana Buddha , built by the setthi Ugga, extended for half
2211-426: The wet tropical and tropical rainforest biomes . Though sometimes referred to as the "chironji nut" or "charoli nut", the fruit is actually a type of drupe rather than a true botanical nut . After the hard shell of the drupe is cracked, the stubby seed within is similar in texture to a pine nut . The charoli seed is around 0.6 centimetres (0.24 inches) in length, with a flavor resembling an almond or
2278-441: The 1st century CE donates a cave and nearby village, states Bronkhorst, "for the support of the ascetics living in the caves at Valuraka [Karle] without any distinction of sect or origin". Buddhist texts from Bengal, dated to centuries later, use the term asrama-vihara or agrahara-vihara for their monasteries. Buddhist viharas or monasteries may be described as a residence for monks, a centre for religious work and meditation and
2345-512: The Ajanta Caves. Some of these viharas and temples though evidenced in texts and inscriptions are no longer physically found, likely destroyed in later centuries by natural causes or due to war. As more people joined Buddhist monastic sangha , the senior monks adopted a code of discipline which came to be known in the Pali Canon as the Vinaya texts. These texts are mostly concerned with the rules of
2412-535: The Ambalakotthaka-āsanasālā (J.ii.246). According to Tibetan sources the vihāra was built according to a plan sent by the devas of Tusita and contained sixty large halls and sixty small. The Vinaya-piṭaka (Dulwa in Tibetan) also gives details of the decorative scheme of the vihāra (Rockhill: op. cit.48 and n.2). All these were built by Anāthapindika; there was another large building erected by Pasenadi and called
2479-620: The Anandabodhi (J.iv.228f). Not far from the gateway was a cave which became famous as the Kapallapūvapabbhāra on account of an incident connected with Macchariyakosiya (J.i.348). According to the Divyāvadāna (Dvy.395f), the thūpas of Sāriputta and Moggallāna were in the grounds of Jetavana and existed until the time of Asoka. Both Fa Hien (Giles: p. 33ff) and Houien Thsang (Beal.ii.7ff) give descriptions of other incidents connected with
2546-624: The Buddha often bathed (J.i.329ff.). Is this the Pubbakotthaka referred to at A.iii.345? But see S.v.220; it was near this pond that Devadatta was swallowed up in Avīci (J.iv.158)). The grounds themselves were thickly covered with trees, giving the appearance of a wooded grove (arañña) (Sp.iii.532). On the outskirts of the monastery was a mango-grove (J.iii.137). In front of the gateway was the Bodhi-tree planted by Anāthapindika, which came later to be called
2613-502: The Buddha, dated to about the 2nd century CE are found in the northwestern area of Gandhara , in sites such as Jaulian , Kalawan (in the Taxila area) or Dharmarajika , which states Behrendt, possibly were the prototypes for the 4th century monasteries such as those at Devnimori in Gujarat . This is supported by the discovery of clay and bronze Buddha statues, but it is unclear if the statue
2680-414: The Buddha, which took place in the neighbourhood of Jetavana - e.g., the murder of Sundarikā, the calumny of Ciñcā, Devadatta's attempt to poison the Buddha, etc. The space covered by the four bedposts of the Buddha's Gandhakuti in Jetavana is one of the four avijahitatthānāni; all Buddhas possess the same, though the size of the actual vihāra differs in the case of the various Buddhas. For Vipassī Buddha ,
2747-480: The Jetavana vihara to an individual monk, which led to his expulsion. The Mahinda Mahavihara led to the orthodox Theravada tradition. The Abhayagiri vihara monks, rejected and criticized by the orthodox Buddhist monks, were more receptive to heterodox ideas and they nurtured the Mahayana tradition. The Jetavana vihara monks vacillated between the two traditions, blending their ideas. A range of monasteries grew up during
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2814-534: The Pāla period in ancient Magadha (modern Bihar) and Bengal. According to Tibetan sources, five great mahaviharas stood out: Vikramashila , the premier university of the era; Nalanda , past its prime but still illustrious, Somapura , Odantapurā , and Jagaddala . According to Sukumar Dutt, the five monasteries formed a network, were supported and supervised by the Pala state. Each of the five had their own seal and operated like
2881-535: The Salalaghara (DA.ii.407). Over the gateway lived a guardian deity to prevent all evildoers from entering (SA.i.239). Just outside the monastery was a rājāyatana tree, the residence of the god Samiddhisumana (Mhv.i.52f; MT 105; but see DhA.i.41, where the guardian of the gateway is called Sumana). In the grounds there seems to have been a large pond which came to be called the Jetavanapokkharanī. (AA.i.264; here
2948-555: The abundance of Buddhist monasteries in that area. The word has also been borrowed in Malay as biara , denoting a monastery or other non-Muslim place of worship. It is called a wihan ( วิหาร ) in Thai , and vĭhéar ( វិហារ [ʋihiə] ) in Khmer . In Burmese , wihara ( ဝိဟာရ [wḭhəɹa̰] ), means "monastery", but the native Burmese word kyaung ( ကျောင်း [tɕáʊɰ̃] )
