48-584: Jeryl Lynn are strains of mumps virus used in the Mumpsvax mumps vaccine made by Merck . The strains are named after Jeryl Lynn Hilleman . In 1963, Jeryl's father, Maurice Hilleman , was leading efforts to produce a mumps vaccine for Merck. He cultured the mumps virus from her throat, and in 1967 a vaccine was produced which is now widely used. The Jeryl Lynn strains used in the manufacture of Mumpsvax later turned out to contain two distinguishable viral substrains, JL1 and JL2 . Further research showed that
96-503: A COVID‑19 vaccine candidate to boost its immunogenicity and efficacy to reduce or prevent COVID‑19 infection in vaccinated individuals. Adjuvants used in COVID‑;19 vaccine formulation may be particularly effective for technologies using the inactivated COVID‑19 virus and recombinant protein-based or vector-based vaccines. Aluminum salts, known as " alum ", were the first adjuvant used for licensed vaccines and are
144-460: A decade to develop. In contrast, mRNA is a molecule that can be made quickly, and research on mRNA to fight diseases was begun decades before the COVID‑19 pandemic by scientists such as Drew Weissman and Katalin Karikó , who tested on mice. Moderna began human testing of an mRNA vaccine in 2015. Viral vector vaccines were also developed for the COVID‑19 pandemic after the technology
192-499: A majority of the population they decrease complications at the population level. Effectiveness when 90% of a population is vaccinated is estimated at 85%. Two doses are required for long term prevention. The initial dose is recommended between 12 and 18 months of age. The second dose is then typically given between two years and six years of age. Usage after exposure in those not already immune may be useful. Side effects are generally mild. It may cause mild pain and swelling at
240-489: A result, during World War II (1939-1945), the United States government targeted mumps for scientific research. The first experimental mumps vaccine was licensed in 1948; developed from inactivated virus, it only had short-term effectiveness. Improved vaccines became commercially available in the 1960s. In 1963, Maurice Hilleman of Merck & Co. took samples of the mumps virus from his daughter, who had contracted
288-850: A robust T-cell response and their genes are more conserved and recombine less frequently (compared to Spike). Future generations of COVID‑19 vaccines that may target more conserved genomic regions will also act as insurance against the manifestation of catastrophic scenarios concerning the future evolutionary path of SARS-CoV-2, or any similar coronavirus epidemic/pandemic. Platforms developed in 2020 involved nucleic acid technologies ( nucleoside-modified messenger RNA and DNA ), non-replicating viral vectors , peptides , recombinant proteins , live attenuated viruses , and inactivated viruses . Many vaccine technologies being developed for COVID‑19 are not like influenza vaccines but rather use "next-generation" strategies for precise targeting of COVID‑19 infection mechanisms. Several of
336-474: A second intranasal vaccine as a booster, trade name Pneucolin . Aivita Biomedical is developing an experimental autologous dendritic cell COVID‑19 vaccine kit where the vaccine is prepared and incubated at the point-of-care using cells from the intended recipient. The vaccine is undergoing small phase I and phase II clinical studies. A universal coronavirus vaccine would be effective against all coronaviruses and possibly other viruses. The concept
384-505: A spike ferritin-based nanoparticle (SpFN). This vaccine began a Phase I clinical trial in April 2022. Results of this trial were published in May 2024. Other universal vaccines that have entered clinical trial include OVX033 (France), PanCov (France), pEVAC-PS (UK), and VBI-2902 (Canada). Another strategy is to attach vaccine fragments from multiple strains to a nanoparticle scaffold. One theory
432-470: A two-dose immunization of MMR. While the initial vaccine in the 1940s was based on inactivated virus, subsequent preparations since the 1960s consist of live virus that has been weakened. Mumps vaccine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . There are a number of different types in use as of 2007. Mumpsvax is Merck 's brand of Jeryl Lynn strain vaccines. It
480-510: Is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID‑19 ). Before the COVID‑19 pandemic , an established body of knowledge existed about the structure and function of coronaviruses causing diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) and Middle East respiratory syndrome ( MERS ). This knowledge accelerated
528-469: Is a component of Merck's three-virus MMR vaccine , and is the mumps vaccine standard in the United States. Mumpsvax is given by a subcutaneous injection of live virus reconstituted from freeze-dried ( lyophilized ) vaccine. Production of Mumpsvax as a stand-alone product ceased in 2009. The cells used in culture, virus stocks used, and animal fluids are all screened for extraneous material as part of
SECTION 10
#1732854583611576-498: Is that a broader range of strains can be vaccinated against by targeting the receptor-binding domain, rather than the whole spike protein . As of September 2020 , eleven of the vaccine candidates in clinical development use adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity. An immunological adjuvant is a substance formulated with a vaccine to elevate the immune response to an antigen , such as the COVID‑19 virus or influenza virus. Specifically, an adjuvant may be used in formulating
