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67-723: Jens Stoltenberg ( Norwegian: [jɛns ˈstɔ̀ɫtn̩bærɡ] ; born 16 March 1959) is a Norwegian politician who served as the 13th secretary general of NATO from 2014 to 2024. A member of the Norwegian Labour Party , he was previously the 34th prime minister of Norway from 2000 to 2001 and again from 2005 until 2013. Born in Oslo as the son of diplomat and politician Thorvald Stoltenberg and politician Karin Stoltenberg ( née  Heiberg ), Stoltenberg attended Oslo Waldorf School and Oslo Cathedral School before graduating with

134-586: A UN special envoy on climate change ( global warming ), and he chaired the UN High-Level Panel on System Wide Coherence and the High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing. On 28 March 2014, NATO 's North Atlantic Council appointed Stoltenberg as designated successor of Anders Fogh Rasmussen as the 13th Secretary General of NATO and Chairman of the council, effective from 1 October 2014. The appointment had been widely expected in

201-836: A border in accordance with the equidistance principle , which is recognized in international law, specifically the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea Article 15 and the Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone Article 6, Russia invoked a Stalin -era decree of the Soviet Union from 1926, which was not recognised by any other country. The new agreement replaced a controversial temporary agreement negotiated by Jens Evensen and Arne Treholt , who

268-633: A degree in economics from the University of Oslo in 1987. During his studies, he worked as a journalist, and led Labour's youth wing from 1985 to 1989. Stoltenberg started his career in government as a state secretary in the Ministry of the Environment in 1990 and was elected to the Storting in 1993. He served as Minister of Industry and Energy from 1993 to 1996 and Minister of Finance from 1996 to 1997. He

335-622: A member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence . In December 2013, he was appointed by the United Nations as a Special Envoy on Climate Change , alongside the former Ghanaian president John Kufuor . Stoltenberg has been described as a cautious politician, belonging to the right wing of social democracy . When he became prime minister in 2000, he was portrayed as the "Norwegian Tony Blair ", and his policies were inspired by Blair's New Labour agenda. Stoltenberg said he

402-672: A person who could fill the role of secretary general. The position was first offered to Oliver Franks , the British ambassador to the United States, but he declined. Then, on March 12, 1952, the North Atlantic Council selected Hastings Ismay , a general from the Second World War , and secretary of state for commonwealth relations in the British cabinet as secretary general. Unlike later secretaries general who served as chairman of

469-646: A result of the Suez Crisis, which had strained intra-alliance relations, the council issued a resolution to allow the secretary general "to offer his good offices informally at any time to member governments involved in a dispute and with their consent to initiate or facilitate procedures of inquiry, mediation, conciliation, or arbitration." The NATO countries selected the first secretary general on 4 April 1952. Since that time, twelve different diplomats have served officially as secretary general. Eight countries have been represented, with three secretaries general hailing from

536-539: A separate proposal on the preservation of rainforests with funding from rich countries, advanced by Stoltenberg and Brazilian Pres . Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2009 obtained support from among others U.S. President Barack Obama during COP15 in Copenhagen. The summit in Copenhagen ended without a binding agreement, but before the subsequent COP16 in Cancún , Stoltenberg succeeded then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown in

603-678: A vast improvement for Labour, and the party gained a majority in parliament together with the other "Red-Green" parties, the Socialist Left Party and the Centre Party . This paved the way for a historic first in Norway, with Labour joining in a coalition government, the Red-Green Coalition , after a coalition deal with Stoltenberg was struck. Since the government's formation, key political issues such as Norwegian military participation in

670-421: A very bad election." Some analysts have pointed out that one of the causes for their loss was that with only one year in power until the next election, more time was spent initiating or trying to start reforms than telling the people why they had to be done. Such reforms included selling down in state-owned companies, re-organisation of health care and public hospitals and changes in sick pay. The changes made from

737-581: A way out of the financial crisis, which included the host Michelle Bachelet , Britain's finance minister Gordon Brown , Brazil's President Lula da Silva and Stoltenberg. A special emergency meeting of the European Social Democratic Forum (PES) was gathered in Oslo in May 2011, on an initiative from Stoltenberg and the think tank Policy Network. Both nationally and internationally, Stoltenberg emphasised