3015-594: The ancient (6th century AD) accounts of Chinese pilgrim-monks to determine that Sahet-Mahet actually referred to Jetavana and Savatthi . Jetavana is currently a historical park, with remains of many ancient buildings such as monasteries, huts (such as the Gandhakuti and the Kosambakuti ) and stupas . In Jetavana is also located the second-holiest tree of Buddhism: the Anandabodhi Tree . A visit to Savatthi and Jetavana
3082-409: The bark of the stem or the leaves, to be used as a treatment for indigestion , mumps , impotence , spermatorrhea , heavy menstrual bleeding , diarrhea , or snakebite . This can also be used as an expectorant , aphrodisiac , or a laxative . The leaves can be crushed and applied to burns and wounds. The species is not commercially cultivated in India. The fruit is collected by local people from
3149-581: The bliss of his newly attained buddhahood . Upon the completion of this sattasattāha , several important "firsts" in Buddhism took place at the rājāyatana tree at Bodh Gaya, including: According to Burmese folklore, Tapussa and Bhallika (the two passing merchants who became the Buddha's first lay disciples) later returned to their home in Okkalapa ( Lower Burma ), where they built a cetiya on Singuttara Hill (the Shwedagon Pagoda ), where they enshrined
3216-401: The central hall with connected cells, and it is generally dated to about the 1st century BCE. The early stone viharas mimicked the timber construction that likely preceded them. Inscriptional evidence on stone and copper plates indicate that Buddhist viharas were often co-built with Hindu and Jain temples. The Gupta Empire era witnessed the building of numerous viharas, including those at
3283-441: The centre of the back wall, containing a stupa in early examples, or a Buddha statue later. Typical large sites such as the Ajanta Caves , Aurangabad Caves , Karli Caves , and Kanheri Caves contain several viharas. Some included a chaitya or worship hall nearby. The vihara originated as a shelter for monks when it rains. The word means a form of rest house, temple or monastery in ascetic traditions of India, particularly for
3350-399: The day in one and the night in the other (SNA.i.336). Following Anathapindika's first encounter with the Buddha, he requested to offer him a meal, which the Buddha accepted, and then asked to build a temple for him and his monks in his hometown of Savatthi, to which the Buddha agreed. Shortly after, Anathapindika went back to Savatthi to search for a place to build the monastery. Looking for
3417-454: The faith is centered is the Japanese translation (via Chinese Qiyuan ) of the Buddhist term Jetavana. Vihara Vihara or vihara hall has a more specific meaning in the architecture of India , especially ancient Indian rock-cut architecture . Here it means a central hall, with small cells connected to it, sometimes with beds carved from the stone. Some have a shrine cell set back at
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#17328477888603484-509: The first Central Asian translators of Buddhist scriptures, such as An Shigao or Lokaksema . During the 3rd-century BCE era of Ashoka , vihara yatras were travel stops aimed at enjoyments, pleasures and hobbies such as hunting. These contrasted with dharma yatras which related to religious pursuits and pilgrimage. After Ashoka converted to Buddhism, states Lahiri, he started dharma yatras around mid 3rd century BCE instead of hedonistic royal vihara yatras . The early history of viharas
3551-537: The forests and sold directly to the local markets. With a potential annual production of 5000 metric tonnes, Chhattisgarh is the highest-producing state in India for charoli fruit. Leafhoppers , mealybugs , and bark-eating caterpillars ( Indarbela spp.) are important pests of B. cochinchinensis , while gummosis and powdery mildew represent important pathogens. Circa 588 BCE, the 35-year-old Siddhartha Gautama stayed for seven weeks (7x7 days = 49 days = 1 sattasattāha ) at Uruvela (modern Bodh Gaya ), which
3618-572: The gateway gifted by him. (The gateway was evidently an imposing structure; see J.ii.216). Jeta gave, besides, many valuable trees for timber. Anāthapindika himself spent fifty-four crores in connection with the purchase of the park and the buildings erected in it. The ceremony of dedication was one of great splendour. Not only Anāthapindika himself, but his whole family took part: his son with five hundred other youths, his wife with five hundred other noble women, and his daughters Mahā Subhaddā and Cūla Subhaddā with five hundred other maidens. Anāthapindika
3685-562: The inscriptions were likely added to pre-existing caves. The oldest layer of Buddhist and Jain texts mention legends of the Buddha, the Jain Tirthankaras or sramana monks living in caves. If these records derived from an oral tradition accurately reflect the significance of monks and caves in the times of the Buddha and the Mahavira, then cave residence tradition dates back to at least the 5th century BCE. According to Allchin and Erdosy,
3752-638: The legend of First Buddhist Council is dated to a period just after the death of the Buddha. It mentions monks gathering at a cave near Rajgiri, and this dates it in pre-Mauryan times. However, the square courtyard with cells architecture of vihara , state Allchin and Erdosy, is dated to the Mauryan period. The earlier monastic residences of Ajivikas, Buddhists, Hindus, and Jains were likely outside rock cliffs and made of temporary materials and these have not survived. The earliest known gift of immovable property for monastic purposes ever recorded in an Indian inscription