624-641: Is the same as Convidecia's only dose. In August 2021, the developers of Sputnik V proposed, in view of the Delta case surge, that Pfizer test the Ad26 component (termed its 'Light' version) as a booster shot. Inactivated vaccines consist of virus particles that are grown in culture and then killed using a method such as heat or formaldehyde to lose disease-producing capacity while still stimulating an immune response. Inactivated virus vaccines authorized in China include
672-459: The Janssen COVID‑19 vaccine , and vaccines with three-dose schedules, Razi Cov Pars and Soberana . However, immunity from the vaccines has been found to wane over time, requiring people to get booster doses of the vaccine to maintain protection against COVID‑19. The COVID‑19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the spread of COVID‑19 and reducing
720-529: The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID‑19 vaccine , the Sputnik V COVID‑19 vaccine , Convidecia , and the Janssen COVID‑19 vaccine . Convidecia and Janssen are both one-shot vaccines that offer less complicated logistics and can be stored under ordinary refrigeration for several months. Sputnik V uses Ad26 for its first dose, which is the same as Janssen's only dose, and Ad5 for the second dose, which
768-413: The nasal mucosa , which is a portal for viral entry into the body. These vaccines are designed to stimulate nasal immune factors , such as IgA . In addition to inhibiting the virus, nasal vaccines provide ease of administration because no needles (or needle phobia ) are involved. A variety of intranasal COVID‑19 vaccines are undergoing clinical trials. The first authorised intranasal vaccine
816-882: The Chinese CoronaVac and the Sinopharm BIBP and WIBP vaccines; there is also the Indian Covaxin , the Russian CoviVac , the Kazakh vaccine QazVac , and the Iranian COVIran Barekat . Vaccines in clinical trials include the Valneva COVID‑;19 vaccine . Subunit vaccines present one or more antigens without introducing whole pathogen particles. The antigens involved are often protein subunits , but they can be any molecule fragment of
864-773: The European Union. Authorized vaccines of this type include the Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. The CVnCoV RNA vaccine from CureVac failed in clinical trials. Severe allergic reactions are rare. In December 2020, 1,893,360 first doses of Pfizer–BioNTech COVID‑19 vaccine administration resulted in 175 cases of severe allergic reactions, of which 21 were anaphylaxis . For 4,041,396 Moderna COVID‑19 vaccine dose administrations in December 2020 and January 2021, only ten cases of anaphylaxis were reported. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) were most likely responsible for
912-592: The JL1 strain was preferentially selected by propagation in Vero and chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell cultures . The JL2 strain was preferentially selected by passage in embryonated chicken eggs. In the US, the Jeryl Lynn strain-based vaccines supplanted the previous, killed virus, vaccine in 1978. Mumpsvax Mumps vaccines are vaccines which prevent mumps . When given to
960-495: The MR (measles and rubella) mixed vaccine. No UK-licensed monovalent preparation was ever available. Monovalent mumps vaccines were available before MMR, but only used on a limited scale. This became the subject of considerable argument at the end of the 20th century, since some parents preferred to obtain individually the components of the MMR mixture. One mumps vaccine preparation imported into
1008-585: The United Kingdom and unlicensed, proved to be essentially ineffective. Immunisation against mumps in the UK became routine in 1988, commencing with MMR. The Aventis-Pasteur "MMR-2" brand is usual in the UK in 2006 . The cold chain is a major consideration in vaccination, particularly in less-developed countries. Mumps vaccines are normally refrigerated, but have a long half-life of 65 days at 23 degrees Celsius. COVID-19 vaccine A COVID‑19 vaccine
SECTION 20
#17328545836111056-498: The United States beginning in fall 2024 should be monovalent JN.1 vaccines. Since January 2020, vaccine development has been expedited via unprecedented collaboration in the multinational pharmaceutical industry and between governments. Multiple steps along the entire development path are evaluated, including: There have been several unique challenges with COVID‑19 vaccine development. Public health programs have been described as "[a] race to vaccinate individuals" with
1104-504: The adjuvant of choice in some 80% of adjuvanted vaccines. The alum adjuvant initiates diverse molecular and cellular mechanisms to enhance immunogenicity, including the release of proinflammatory cytokines. In June 2024, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advised the manufacturers of the licensed and authorized COVID-19 vaccines that the COVID-19 vaccines (2024-2025 Formula) for use in
1152-430: The allergic reactions. These vaccines are examples of non-replicating viral vector vaccines using an adenovirus shell containing DNA that encodes a SARS‑CoV‑2 protein. The viral vector-based vaccines against COVID‑19 are non-replicating, meaning that they do not make new virus particles but rather produce only the antigen that elicits a systemic immune response. Authorized vaccines of this type include