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804-467: Is the first Norwegian to serve as secretary-general, although former Conservative Party Prime Minister Kåre Willoch was considered a strong candidate in 1988. In June 2015, Stoltenberg said, "I believe we don't see any immediate threat against any NATO country from the east. Our goal is still cooperation with Russia… That serves NATO and it serves Russia." In September 2015, Czech Deputy Prime Minister Andrej Babiš criticized NATO's lack of response to

871-564: Is traditionally an American, and the secretary general has traditionally been a European. However, there is nothing in NATO's charter that would preclude a Canadian or American from becoming the secretary general. List of bombing campaigns of the Vietnam War The bombing campaigns of the Vietnam War were the longest and heaviest aerial bombardment in history. The United States Air Force,

938-485: The 2016–present purges in Turkey . In November 2016, Stoltenberg admitted that some "Turkish officers working in NATO command structures... have requested asylum in the countries where they are working." In June 2016, Stoltenberg said it was essential to step up cooperation with Israel, since Israel had been an active alliance partner for 20 years. In June 2018, Stoltenberg told Der Spiegel that NATO would not help Israel in

1005-616: The Cold War . Stoltenberg was born 16 March 1959 in Oslo , into the Norwegian Stoltenberg family , the family name derived from Stoltenberg in Schleswig-Holstein where a German ancestor once lived. Jens's father, Thorvald Stoltenberg (1931–2018), was a prominent Labour party politician and diplomat who served as an ambassador, as defence minister and as foreign minister. His mother, Karin Stoltenberg (née Heiberg; 1931–2012),

1072-821: The Defence Planning Committee and the Nuclear Planning Committee , two of NATO's important military organizations. The secretary general also leads the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council , the Mediterranean Cooperation Group , and serves as joint chairman of the Permanent Joint Council and the NATO-Ukraine Commission . In a second role, the secretary general leads the staff of NATO. He directs

1139-451: The European migrant crisis . After talks with Stoltenberg on migrant crisis issue Babiš said: "NATO is not interested in refugees, though Turkey, a NATO member, is their entrance gate to Europe and smugglers operate on Turkish territory". Stoltenberg strongly condemned the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt and expressed full support for Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 's government. He did not condemn

1206-533: The Gjørv Report on the terrorist attack "is the hardest verdict against a Norwegian cabinet since the Fact-Finding Commission of 1945 ensured that Johan Nygaardsvold 's political career was abruptly halted." Stoltenberg said after the report was published that he had "ultimate responsibility for the preparedness in our country, a responsibility I take seriously," but said he would not resign. Stoltenberg

1273-645: The North Atlantic Treaty requires NATO members to "establish a Council, on which each of them shall be represented." Accordingly, the North Atlantic Council was formed. Initially the Council consisted of NATO members' foreign ministers and met annually. In May 1950, the desire for closer coordination on a day-to-day basis led to the appointment of Council deputies, permanently based in London and overseeing

1340-519: The Storting . He became the parliamentary leader and prime minister candidate for the Labour Party in February 2000. In 2000, the first cabinet of Bondevik resigned following an unsuccessful motion of confidence . Stoltenberg's first cabinet governed Norway from 17 March 2000 to 19 October 2001. Stoltenberg was the deputy leader of the Labour Party while Jagland was the party leader . Instead Jagland

1407-606: The United Nations Foundation 's Champion of Global Change Award, chosen for his extraordinary effort toward meeting the Millennium Development Goals and bringing fresh ideas to global problems. In 2019, his term as Secretary General of NATO was extended for another two years. Earlier the same year, Stoltenberg had allocated 150 million Norwegian kroner of the foreign aid budget to the same foundation, which led to criticism. In 2013, Stoltenberg served as

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1474-575: The war in Afghanistan , petroleum activities in the Barents Sea , LGBT rights, immigration and the quality of standard education were greatly debated by the public. Following Stoltenberg's re-election in 2009 , he worked on the Norwegian response to the ongoing global recession and championed for environmentalist policies through private and corporate taxation. A marine border dispute with Russia in