3819-454: The length of the main hall. These were probably used as some combination of benches or tables for dining, desks for study, and possibly beds. They are often termed "dining-hall" or the " Durbar Hall " at Kanheri, on no good evidence. Cave 11 at the Bedse Caves is a fairly small 1st-century vihara, with nine cells in the interior and originally four around the entrance, and no shrine room. It
3886-428: The monastic life, wandered from place to place. During the rainy season (cf. vassa ) they stayed in temporary shelters. In Buddhist theology relating to rebirth and merit earning, it was considered an act of merit not only to feed a monk but also to shelter him, sumptuous monasteries were created by rich lay devotees. The only substantial remains of very early viharas are in the rock-cut complexes, mostly in north India,
3953-540: The names of both earlier and later owners might be recorded and that people might be reminded of two men, both very generous in the cause of the Religion, so that others might follow their example. The vihāra is sometimes referred to as Jetārāma (E.g., Ap.i.400). Some of the chief buildings attached to the Jetavana are mentioned in the books by special names, viz., Mahāgandhakuti, Kaverimandalamāla, Kosambakuti and Candanamāla. SNA.ii.403. Other buildings are also mentioned - e.g.,
4020-514: The park with. When Prince Jeta stated that he was merely joking and still would not sell the park, Anathapindika and the prince went to arbitrators who concluded that Prince Jeta had to sell the park at the mentioned price. The money brought in the first journey was found insufficient to cover one small spot near the gateway. So Anāthapindika sent his servants back for more, but Jeta, inspired by Anāthapindika's earnestness, asked to be allowed to give this spot. Anāthapindika agreed and Jeta erected there
4087-500: The species was later included in multiple other genera, including Glycosmis , Lanzana , Loureira , Lundia , Mangifera , and Spondias . The species was most recently reclassified as Buchanania cochinchinensis in 1996. The charoli tree is native to Bangladesh , Cambodia , China (south-central and Hainan ), India , Laos , Myanmar , Nepal , Thailand , Vietnam , and the Western Himalayas . It grows primarily in
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#17328477888604154-420: The tip) apices and rounded bases. The flowers are white and 0.3–0.4 centimetres (0.12–0.16 inches) in diameter. The drupes are 0.4–1 centimetre (0.16–0.39 inches) in diameter and subglobose (inflated, but not quite spherical) in shape. When ripe, they are stone hard and reddish-purple in color. Flowering occurs March–April, and the fruit is generally harvested in the months of April to June. Genus Buchanania
4221-438: The walls of the main hall. Paintings were perhaps more common, but these rarely survive, except in a few cases such as Caves 2, 10, 11 and 17 at the Ajanta Caves . As later rock-cut viharas are often on up to three storeys, this was also probably the case with the structural ones. As the vihara acquired a central image, it came to take over the function of the chaitya worship hall, and eventually these ceased to be built. This
4288-498: Was attended by five hundred bankers. The festivities in connection with the dedication lasted for nine months (J.i.92ff). The vihāra is almost always referred to as Jetavane Anāthapindikassa ārāma ( Pali , meaning: in Jeta Grove, Anathapindika's Monastery). The Commentaries (MA.ii.50; UdA.56f, etc.) say that this was deliberate (at the Buddha's own suggestion pp. 81–131; Beal: op. cit., ii.5 and Rockhill: p. 49), in order that
4355-618: Was despite the rock-cut vihara shrine room usually offering no path for circumambulation or pradakshina , an important ritual practice. In early medieval era, Viharas became important institutions and a part of Buddhist Universities with thousands of students, such as Nalanda . Life in "Viharas" was codified early on. It is the object of a part of the Pali canon , the Vinaya Pitaka or "basket of monastic discipline". Shalban Vihara in Bangladesh
4422-470: Was hatching her paternity-fraud smear campaign against the Buddha. There seems to have been a playground just outside Jetavana used by the children of the neighbourhood, who, when thirsty, would go into Jetavana to drink (DhA.iii.492). The high road to Sāvatthi passed by the edge of Jetavana, and travellers would enter the park to rest and refresh themselves. The remains of Jetavana and Savatthi were locally known as Sahet-Mahet. Alexander Cunningham used
4489-481: Was the place where the Buddha gave the majority of his teachings and discourses, having stayed at Jetavana nineteen out of 45 vassas , more than in any other monastery. It is said that after the Migāramātupāsāda, a second vihara erected at Pubbarama close to Savatthi was built by the Buddha's chief female lay disciple, Visakha , the Buddha would dwell alternately between Jetavana and Migāramātupāsāda, often spending
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