1200-461: The body how to identify and destroy the corresponding pathogen. RNA vaccines often use nucleoside-modified messenger RNA . The delivery of mRNA is achieved by a coformulation of the molecule into lipid nanoparticles , which protect the RNA strands and help their absorption into the cells. RNA vaccines are the first COVID‑19 vaccines to be authorized in the United Kingdom, the United States, and
1248-436: The development of various vaccine platforms in early 2020. The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic, often severe, illness. In 2020, the first COVID‑19 vaccines were developed and made available to the public through emergency authorizations and conditional approvals. Initially, most COVID‑19 vaccines were two-dose vaccines, with the exception single-dose vaccines Convidecia and
1296-423: The disease; she became the namesake for the resulting Jeryl Lynn strain. Building on then-recent advances that had led to vaccines for polio and measles , the mumps virus strains were developed in embryonic hens' eggs and chick embryo cell cultures. The resulting strains of virus were less well-suited for human cells, and are thus said to be attenuated . They are sometimes referred to as neuroattenuated in
1344-495: The doses purchased by high-income countries comprising 14% of the world's population. Despite the extremely rapid development of effective mRNA and viral vector vaccines , worldwide vaccine equity has not been achieved. The development and use of whole inactivated virus (WIV) and protein-based vaccines have also been recommended, especially for use in developing countries . The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1392-521: The elderly, children, pregnant women , and people with weakened immune systems . Several COVID‑19 vaccines, such as the Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, use RNA to stimulate an immune response. When introduced into human tissue, the vaccine contains either self-replicating RNA or messenger RNA (mRNA), which both cause cells to express the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein . This teaches
1440-429: The family Coronaviridae that affect humans have been aimed at severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Vaccines against SARS and MERS have been tested in non-human animals . According to studies published in 2005 and 2006, the identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat SARS was a priority for governments and public health agencies around
1488-513: The immune system and lessen the severity of COVID‑19 infections. There is experimental evidence that the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis has non-specific effects on the immune system, but there is no evidence that this vaccine is effective against COVID‑19. Most coronavirus vaccines are administered by injection, with further vaccine delivery methods being studied for future coronavirus vaccines. Intranasal vaccines target mucosal immunity in
Jeryl Lynn - Misplaced Pages Continue
1536-540: The injection site, fatigue, headache, myalgia (muscle pain), and arthralgia (joint pain), which resolve without medical treatment within a few days. COVID‑19 vaccination is safe for people who are pregnant or are breastfeeding. As of 12 August 2024 , 13.72 billion doses of COVID‑19 vaccines have been administered worldwide, based on official reports from national public health agencies . By December 2020, more than 10 billion vaccine doses had been preordered by countries, with about half of
1584-512: The pathogen. The authorized vaccines of this type include the peptide vaccine EpiVacCorona , ZF2001 , MVC-COV1901 , Corbevax , the Sanofi–GSK vaccine , and Soberana 02 (a conjugate vaccine ). Bimervax (selvacovatein) was approved for use as a booster vaccine in the European Union in March 2023. The V451 vaccine was in clinical trials that were terminated after it was found that
1632-399: The platforms of vaccine candidates in clinical trials are focused on the coronavirus spike protein (S protein) and its variants as the primary antigen of COVID‑19 infection, since the S protein triggers strong B-cell and T-cell immune responses. However, other coronavirus proteins are also being investigated for vaccine development, like the nucleocapsid , because they also induce
1680-479: The sense that these strains are less virulent to human neurons than the wild strains. Hilleman's work led to the first effective mumps vaccine, called Mumpsvax. Licensed in 1967, its four-year development set a record for fastest development of a new vaccine, a record later surpassed by the COVID-19 vaccine , which was developed in less than a year. Vaccination against mumps did not become routine until Mumpsvax
1728-548: The severity and death caused by COVID‑19. According to a June 2022 study, COVID‑19 vaccines prevented an additional 14.4 to 19.8 million deaths in 185 countries and territories from 8 December 2020 to 8 December 2021. Many countries implemented phased distribution plans that prioritized those at highest risk of complications, such as the elderly, and those at high risk of exposure and transmission, such as healthcare workers. Common side effects of COVID‑19 vaccines include soreness, redness, rash, inflammation at