1541-494: The 2001 election to the 2005 election were described by Norwegian newspaper VG as an "extreme makeover". The bad election result in 2001 was quickly followed by a leadership battle between Jagland and Stoltenberg. Both Jagland, as leader, and Stoltenberg, as deputy leader, said they were open to be challenged for their positions at the party's congress in November 2002. Stoltenberg refused to say whether he would challenge Jagland for

1608-458: The AUF girl who was interviewed by CNN: If one man can show so much hate, think how much love we could show, standing together. " The AUF girl mentioned is Stine Renate Håheim interviewed by CNN's Richard Quest on 23 July 2011. Håheim again quoted her friend Helle Gannestad, who had tweeted this from home, watching events unfold on TV. On 24 August 2012, 33-year-old Norwegian Anders Behring Breivik

1675-543: The Army's Infantry Training Centre at Evjemoen in Aust-Agder . After leaving the army, Stoltenberg enrolled at the University of Oslo , graduating in 1987 with the cand.oecon. degree in economics. The title of his thesis was Makroøkonomisk planlegging under usikkerhet. En empirisk analyse ("Macroeconomic planning under uncertainty. An empirical analysis "). Stoltenberg's first steps into politics came in his early teens, when he

1742-629: The Barents Sea since 1978 was settled when Stoltenberg and President of Russia Dimitry Medvedev signed an agreement on 27 April 2010 in Oslo. The agreement is a compromise, which divides a disputed area of around 175,000 km (68,000 sq mi) into two approximately equally sized parts. However, the agreement still needs ratification by the State Duma and the Parliament of Norway in order to be implemented. Whereas Norway had previously insisted on

1809-476: The Environment from 1990 to 1991. He was first elected to Parliament in 1993 for the Oslo constituency, and is a member of the Labour Party . He served as Minister of Industry from 1993 to 1996, until Brundtland resigned. In 1996, Thorbjørn Jagland became prime minister, and Stoltenberg became Minister of Finance . On 29 September 1997, Jagland resigned because of an ultimatum he had issued stating that

1876-401: The Labour Party suffering from its worst election campaign results since 1924. With the 98% votes taken, the Labour Party only garnered 24%, falling from 35%. Jagland, the Labour Party leader, commented on the results saying, "We will have to make a decision about whether to continue in government after we know the full results". After the election Stoltenberg said, "What is clear is that this was

1943-456: The North Atlantic Council, Ismay was made the vice chairman of the council, with Spofford continuing to serve as chairman. Ismay was selected because of his high rank in the war, and his role "at the side of Churchill ... in the highest Allied Councils." As both a soldier and a diplomat, he was considered uniquely qualified for the position, and enjoyed the full support of all the NATO states. Several months later, after Spofford retired from NATO,

2010-677: The Palestinian Territories as well as in international waters, such as the Gaza flotilla raid . In 2006, Stoltenberg stated that "Norway condemns Israel's actions against Palestinians. Such collective punishment is totally unacceptable." Stoltenberg praised doctors Mads Gilbert and Erik Fosse for their humanitarian work in the Gaza Strip during the Gaza War , stating that "all of Norway" was behind them. Stoltenberg took an international role during

2077-527: The United Kingdom, four from the Netherlands, two from Belgium, one from Italy, one from Germany, one from Spain, one from Denmark and one from Norway. The position has also been occupied temporarily on three occasions by an acting secretary general between appointments. The NATO secretary general chairs several of the senior decision-making bodies of NATO. In addition to the North Atlantic Council, he chairs

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2144-456: The United States deputy, as their chairman. Several important organisational changes quickly followed the establishment of Council deputies, most notably the establishment of a unified military command under a single supreme allied commander . This unification and the growing challenges facing NATO led to rapid growth in the institutions of the organisation and in 1951, NATO was reorganized to streamline and centralize its bureaucracy. As part of

2211-519: The alliance. A 2021 study argued that Stoltenberg played a key role in preventing Trump from undermining NATO. Stoltenberg helped to change Trump's stance on burden-sharing, as well as maintain a robust deterrence policy toward Russia. In August 2017 the last NATO Certification Exercise of the four multinational battlegroups in the Baltic partners was conducted. Canada leads the battlegroup in Latvia. Germany leads