1776-410: The site of injection and mild fever. More significant side effects are rare. Evidence is insufficient to link the vaccine to complications such as neurological effects. The vaccine should not be given to people who are pregnant or have very poor immune system function . Poor outcomes among children of mothers who received the vaccine during pregnancy, however, have not been documented. Even though
1824-413: The synthetic vaccines use a 2P mutation to lock the spike protein into its prefusion configuration, stimulating an adaptive immune response to the virus before it attaches to a human cell. Vaccine platforms in development may improve flexibility for antigen manipulation and effectiveness for targeting mechanisms of COVID‑19 infection in susceptible population subgroups, such as healthcare workers,
1872-514: The vaccine as part of their immunization programs. In areas where widespread vaccination is carried out it has resulted in a more than 90% decline in rates of disease. Almost half a billion doses of one variety of the vaccine has been given. In the mid-twentieth century, mumps infections among children were not viewed as a serious public health issue, but adult men may develop debilitating testicular inflammation, which posed particular difficulty among close-quartered soldiers during wartime. As
1920-447: The vaccine is developed in chicken cells, it is generally safe to give to those with egg allergies . Most of the developed world and many countries in the developing world include it in their immunization programs often in combination with measles and rubella vaccine known as MMR . A formulation with the previous three and the varicella (chickenpox) vaccine known as MMRV is also available. As of 2005, 110 countries provided
1968-615: The vaccine may potentially cause incorrect results for subsequent HIV testing. The authorized vaccines of this type include the Novavax COVID‑19 vaccine . Additional types of vaccines that are in clinical trials include multiple DNA plasmid vaccines , at least two lentivirus vector vaccines, a conjugate vaccine , and a vesicular stomatitis virus displaying the SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein. Scientists investigated whether existing vaccines for unrelated conditions could prime
Jeryl Lynn - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-505: The vaccine production. They are grown in Medium 199 (a solution containing buffered salt, vitamins, amino acids, fetal bovine serum) with SPGA (sucrose, phosphate, glutamate, human serum albumin ) and neomycin . The human albumin processing uses the Cohn cold ethanol fractionation method. Monovalent mumps vaccine (Mumpsvax) remained available in the US when MMR was introduced in the UK, replacing
2064-720: The world at that time. There is no cure or protective vaccine proven to be safe and effective against SARS in humans. There is also no proven vaccine against MERS. When MERS became prevalent, it was believed that existing SARS research might provide a useful template for developing vaccines and therapeutics against a MERS-CoV infection. As of March 2020, there was one (DNA-based) MERS vaccine that completed Phase I clinical trials in humans, and three others in progress, all being viral-vectored vaccines: two adenoviral-vectored (ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac) and one MVA -vectored (MVA-MERS-S). Vaccines that use an inactive or weakened virus that has been grown in eggs typically take more than
2112-497: Was Razi Cov Pars in Iran at the end of October 2021. The first viral component of Sputnik V vaccine was authorised in Russia as Sputnik Nasal in April 2022. In September 2022, India and China approved two nasal COVID‑19 vaccines ( iNCOVACC and Convidecia ), which may (as boosters) also reduce transmission (potentially via sterilizing immunity). In December 2022, China approved
2160-586: Was awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. Prior to COVID‑19, a vaccine for an infectious disease had never been produced in less than several years – and no vaccine existed for preventing a coronavirus infection in humans. However, vaccines have been produced against several animal diseases caused by coronaviruses, including (as of 2003) infectious bronchitis virus in birds, canine coronavirus , and feline coronavirus . Previous projects to develop vaccines for viruses in
2208-453: Was included in Merck's combined MMR vaccine , which targeted measles and rubella along with mumps. MMR was licensed in 1971, and 40 percent of American children had received the combined vaccine by 1974. In 1977, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended mumps immunization (as part of MMR) for all children over 12 months of age, and in 1998, CDC began recommending
2256-491: Was previously cleared for Ebola. As multiple COVID‑19 vaccines have been authorized or licensed for use, real-world vaccine effectiveness (RWE) is being assessed using case control and observational studies. A study is investigating the long-lasting protection against SARS-CoV-2 provided by the mRNA vaccines. As of July 2021, at least nine different technology platforms were under research and development to create an effective vaccine against COVID‑19. Most of
2304-525: Was publicly endorsed by NIAID director Anthony Fauci , virologist Jeffery K. Taubenberger , and David M. Morens. In March 2022, the White House released the "National COVID‑19 Preparedness Plan", which recommended accelerating the development of a universal coronavirus vaccine. One attempt at such a vaccine is being developed at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research . It uses
#610389