2278-576: The battlegroup in Lithuania. The United Kingdom leads the battlegroup in Estonia. The United States leads the battlegroup in Poland. This " NATO Enhanced Forward Presence " was the result of the 2016 Warsaw summit and much prior planning by Stoltenberg. Secretary general of NATO The current secretary general is former Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte , who took office on 1 October 2024. Article 9 of

2345-406: The cabinet would resign if the party received less than 36.9% of the popular vote. Labour only received 35.0%; true to his promise, Jagland resigned as a consequence of its 36.9 ultimatum , and power was transferred to the first cabinet of Kjell Magne Bondevik . After Jagland's resignation and while in parliamentary opposition, Stoltenberg served on the standing committee on Oil and Energy Affairs in

2412-622: The case of an attack by the Islamic Republic of Iran . In 2016, Stoltenberg stated that the NATO strongly supported "the UN-led political process to find a solution" to the dispute over the northern part of Cyprus , which has been under illegal occupation since the Turkish invasion of 1974 . The presidency of Donald Trump was a major challenge to NATO during Stoltenberg's time as secretary general. Trump threatened to withdraw from NATO and undermine

2479-571: The enormous costs the financial crisis had in the form of a high unemployment rate, and appealed for better international coordination, the balance between austerity and economic growth stimulus, active labor market measures for young people, and investments for increased innovation. Norway came out of the financial crisis with the lowest unemployment rate in Europe. Partnering with tropical countries to preserve more of their rainforest to bind carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

2546-542: The financial crisis by promoting international financial cooperation. This was among other arenas done through the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and a meeting in Chile 27–29 March 2009 where social democratic leaders from around the world met at a Progressive Governance Conference, just prior to the first G20 summit on the financial crisis. President Bill Clinton was among the delegates and panel that would chart

2613-481: The highest per capita defence expenditure. Stoltenberg has also been instrumental in modernising the Norwegian armed forces, and in contributing forces to various NATO operations. Stoltenberg is a supporter of enhanced trans-Atlantic cooperation ties. He has also always been a supporter of Norwegian membership in the European Union . Stoltenberg has criticized Israel over alleged violations of international law in

2680-538: The international staff of the organization, and the Office of the Secretary General. The secretary general also directs his or her own private office . All of these bodies draw personnel from all members of NATO, so the secretary general must carefully coordinate. For assistance in his responsibilities, the secretary general also has a deputy appointed by the organization. There is no formal process for selecting

2747-430: The leadership of the committee dealing with the financing of climate actions in developing countries, also consisting of Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi . Under a separate forest and climate conference in Oslo in May 2010, a proposal was presented to a number of countries, with final delivery of the report in autumn 2010. In January 2014 Jens Stoltenberg became United Nations Special Envoy on Climate Change . During

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2814-567: The leadership position, which was seen by political commentators as a sign that he probably would seek the leadership position. In the beginning of February 2002, Jagland, who had been briefly hospitalized in January, and had a subsequent sick leave, said that he would not seek reelection as leader. In November 2002, Stoltenberg was unanimously elected new leader at the party's congress. Stoltenberg's second cabinet governed Norway from 17 October 2005 to 16 October 2013. The 2005 parliamentary election saw

2881-436: The media for some time, and commentators pointed out that the alliance's policies toward Russia will be the most important issue faced by Stoltenberg. Angela Merkel , the chancellor of Germany, took the initiative to appoint Stoltenberg as secretary-general, securing the support first of the United States, then of the United Kingdom, and then of all other member states. Norway was a founding member of NATO in 1949, and Stoltenberg

2948-525: The meeting there he met with Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as well as UN Framework Convention director Christiana Figueres and both Achim Steiner and Helen Clark of the United Nations Development Programme . Stoltenberg has been an advocate for having all the world's children vaccinated against infectious diseases. The first speech he gave in his second term as prime minister was during Norway's "Pharmaceutics days" in 2005 under

3015-463: The need for someone other than the chairman of the North Atlantic Council to become the senior leader of the alliance. In February 1952, North Atlantic Council accordingly established the position of secretary general to manage all civilian agencies of the organization, control its civilian staff, and serve the North Atlantic Council. After the Lisbon Conference, the NATO states began looking for

3082-434: The need to focus on security challenges close to Allied territory. On 22 July 2011, a far-right extremist committed two attacks : a bomb went off in Oslo outside the government building which houses the prime minister's office, killing eight people while wounding others. About an hour later, he shot 69 people at Utøya , an island forty-five minutes away where the ruling Labour Party was holding its annual youth camp. The PM

3149-733: The organization, the Council deputies were delegated with the authority to represent their governments in all matters, including those related to defense and finance, not just foreign affairs, greatly increasing their power and importance. As the authority of the deputies increased, and the size of the organization grew, NATO established the Temporary Council Committee, chaired by W. Averell Harriman . This group established an official secretariat in Paris to command NATO's bureaucracy. The committee also recommended that "the agencies of NATO needed to be strengthened and co-ordinate", and emphasized

3216-543: The police after these events. From 1979 to 1981, Stoltenberg was a journalist for Arbeiderbladet . From 1985 to 1989, he was the leader of the Workers' Youth League . From 1989 to 1990, he worked as an executive officer for Statistics Norway , Norway's central institution for producing official statistics. He also worked part-time as an hourly paid instructor at the University of Oslo during this period. Between 1990 and 1992, he

3283-420: The secretary general. The members of NATO traditionally reach a consensus on who should serve next. This procedure often takes place through informal diplomatic channels, but it still can become contentious. For example, in 2009, controversy arose over the choice of Anders Fogh Rasmussen as secretary general, due to opposition from Turkey . NATO's chief military officer, the supreme allied commander Europe ,

3350-473: The structure of the North Atlantic Council was changed slightly. One member of the council was selected annually as the president of the North Atlantic Council (a largely ceremonial role), and the secretary general officially became the deputy president of the council, as well as the chair of its meetings. Ismay served as secretary general until retiring in May, 1957. After Ismay, Paul-Henri Spaak , an international diplomat and former prime minister of Belgium ,

3417-614: The title "Vaccination against poverty". Stoltenberg was a board director of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization ( GAVI ) from 2002 to 2005 and was awarded the Children's Health Award in 2005. An international initiative, with the UK, the Gates Foundation and Norway in the lead, that GAVI received more than $ 3.7 billion until 2015 for their work against child mortality. Stoltenberg

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3484-410: The vote. The 2001 election met with instability for the Labour Party. The Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet stated: "We are heading for a political earthquake when the votes are counted tonight, if we believe the opinion polls." In an interview with The Associated Press Jagland stated "It is unstable and unpredictable." After the election in 2001, Stoltenberg and his cabinet were forced to resign, with

3551-448: The workings of the organization. Deputies were given full decision-making authority within the North Atlantic Council, but their work was supplemented by occasional meetings of the NATO foreign ministers. The chairman of the deputies was given responsibility "for directing the organization and its work," including all of its civilian agencies. The Council deputies met for the first time on July 25, 1950, and selected Charles Spofford ,

3618-510: Was a geneticist who served as state secretary in multiple governments during the 1980s. Marianne Heiberg , married to former foreign minister Johan Jørgen Holst , was his maternal aunt. Jens lived in SFR Yugoslavia from 1961 to 1964 while his father worked at the Norwegian embassy. Stoltenberg attended primary school at Oslo Waldorf School , and upper secondary school at Oslo Cathedral School . He served his mandatory military service with

3685-474: Was a policy of the Stoltenberg government. In 2007, the government received support from the opposition to a long-term agreement to finance forest conservation with 3 billion NOK annually. Stoltenberg through his governing advocated that international agreements with global taxes or quotas are the most effective means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. At the UN Climate Change Conference 2009 ,

3752-413: Was both inspired by and wanted to learn from Blair's policies. After election defeat in 2001, he reoriented towards a more tradional line of close cooperation with trade unions. In security policy, Stoltenberg favours increased military spending and dialogue. While Stoltenberg was prime minister, Norway's defence spending increased steadily, with the result that Norway today is one of the NATO allies with

3819-616: Was due for a visit at the youth camp the next day, and was in his residence preparing his speech at the time of the Oslo explosion. On Sunday 24 July, Stoltenberg spoke at the church service in the Oslo Cathedral . He named two of the victims at Utøya, Monica Bøsei, who was the camp's leader, and Tore Eikeland, who was the leader of the youth chapter in Hordaland. He again vowed to work for more democracy, openness, and humanity, but without naïveté. He also said that "No one has said it better than

3886-477: Was found guilty by the Oslo District Court of having perpetrated by himself both terrorist attacks , the bombing of the prime minister's office and the shooting spree on Utøya island, and was convicted to containment , a special form of prison sentence that can be extended indefinitely—with a time frame of 21 years and a minimum time of 10 years, which, in all, is the maximum penalty in Norway. On 3 September 2012, Norwegian daily Klassekampen wrote that

3953-417: Was given the post as Foreign Minister . Stoltenberg's first tenure as Prime Minister (2000–2001) was controversial within his own party, being responsible for reforms and modernisation of the welfare state that included partly privatising several key state-owned services and corporations. In the parliamentary election of 10 September 2001, the party suffered one of its worst results ever, winning only 24% of

4020-515: Was influenced by his sister Camilla , who at the time was a member of the then Marxist–Leninist group Red Youth . Opposition to the Vietnam War was his triggering motivation. Following heavy bombing raids against the North Vietnamese port city of Hai Phong at the end of the Vietnam War, he participated in protest rallies targeting the United States Embassy in Oslo . On at least one occasion embassy windows were broken by stone-throwing protesters. Several of Stoltenberg's friends were arrested by

4087-436: Was later revealed to be a Soviet spy and who aided the Soviet Union in the negotiations. Most of the disputed area was within what would normally be considered Norwegian according to the relevant international treaties. As Prime Minister, Stoltenberg worked for a constructive relationship with Russia through dialogue and cooperation underpinned by NATO's deterrence and defence capabilities. During his tenure, he also emphasised

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4154-402: Was leader of the Oslo chapter of the Labour Party. Up to 1990, he had regular contacts with a Soviet diplomat. He ended this relationship after being informed by the Norwegian Police Security Service that his contact was a KGB agent, warning him against further contact. The code name given to Stoltenberg by the KGB was "Steklov". Stoltenberg served as State Secretary in the Ministry of

4221-602: Was one of the key driving forces behind the initiative, and has stressed that this is an important contribution to save 9 million children from dying of the most common childhood illnesses. In his New Year speech on 1 January 2013, Stoltenberg spoke about vaccination of the world's children as a personal matter of the heart. "Small jabs are giving millions of children the gift of life. Simple medicines can save their mothers. The fact that all these mothers' and children's lives can be saved is—as I see it—a miracle of our time," Stoltenberg said in his speech. In 2011, Stoltenberg received

4288-423: Was portrayed as the "Norwegian Tony Blair ", and his policies were inspired by Blair's New Labour agenda. As the second longest-serving high-ranking official in NATO history, Stoltenberg has worked to expand the alliance into Eastern Europe and to strengthen the alliance's military capabilities in response to the Russo-Ukrainian War , and his tenure coincided with the largest increase in NATO defense spending since

4355-470: Was prime minister from 2000 to 2001, was leader of the Labour Party from 2002 to 2014, and served as prime minister for a second time from 2005 to 2013. The following year, he was named as the 13th secretary general of NATO , and his term was subsequently extended four times by the NATO heads of state and government. Stoltenberg has been described as a cautious politician, belonging to the right wing of social democracy. When he became prime minister in 2000, he

4422-404: Was selected as the second secretary general. Unlike Ismay, Spaak had no military experience, so his appointment represented a "deemphasis of the strictly military side of the Atlantic Alliance." When confirming Spaak's appointment in December 1956 during a session of the NATO foreign ministers, the North Atlantic Council also expanded the role of the secretary general in the organization. Largely as

4489-411: Was the prime minister candidate for the Red-Green Coalition in the 2013 elections , seeking re-election for a third term. On 9 September 2013, the coalition failed to win a majority, with 72 of the required 85 mandates, despite the Labour Party remaining the largest party in Norway with 31%. After Erna Solberg formed her cabinet , Stoltenberg returned to the Parliament as leader of the opposition, and

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